I. Historical origin
Shuangquan Village in huayin city, Shaanxi Province is a small village located at the foot of Huashan Mountain in Xiyue. The Yellow River, Weihe River and Luohe River meet near the village, and an old-fashioned shadow play class has been handed down from generation to generation in the village. Shadow play is not uncommon in Shaanxi, but this troupe in Shuangquan Village has a unique singing style called the old tune. It is said that as early as the Western Han Dynasty, this was the location of the military granary, and the grain was transported directly to Chang 'an, the capital at that time. In order to unify everyone's movements, the leading boatman shouted the boatman's horn and beat the boathouse with wooden blocks-this is the origin of the old tune.
There are two theories about the origin of the old tune names. First, compared with other popular local operas, it is earlier, especially because the music is simple and solemn, solemn and vigorous, rough and unrestrained, and it is an ancient legacy, so it is called the old tune; Second, because it evolved from the rap of Laohekou in Hubei Province to Huayin, the first word of Laohekou was called Laoqiang.
2. The classification of Huayin old tune
Huayin old tune can be divided into two categories: Agong tune and chord tune.
1. A Gong Qiang.
Also known as North Road Shaanxi Opera. Because of the artistic characteristics of singing, it is also called restraining palace cavity. Popular in Liquan, Fuping, Xingping, Xianyang, Jingyang, Sanyuan, Ganxian, Gaoling, Yaoxian, Tongchuan and Lintong.
Grandpa's opera was originally performed in the form of shadow play, and 1960 was put on the big stage. Great reforms have been made in conventional opera, performance, music accompaniment and stage art, but the original artistic characteristics have been maintained. According to Duan, an old artist, during the Jiaqing and Daoguang periods in the Qing Dynasty, a troupe spread from Liquan to Weibei area, performing plays such as Qin Xiang, Jade Bottle as a Gift, Xianglin Mirror and Four Holy Books. Compared with the original tune of Qin Opera, it has the artistic effect of "three releases are not as good as one suppression", so it is named "Gong suppression minor" and artists call it "Gong suppression". During the reign of Tongzhi and Guangxu in Qing Dynasty, many shadow puppetry clubs and famous artists appeared one after another, and their performances mainly included Rolling Dragon Bed, Red Dismantling Books, Tieguan Map, Boat Lonely, Qinghe Bridge and so on.
Gong Qiang is characterized by elegance and smoothness, strength and passion, with a long "swallowing" sound and falsetto singing. Around 1940, due to the darkness and corruption of the Kuomintang government and successive disasters, Argonne troupe was dissolved one after another, and only Duan struggled to liberate.
After the founding of New China, Fuping County People's Government organized an old artist headed by Duan to set up a folk music shadow play club, and actively carried out performances to save Agung Opera. 1958, the third regiment of Fuping county was changed into Fuping county grandfather troupe, which created, adapted and performed Qiao's satrap dumb gun, jade bottle as a gift, women's patrol press, Jinxiang pavilion, Wang Kui guilty, four holy books, white snake biography, Yuan and Jin Mo. 196 1 went to Beijing to give a report performance, which was welcomed and loved by drama experts and audiences.
A Gong Qiang's repertoire has a wide range of themes and rich contents. There are 600 traditional repertoires excavated and sorted by Yu Ben. The lyrics of the play are unpretentious and full of life. Plays with historical themes mostly expose the fatuity, corruption, debauchery, shamelessness and cruelty of feudal rulers, and also criticize traitorous pursuit of honor and praise national integrity, such as Seven Arrows and Zhong Er Serving the Country. The dramas with folk stories as the theme are mostly official dramas that reflect ethics, love between men and women, attack ingratitude and praise integrity and honesty, such as The West Chamber, The Story of the Golden Scale, Wang Kui's Infidelity, and Women's Patrol Press. Plays with real life as the theme are mostly satirical comedies that attack evil forces and evil young women, such as Three Wives Talk Back, Beat the Pot and Edge the Ball.
A Gong Qiang's character is full of life, danger, purity and ugliness; The performance basically followed the Shaanxi opera program and adopted some unique performances of shadow play, which was unique and unique. At the same time, there are martial arts stunts such as city collapse, sword drawing and kicking.
Gongqiang belongs to a plate variation. The vocal cavity can be divided into joyful sound and bitter sound. Happiness expresses clear and light emotions, while bitterness expresses sadness, sadness, nostalgia and indignation. His singing keeps the style of Gong Qiang, but his clean angle incorporates some tunes of Hu Mei. Dan Jiao also absorbed the singing method of Wan Wan accent, highlighting the delicate and flexible characteristics of Grandpa. There are [26], [flexible board], [2 board], [arrow board], [a stack of cavities], [three irregularities] and single sentence delivery. Commonly used qupai include Qi Qingxue, Moving Xianke, Spring Banquet and Dianjiang Lip. The accompaniment instrument replaced the original two-string lead with banhu, which increased the acoustic effect; In martial arts scenes, clappers are used to tie knots, accompanied by drums, teeth, gongs, cymbals and tubas.
One has trained outstanding young actors such as the Party, Quan Limin, Fu Xinkao, Zhou, Lei, Song Caiping, Bao Jianling, Li Yuling, Liu Liping, Wang Huili, Kang Xiaoli, Yang Xiaoli, Guo Minrong, Feng Biru and Fu Quandong.
2. Chord plate cavity
"Xianbanqiang" is mainly popular in Xianyang, Ganxian, Lixian, Liquan, Xingping, Baoji, Fengxiang and other places in Shaanxi and the eastern part of Gansu. It is said that it was circulated among the people in the 18th year of Jiaqing in Qing Dynasty (A.D. 183 1). There are adagio, tight board, rolling board, stimulating board, skimming board and two-way board. There are more than 500 plays, of which 350 have been sorted out. There are more martial arts dramas than literary dramas. In addition to The Three Kingdoms and National Character, there are other talented and beautiful dramas such as The Tale of the Jade Hairpin.
As a form of shadow play, the stringed board cavity is performed by a few but fine bands, with both civil and military scenes taken into account, monotonous music form and generally repetitive singing. The "second board" and the tight board are more like the rap "plate shell". Nagato after the same board "bantou" and "square board" is mostly a variation of the same theme, and the small door in the sentence is basically a repeated change and extension of the melody of blowing cavity. There are many kinds of chord cavity plate 10, and the positive plate (that is, the flexible plate) is the core plate path. In addition, "tight board", "white rolling" and "skimming board" are also widely used. "Angry people" (that is, "Yin Gang", "Lift one's head" and so on. ) in fact, it is to change the local singing method; "Hurt sound" is a kind of singing method with drawling in the first sentence of tight board, which basically belongs to the word challenge. The other Sharp boards, 26, 3-in-1 1 and 7-in-1 1 are short-term boards, which are rarely used alone. The lyrics of the stringed board are mainly 7 sentences and 10 sentences, but also 6 sentences, 8 sentences and 9 sentences. Its music accompaniment, except for imitating the singing or setting off the rhythm, usually only accompanies the door in the middle or at the end of the sentence, just like the singing form of Quzi Opera. "Tie board" plays a major role in singing, so the singing is fresh, clear, elegant and easy to understand.
Third, the characteristics of Huayin old tune
The old tune is really a small drama, which is performed in the form of shadow play. Only five people can support a play: signing (directing shadow play), signing, front song (lead singer), backstage and banhu. However, there are also many "ugliness at the end of life" in this kind of drama. But these five roles are all played by the lead singer. Therefore, the vocal talent of the lead singer is particularly important. Our own wooden bench, homemade strings, oral singing for thousands of years, this unique and shocking old tune, with such original ecology, was invited to the luxurious stage of the Metropolitan Theatre intact, and was also invited to the CCTV studio. In this most primitive style, the old tune has been widely recognized. Huayin Laoqiang was born in the Zhang family. For a long time, it has been a family drama of the Zhang family in Quandian Village, Huayin County (music is only passed on to the family, not to outsiders). Zhang Ximin, Zhang Xinmin, Zhang Junmin and Zhang Shimin are the sons of Zhang Quansheng, the authentic inheritor of Huayin old tune. They have preserved more than 100 scripts handed down from the old Qianlong tune. Almost all of these dramas are folk stories about the Western Zhou Dynasty, various countries, the Three Realms and the Tang and Song Dynasties. Open the book and you can see the lyrics recorded vertically with a brush. Most of the plays were handed down from the Qing Dynasty. With the passage of time, the paper has begun to turn yellow and brittle. Fortunately, the artists have engraved the lyrics in their hearts. Usually, the script is hardly used, and only important moments will be displayed.
Four. The tone of Huayin old tune
As far as the old-school singing music is concerned, it can be divided into two types: one is singing; The second is chanting. People call it a "generous elegy". There is boldness of vision, momentum and boldness of vision, which sounds to have a lot to do with Xi Dahan's generosity in singing "Going to Dajiangdong". The falling tone also introduced the tune of the boatman's bugle in Weishui, and adopted the drawling tune of "one person sings and everyone helps" (commonly known as Labo in folk), which is known as "the rock on the yellow land".
Huayin can be divided into two categories: old tune and modern tune (Wan Wan accent). Old tune-up appeared in Han Dynasty. It originated in the army, and Sean sang loudly to boost morale. Because Huayin was the granary of Beijing at that time, the grain was continuously sent to Xianyang through grain transportation. As an army guarding the granary, their morale-boosting singing became one of the oldest operas, which eventually became popular among the people. Coupled with the boatman's song, it forms a real old tune.
The tune is the most different from the old tune. This is a small court play. In the imperial court, singers are sent to Huashan Temple when they are old. At that time, it was recorded that 90 people were sent at a time, so there was no distinction between service and sacrifice, because when singing at the sacrifice, the tune was euphemistic and delicate, also called drama. At that time, the old tune was mainly used in campaigns, and the time tune was mainly about telling short stories, so many songs of the time tune could not be integrated into the old tune. As the saying goes, "One roar, one mind, one mind." When the powerful old tune sounded, the spears and halberds on the ancient battlefield, swords and shadows, suddenly people shouted, swallowed mountains and rivers, and suddenly sounded the golden retreat. Looking around, Shaanxi people's strong character and strong mentality jumped out.
The main value of Old Tune is embodied in the origin of drama history, the closure of inheritance, the uniqueness of drama genre, the publicity of material style, the self-discipline of music system, the universality of aesthetic objects and the original sound of language style. Its main theme is the musicalization of the boatman's horn, which is the witness that art originates from life. It is full of masculine beauty in the background of historical war, so it has unique aesthetic value and national spiritual value.
Verb (abbreviation of verb) Inheritance of Huayin old tune
From June 1 day, 2006, Huayin's performance of the old tune was incorporated into "White Deer Plain" directed by Lin Zhaohua. A performance is 30, shaking the capital. On June 5 of the same year, Huayin Laoqiang entered the first batch of national intangible cultural heritage list. In March this year, 1 entered the stage of the National Grand Theatre, attracting several audiences from the United States and Italy. On the recommendation of the Chinese Academy of Art, foreign friends are going to visit Huayin Laoqiang in Shaanxi on May 9, and then arrange a performance tour in the United States and Italy for this group. It is reported that this loose peasant performance group is temporarily named "huayin city Laoqiang Art Troupe". Dang Anhua, as the cadre in charge of mass literature in the Cultural Center and the head of the group, led them to participate in performances 106, of which 69 were in Shang Yan.
These members are between 49 and 72 years old. The biggest Wang Zhenzhong, known as "Bai Mao", is also an old backup singer in the film "Alive" directed by Zhang Yimou. If there is a conflict between busy farming and performance, these peasant actors will hesitate whether to go to the fields or go on stage. Although the local cultural bureau has begun to consider holding training courses, this form of performance, which reproduces the transition from rap art to drama, has faced severe inheritance problems.
Recently, Huayin Laoqiang gave a special performance at Huashan Inn at 20: 30 every night, and the fare was 100, which was well received by tourists! Add more features to Huashan tourism.
The state attaches great importance to the protection of intangible cultural heritage. On May 20th, 2006, Huayin Laoqiang was approved by the State Council to be included in the first batch of national intangible cultural heritage list.
A farmer from Shuangquan Village, huayin city City, Shaanxi Province 13, boarded the stage of Shanghai Concert Hall last night. In the last performance of "World Music Week", they played their own hexagonal Qin Yue and chime bells, and roared out the "national intangible cultural heritage" that has been circulating for more than 2,000 years-Huayin old tune. This is really a very small drama, which condenses the original ecology of the Yellow River civilization and makes the audience feel shocked-not as vigorous as ordinary professional actors.
As a means of making a living, old-fashioned shadow play has always been a way of family inheritance. Many rules and regulations restrict it to the Zhang family in Huayin. Unless they are close relatives, ordinary people are not allowed to enter the class. Now that you have entered the class, you are not allowed to join other class clubs. The script will never get out. This undoubtedly greatly limits its spread. So today, it is still only preserved in Huayin.