In this study, "rural primary and secondary school teachers" refer to teachers who work in towns and below. This group of teachers includes both formal teachers (financial allocation) and informal substitute teachers (no financial allocation). Rural primary and secondary schools are their workplaces and their living places. Compared with the viewpoint of "urban primary and secondary school teachers", the division of "rural primary and secondary school teachers" gives people negative associations such as hard working conditions, weak schools, inconvenient transportation, blocked information, low income, heavy burden and few development opportunities. It is estimated that there are currently 4,729,500 primary and secondary school teachers in rural areas, accounting for nearly half of the total number of primary and secondary school teachers in China, and they are responsible for the education and teaching of 65.438+300 million school-age children in rural areas.

(2) Teacher training

From the standpoint of human resources development, training is to give practitioners the necessary professional knowledge and technical norms outside the production process (or temporarily put aside the production purpose), to help them form a correct attitude and master the necessary professional skills to meet the needs of a certain industry activity. Teacher training is to let teachers temporarily put aside school education and teaching activities, accept professional knowledge and business training, and help teachers improve their professional knowledge and business ability. In this study, the concept of teacher training refers to the following meanings: ① After-service education with teacher qualification; (two) temporarily leave or shelve the special research of education and teaching activities; ③ Learning guided by external factors is different from teachers' daily self-learning; Non-academic research; The purpose of training is to improve the level of education and teaching in the future.

(3) Effectiveness

The concept of validity reflects the positive correlation between two (or more) things, and reveals the availability of A thing (behavior) to B thing (behavior). Peter drucker, a master of modern management, said in the book "Effective Managers", "The so-called effectiveness is a means to enable the ability and knowledge resources to produce more and better results." This study defines the effectiveness of teacher training as two interrelated dimensions: ① Teachers' personal knowledge, skills and attitude towards education and teaching have been positively changed through training to meet the needs of the changing rural education situation; (2) Through training, teachers' growing needs for self-growth and development in education can be met, so as to promote the collective cultivation of all teachers' correct values, beliefs, styles and habits, and greatly improve the quality of education and teaching in rural primary and secondary schools. The third dimension involved in the concept of validity, that is, the measurement of the degree of quantification in the above two aspects, involves the control of related variables and is beyond the scope of this study.