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1. Management of various solid wastes. The impact of solid waste on the environment is usually that many pollutants exist in the environment for a long time at the same time, and under certain conditions, physical, chemical or biological reactions occur, causing certain pollution to the surrounding environment. If it is not properly treated, disposed and managed, pollutants will pollute the environment through water, gas, soil and food chain and endanger human health. Solid waste is different from water and air pollutants in nature, and it exists as a variety of pollutants.
1. Management of various solid wastes
The impact of solid waste on the environment is usually that many pollutants exist in the environment for a long time at the same time, and under certain conditions, physical, chemical or biological reactions occur, causing certain pollution to the surrounding environment. If it is not properly treated, disposed and managed, pollutants will pollute the environment through water, gas, soil and food chain and endanger human health.
Solid waste is different from water and air pollutants in nature. As the final state of various pollutants, it concentrates a lot of pollutants to the maximum extent, which is very easy to cause secondary pollution. Therefore, in the case of comprehensive utilization, proper management is needed to minimize the impact on the environment, that is, safe disposal. Safe disposal requires suitable hydrological, geological and climatic conditions, as well as reasonable design, manufacture, operation and long-term monitoring scheme. From generation to disposal, there are many channels and procedures, each of which may cause pollution to the environment or directly harm human beings and other creatures. Therefore, it is necessary to manage the whole pollution process of solid waste, that is, the management of solid waste. Environmental pollution caused by solid toxic and hazardous wastes is sometimes irreversible and difficult to recover. These characteristics of solid waste make it necessary to establish a management system completely different from water and gas, and implement the whole process management of treating all links involved in waste movement as pollution sources. Generally, it is divided into generation, classification and identification according to its order; Transportation; Processing; Storage and safe disposal; Leaching solution management, supervision and management of disposal sites, etc.
In the overall management of solid waste generation, management and disposal, the first step is to adopt low-waste or no-waste processes as far as possible to reduce the amount of solid waste generated. Firstly, the source and quantity of solid waste are defined, then it is identified, classified, marked and collected, and the types and characteristics of waste are recorded, as well as matters needing attention in the process of transportation, treatment and utilization.
The calculation of solid waste output is an important step in production management. The accuracy of solid waste output calculation depends on the accuracy of solid waste output (also known as production coefficient). The output of solid waste can be divided into output value output and output output. The calculation methods of solid waste production and output are mainly divided into three categories, namely, measured method, material balance analysis method and empirical formula method.
After the identification and classification of solid waste, it is necessary to carefully check the waste list, select the appropriate loading mode, means of transport and transportation route, and formulate the accident remedy facilities that may occur during transportation.
There is no transportation standard for solid waste in China, but there are some requirements for the transportation of hazardous radioactive waste.
People pay more and more attention to the harm of solid waste to the environment, so it is necessary to speed up the legislation of waste management. In recent years, China has formulated and promulgated the Environmental Protection Law and other laws and regulations. Solid waste management legislation is a special law to ensure the implementation of environmental protection law. At present, work in this area has begun. In recent years, China has successively formulated Pollution Control Standard of Solid Waste in Nonferrous Metals Industry, Test Method Standard of Leaching Toxicity of Solid Waste in Nonferrous Metals Industry, Pollution Control Standard of Agricultural Sludge, Agricultural Control Standard of Municipal Garbage, and Implementation Measures of Environmental Protection Evaluation System of Industrial Enterprises. The current solid waste management system in China refers to the management of solid waste mainly by the competent department of environmental protection, combined with the relevant competent departments of industry and urban construction. The Law on the Prevention and Control of Environmental Pollution by Solid Waste (hereinafter referred to as the Law on Solid Waste) stipulates the division of labor of competent departments.
2. Waste minimization management
Waste minimization was first proposed by the United States in the 1970s. Its purpose is to reduce waste generation, protect energy and natural resources, and ensure that waste is managed in an environmentally friendly way. In the 1980s, the law was revised. The amendment emphasizes waste minimization and requires polluters to implement waste minimization plans.
The main content of waste minimization management is that the raw materials and auxiliary materials used in production contain useful and useless components, the useful components become products and enter the circulation field, and the useless components and auxiliary materials become waste, polluting the environment. Therefore, in addition to the production of main products, raw materials and auxiliary materials are also recycled to reduce the amount of waste, and some by-products can be recycled in the production process. As shown in Figure 9. 1, minimization management technology includes two parts: waste source reduction and recycling, with waste source reduction as the core and recycling as the supplement.
Figure 9. 1 Schematic diagram of waste minimization technology
In order to reduce the source of waste, we can change the product structure, improve the product quality as much as possible, not produce defective products, prolong the time when products become waste, and reduce waste macroscopically. Waste control includes changing raw materials, reforming process and improving operation to improve technical level. Recycling includes use, reuse and recycling.
To implement waste minimization, we must first win the support of enterprise leaders and make a suitable overall goal, and then make a plan and a systematic plan. Before making the plan, it is necessary to conduct detailed investigation and evaluation, find out the key links of waste reduction, and balance the key links. Third, formulate specific implementation steps and make short-term to long-term arrangements; Finally, make a summary report, make a comprehensive summary, and report it to the competent department as a leader. The implementation of waste minimization management has the same significance as the implementation of China Clean Factory. With its popularization and implementation, it will promote the development of clean factories in China.
3. Formulate and strictly implement various solid waste management systems.
According to China's national conditions and drawing lessons from foreign experience, the solid waste law has formulated some effective management systems, mainly in the following aspects.
(1) classification management system
Solid waste has the characteristics of large quantity, wide range and complex composition, so the solid waste law establishes the principle of separate management of domestic waste, industrial solid waste and hazardous waste, and clearly stipulates the competent departments and principles. Article 50 of the Solid Waste Law clearly stipulates that "it is forbidden to collect, store, transport and dispose of compatible hazardous wastes that have not been treated safely, and it is forbidden to mix hazardous wastes with non-hazardous wastes for storage".
(2) industrial solid waste declaration and registration system
In order to enable the competent department of environmental protection to understand the types, output, flow direction and environmental impact of industrial solid waste and hazardous waste, the Solid Waste Law requires the implementation of a declaration and registration system for industrial solid waste and hazardous waste to effectively prevent and control the whole process of environmental pollution by industrial solid waste and hazardous waste.
(three) the environmental impact assessment system of solid waste pollution and the "three simultaneities" system of its prevention and control facilities.
Environmental impact assessment and "three simultaneities" system are the basic systems of environmental protection in China, and the Solid Waste Law further reaffirms this system.
(4) Sewage charging system
Paying solid waste sewage charges refers to the industrial solid waste generated before the storage facilities and places are not built according to regulations or standards. Because solid waste pollution is essentially different from waste water and waste gas pollution, waste water and waste gas can be diluted and degraded in the environment through physical, chemical, biological and other ways, and have a clear environmental capacity. However, after solid waste enters the environment, it is not easy to be accepted by the environment, and its dilution and degradation are often a complex and long-term process, which is difficult to control. The pollution of solid waste to the environment is carried out by releasing water and air pollutants, which is long-term, complex and difficult to control. Therefore, strictly speaking, it is forbidden to discharge solid waste into the environment without any disposal. The Law on Solid Waste stipulates that "enterprises and institutions must build facilities and places for storing or disposing of industrial solid waste that cannot be used or temporarily used by their own units in accordance with the regulations of the competent department of environmental protection in the State Council", so any unit is prohibited from discharging solid waste into the environment. Paying sewage charges for solid waste refers to the industrial solid waste generated before the facilities and places for storing or disposing industrial solid waste are built in accordance with regulations and environmental protection standards, or before these places are transformed to meet environmental protection standards.
(5) deadline governance system
In order to solve the environmental problems of key pollution sources, the Solid Waste Law stipulates that units that have not built industrial solid waste storage and disposal facilities or places, or units that have been built but do not meet the requirements of environmental protection, should be treated, completed or transformed within a time limit. Enterprises and those responsible for environmental pollution caused by improper discharge or treatment of solid waste should be treated within a time limit. If it fails to meet the standards within the time limit, sanctions can be imposed through economic means or even suspension of production.
(6) Examination and approval system for imported wastes
The solid waste law clearly stipulates that "it is forbidden to dump, pile up and dispose of solid waste outside China"; "Prohibition of the transfer of hazardous wastes through People's Republic of China (PRC)"; "The state prohibits the import of solid waste that cannot be used as raw materials; Restricting the import of solid waste that can be used as raw materials; Classified management of restricted import and automatic import license shall be implemented for solid waste that can be used as raw materials. " 1996, China jointly promulgated the Interim Provisions on Environmental Protection Management of Waste Import and the List of Wastes Restricted to be Used as Raw Materials by the State, which stipulated the three-level examination and approval system for waste import, the risk assessment system, the fixed-point system for processing and utilization units and the pre-shipment inspection system for waste import.
(7) Hazardous waste administrative generation execution system
Due to the harmful characteristics of solid hazardous waste, if it is discharged into the environment without proper disposal, it may cause serious harm, so all measures must be taken to ensure the proper treatment and disposal of hazardous waste. The Law on Solid Waste stipulates: "Units that produce hazardous wastes must dispose of them in accordance with relevant state regulations; If it is not disposed of, the competent administrative department of environmental protection of the local people's government at or above the county level shall order it to make corrections within a time limit; Failing to dispose of or failing to comply with the relevant provisions of the state within the time limit, the competent administrative department of environmental protection of the local people's government at or above the county level shall dispose of it on its behalf in accordance with the relevant provisions of the state. Units that produce hazardous waste due to waste disposal shall bear it. " The administrative execution system is an administrative compulsory measure to ensure that hazardous wastes are properly and properly disposed.
(8) Permit system for hazardous waste business units
The danger of hazardous waste determines that the collection, storage, treatment and disposal of hazardous waste must have facilities and equipment that meet certain requirements, and have corresponding professional and technical capabilities. It is also necessary to conduct technical training and qualification examination and approval for employees and individuals and establish a special management mechanism. The Law on Prevention and Control stipulates that the collection, storage, treatment and disposal of hazardous wastes must be carried out by units that have reached a certain level of equipment, facilities, talents and professional and technical capabilities and obtained business licenses after qualification examination.
(9) Hazardous waste transfer reporting system
Also known as hazardous waste transfer bill system. The establishment of hazardous waste transfer reporting system is to ensure the transportation safety of hazardous waste, prevent the illegal transfer and disposal of hazardous waste, ensure the safety monitoring of hazardous waste and prevent the occurrence of hazardous waste pollution accidents.