(1) visual diagnosis
Observe the abnormal situation of sick cattle with naked eyes. The method is to stand 2 ~ 3 meters in front of the sick cow and see the whole picture of the cow first. Observe whether the spirit, posture, coat, chest circumference and abdominal circumference are normal. Then, walk to the left and look at it in the order of head-neck-chest-abdomen-limbs. When you come directly behind the sick cow, stop for a minute to see if there are any abnormalities in the tail and perineum. Then look straight ahead from the right back direction of the sick cow to see if the right chest, abdomen, buttocks and other parts are symmetrical with the left side. If any abnormality is found, the veterinarian should approach the sick cow and observe the sick cow from the opposite direction. Finally, let the sick cows walk around a few times and then see the footsteps and trends of the cows.
(2) palpation
Touch directly with your hands to check the condition. Palpation can be divided into light touch and heavy touch. Touching is mainly to check the temperature, humidity and muscle tension on the body surface of the sick cow, and put your hand on the body surface of the cow. Touch again is to apply certain pressure to touch the cow and check the deep tissue for swelling.
(3) auscultation
By listening to the relevant parts of the sick cow, we can judge the pathological changes in the sick cow according to the noise. Auscultation is mainly used for chest examination.
(4) percussion
There are two types: finger tapping and mallet tapping. Finger percussion is to tap the second phalanx of the left middle finger with a curved right middle finger close to the center of the body surface, which is short and fast twice in a row. Immediately after the pat, the middle finger of the right hand is lifted off the body surface. Then, you can tap again in this way. Hammer percussion means that the left hand holds the percussion board close to the body surface of the sick cow, and the right hand picks up the percussion hammer and taps the percussion hammer on the percussion board with the strength of the wrist joint. The tapping action should be short and quick, 2 ~ 3 times each time, and then knock intermittently in this way.
Whether to knock with fingers or mallet depends on the sick cow. Generally, sick calves knock with their fingers, and adult sick cows knock with mallets.
(5) odor diagnosis
Smell the smell, excrement and secretion exhaled by sick cattle directly through the nose. Many diseases can be detected by smell. If the nasal fluid and exhaled gas have putrid smell, it can be preliminarily judged that the sick cow has pulmonary gangrene or septic bronchitis; When leucorrhea has corrosive smell, it can be considered as uterine empyema; When the skin and sweat smell of urine, it can be considered as uremia; When the exhaled gas smells like rotten apples, it can be considered as ketosis.