Are the University Science and Technology Awards of the Ministry of Education judged by disciplines? First of all, it is evaluated and recommended by disciplines, and finally it is comprehensively reviewed by expert committees composed of various disciplines.
What are the material fields of primary school science? 1. There are two spatial forms of matter:
1. Solid substances (gas, liquid, solid and even social organizations).
2. Energy field substances (electric field, magnetic field, gravitational field, electromagnetic field, etc. ). Physical matter occupies exclusive space, while energy field matter can enjoy space, but it also has spatial properties such as directionality.
Second, there are two time forms for the existence of matter:
1, all kinds of fields, things and all their higher-order forms (including money, social organizations, etc. ) is static and observable, and produces "forces" (such as gravity, electricity, repulsion, and even influences such as power).
2, dynamic existence, occurrence and development, can be observed and recorded, real things, events and their processes and phenomena.
What matter and dark energy are contained in the earth and the universe? Life is only the appearance of matter to the universe, and dark energy is the key to control the destruction and birth of the universe.
Environmental science mainly includes environmental science, which is a discipline that studies the geography, physics, chemistry and biology of environment. It provides a comprehensive, quantitative and interdisciplinary method to study environmental systems. Because most environmental problems involve human activities, knowledge of economy, law and social science can often be used in environmental science research. A science that studies the interaction between human social development activities and the law of environmental evolution, and seeks ways and methods for the co-evolution and sustainable development of human society and environment.
What are the four major scientific fields? The four major scientific fields include: physical science, life science, social science and computational science.
1, physical science: Physical science studies physical phenomena, especially materials, energy, electromagnetism, gravity, motion and quantum effects.
2. Life science: that is, biology is a science that studies the law of life activity, the nature of life, the law of life development and the relationship between various organisms and between organisms and the environment through molecular genetics. Finally, it can achieve the purpose of treating and diagnosing genetic diseases, increasing crop yield, improving human life and protecting the environment.
3. Social science: it is the whole or any one of the disciplines that study various phenomena in human society by scientific methods. For example, sociology studies human society (mainly contemporary), politics studies politics, policies and related activities, and economics studies resource allocation. Social science covers subjects such as economics, politics, law, ethics, history, sociology, psychology, education, management, anthropology, folklore, journalism, communication and so on.
4. Computational science is called informatics. Although calculation methods are applied to all scientific fields, calculation is not a physical effect, nor a biological entity, nor a social entity. This is an independent scientific field. It studies computing and information processes, including computer science, informatics, information technology, computer engineering and information systems. The core phenomena in the field of computational science include calculation, communication, collaboration, memory, automation, evaluation and design.
Environmental policy to protect the objectives in the field of environmental science
Quality policy is the organization's quality declaration >: quality requirements and concepts, and environmental policy represents the core of the organization's establishment of environmental management system. Through the statement of environmental policy, an organization can publicly state its intentions and ideas related to the environment, as well as its expectations and principles for overall environmental performance. Environmental policy also represents the organization's overall objectives and principles of action in the environment. O 1400 1 environmental management system standard >: the standard clearly points out that the environmental policy must conform to the following spirit: 1) the nature, scale and environmental impact of the activities, products or services that must be properly organized, 2) the commitment to continuous improvement, pollution prevention and compliance with environmental laws, regulations and other requirements, and 3) the provision of setting.
Generally, in order to meet the requirements of standards, the following issues should be considered when formulating environmental policies:
Can the environmental policy reflect the values and guiding principles of the organization?
Is the environmental policy approved by the senior manager? Have you determined to authorize specific personnel to be responsible for the supervision and implementation of policies?
Can environmental policy guide the formulation of environmental goals and indicators?
Can the environmental policy guide the organization to apply appropriate technology and management practices?
What are the specific commitments in the environmental policy?
Therefore, when an organization formulates its environmental policy, it should not only describe its support for environmental protection and pollution prevention and control, but also consider its mission, vision, core values and beliefs, requirements and communication with stakeholders, and coordinate with other policies within the organization (such as quality policy, occupational safety and health, etc.). ).
In addition, the draft environmental policy should be submitted to the top management of the organization for review, approval, signing and promulgation. If the organization belongs to a large enterprise (such as a multinational enterprise), the top management of the organization should design an environmental policy that meets the standard requirements and is suitable for the organizational culture according to the environmental policy of the enterprise, and the environmental policy should also obtain the consent and support of the enterprise after completion. It is relatively simple for general organizations to refer to the business philosophy and environmental policies of enterprises first, and then study and modify them into their own environmental policies. Because the environmental policy is an open environmental declaration of the organization, its content should be concise, clear and easy to understand, so that all internal employees and all external stakeholders can understand it, rather than over-whitewashing or rambling because of melodramatic reasons. However, this does not mean that environmental policies can be empty, especially the important items required in the standards are indispensable. When making environmental policies, organizations often ignore the explanation of process and product characteristics and their possible significant environmental impact on the environment, which should be paid special attention to when making environmental policies. In addition, environmental policies must be reviewed and revised regularly to adapt to changes in major environmental factors, environmental objectives and indicators.
Three. Environmental objectives, indicators and management plans
In order to improve the main environmental factors identified in the preliminary environmental assessment and reduce the major environmental impact caused by them, the organization should formulate improvement countermeasures. The formulation of environmental objectives, indicators and management plans is also the beginning of improvement work. Now, the key points of formulating environmental objectives, indicators and management plans are as follows: 1. Environmental goals and targets.
ISO 1400 1 clearly points out that organizations should consider laws, regulations and other requirements, their own main environmental factors, technical trade-offs and financial, operational and business requirements, as well as the opinions of stakeholders when establishing archives objectives and indicators, and environmental objectives and indicators should echo the environmental policy.
Usually, the formulation of environmental goals and indicators is the conclusion of improving the technology, finance, operability, productivity and other special requirements according to the main environmental factors. If necessary, you can make an evaluation form to facilitate judgment. Usually, the relevant technical departments of the organization must discuss with the environmental management cadres to decide what targets and indicators can be set for improvement and use them as action guides for future efforts.
Environmental objectives must be specific, and the formulation of target indicators must implement the organization's environmental policy and echo the commitment to the environment in the policy. After these goals are determined in the environmental policy, they can also be said to be the overall purpose of environmental performance. When setting environmental objectives, the organization may include the following commitments:
Reduce waste and reduce resource consumption.
Reduce or eliminate the discharge of pollutants.
Improve product design to minimize the environmental impact during production, use and disposal.
Control the environmental impact in the procurement stage of raw materials
Minimize any significant adverse impact of the new development plan.
Enhance the environmental awareness of employees and communities.
However, environmental indicators must be specific and quantitative, and an environmental goal can only be achieved by corresponding to one or more indicators. In short, an indicator is a specific figure, which can be used as the basis for an organization to evaluate its performance when implementing environmental improvement. Generally speaking, when formulating various indicators, the organization must have enough baseline information to understand the status of each improvement, so as to formulate appropriate indicators as a comparison of performance indicators for future improvement. If an indicator is really difficult to express with specific figures, or just a management behavior, it can be expressed by the completion date. The following directions can be considered when formulating indicators:
Raw materials or energy consumed per unit product.
Emissions of pollutants per unit product, such as waste water, waste gas or solid waste.
Efficiency of material and energy use
Percentage of waste water and waste recovery
Wastewater pollution concentration
Percentage of recycled packaging materials
Quantity of specific pollutants, such as nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxides, carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, lead, chlorofluorocarbons, etc.
It is worth mentioning that when setting environmental indicators, organizations must also set a deadline for each indicator. Therefore, when making indicators, the biggest headache for organizations is that it is difficult to set a completion date, or it is impossible to set the indicators that each indicator should achieve, which is even more troublesome for factories that have never implemented industrial waste reduction and lack baseline information. Therefore, in the initial stage of environmental assessment, the organization should start collecting appropriate relevant baseline data for obvious environmental factors, such as the quantity and frequency of various pollutants, and monitor and measure the missing data as soon as possible to obtain information, and convene relevant departments to discuss the improvement degree when formulating indicators, so as to avoid being at a loss at this stage.
2. Environmental management plan
The principles and precautions for setting environmental targets and indicators have been introduced above. However, what basis and methods should these environmental goals and indicators be achieved? In short, the environmental management plan is a practical practice corresponding to each set target and completion deadline. Therefore, the environmental management plan must be a more specific and concrete action guide.
When making an environmental management plan, the following issues should be considered:
What is the process of establishing an environmental management plan?
Are all relevant responsible units involved in the planning of the environmental management plan?
Is there a plan to review the plan regularly?
How should the plan explain related resources, division of responsibilities, schedule and implementation order?
How does the environmental management plan cooperate with the established environmental policy?
How to supervise and revise the environmental management plan?
Usually, an index depends on its nature and the difficulty of realization, and sometimes it may need multiple schemes to cooperate. Based on the above considerations, in the management plan, the organization should clearly state the name, lead unit, plan content, relevant operation control standards when necessary, required funds, human resources, predictable environmental performance and economic benefits, implementation progress, implementation unit and division of labor, effectiveness tracking, etc.
The formulation and implementation of management plan is the key to the success of environmental management system. To the extent appropriate and feasible, the environmental management plan may include consideration of planning, design, production, marketing and disposal stages. This method can be used for both current and new activities, products or services. Product-related management schemes can focus on product design, use or substitution of raw materials, improvement of production process, use and final disposal of products, etc. The scheme related to the installation of the device or major adjustment of the process may focus on planning, design, construction and commissioning.
For the tracking of environmental management plan, the organization can express the original scheduled implementation time schedule in the form of Gantt chart, and then record the actual completion time schedule of each stage, so as to clearly compare the implementation effect of the plan and serve as the basis for future improvement review.
Four. conclusion
Environmental policies, objectives, indicators and management plans are actually consistent and coherent. Environmental policy can be said to be the code of conduct provided by the organization to the environmental management system, and environmental goals and indicators are carried out under this commitment and code to show the determination of the organization to continuously improve. The environmental management plan is a guide and detailed work plan for each goal. If the organization can formulate appropriate environmental policies and have feasible objectives, indicators and management plans to realize its commitment in environmental protection, the environmental management system can be implemented and operated smoothly and effectively.
Why is it particularly important to determine environmental policies?
Environmental policy embodies the general direction and basic commitment of an organization in environmental protection, and has a specific and clear framework in pollution prevention, continuous improvement and compliance with laws and regulations, so determining environmental policy is the key to establishing an environmental management system. All steps and links of the system are aimed at enabling enterprises to realize their promised general policy. Enterprises should formulate their own environmental policies according to the provisions of laws and regulations, pollution prevention strategies and understanding of environmental protection, and once they are formulated, they should abide by them. It is necessary to establish an environmental management system to ensure their real implementation.
It should be said that environmental policy is the driving force of all activities of an organization in the environmental field and has far-reaching business influence on the future direction of the organization. It is combined with the overall business strategy of the enterprise, and is also consistent with other policies (such as quality, occupation, health and safety, etc.). Once the environmental policy is published, it is necessary to judge the environmental behavior of the organization according to the policy, which also determines the environmental indicators and environmental programs.
What does an environmental policy usually contain?
The environmental policy of each organization generally involves the following aspects:
① Long-term planning:
General principles, such as: commitment to prevent pollution, establishment of behavior evaluation procedures, compliance with regulatory requirements;
A strategy or plan, such as a commitment to consider environmental issues in investment policy and implementation.
② Specific objectives: Commitment to cleaner production objectives; Commitment to reduce the emission of certain pollutants and save resource consumption (such as water and electricity); Give priority to waste recycling within the organization.
③ Product: Commitment to meet international regulations and customer requirements; Guide product development and design with the principle of minimum environmental impact in product life cycle.
④ Training and communication: strengthen the work of team members and carry out environmental training; Promote the organization to communicate and publicize environmental performance to customers, employees and the public.
⑤ Employee protection: Participate in operation activities in a way that does not endanger the health and safety of employees.
⑥ Compliance: Work closely with environmental supervision and management institutions to meet the best management standards of local or the same industry, and ensure that the implementation level always meets the requirements of laws and regulations.
In short, the environmental policy can not only reflect the general direction and commitment of the organization, but also be clear and easy to understand, which can be understood and mastered by employees.
I. Introduction
When an organization establishes an ISO 1400 1 environmental management system, after the initial environmental review, it is necessary to formulate environmental policies, objectives, indicators and management plans according to the characteristics of the organization's products, services and activities and the main environmental factors identified, so that the implementation and operation of the environmental management system can be carried out smoothly. This paper will briefly introduce the main points that organizations need to consider when formulating environmental policies, objectives, indicators and management plans, as well as matters that are often overlooked, hoping to help those who are or are about to start establishing environmental management systems.
Second, environmental policy.
Quality policy is the organization's quality declaration >: quality requirements and concepts, and environmental policy represents the core of the organization's establishment of environmental management system. Through the statement of environmental policy, an organization can publicly state its intentions and ideas related to the environment, as well as its expectations and principles for overall environmental performance. Environmental policy also represents the organization's overall objectives and principles of action in the environment. O 1400 1 environmental management system standard >: the standard clearly points out that the environmental policy must conform to the following spirit: 1) the nature, scale and environmental impact of the activities, products or services that must be properly organized, 2) the commitment to continuous improvement, pollution prevention and compliance with environmental laws, regulations and other requirements, and 3) the provision of setting.
Generally, in order to meet the requirements of standards, the following issues should be considered when formulating environmental policies:
Can the environmental policy reflect the values and guiding principles of the organization?
Is the environmental policy approved by the senior manager? Have you determined to authorize specific personnel to be responsible for the supervision and implementation of policies?
Can environmental policy guide the formulation of environmental goals and indicators?
Can the environmental policy guide the organization to apply appropriate technology and management practices?
What are the specific commitments in the environmental policy?
Therefore, when an organization formulates its environmental policy, it should not only describe its support for environmental protection and pollution prevention and control, but also consider its mission, vision, core values and beliefs, requirements and communication with stakeholders, and coordinate with other policies within the organization (such as quality policy, occupational safety and health, etc.). ).
In addition, the draft environmental policy should be submitted to the top management of the organization for review, approval, signing and promulgation. If the organization belongs to a large enterprise (such as a multinational enterprise), the top management of the organization should design an environmental policy that meets the standard requirements and is suitable for the organizational culture according to the environmental policy of the enterprise, and the environmental policy should also obtain the consent and support of the enterprise after completion. It is relatively simple for general organizations to refer to the business philosophy and environmental policies of enterprises first, and then study and modify them into their own environmental policies. Because the environmental policy is an open environmental declaration of the organization, its content should be concise, clear and easy to understand, so that all internal employees and all external stakeholders can understand it, rather than over-whitewashing or rambling because of melodramatic reasons. However, this does not mean that environmental policies can be empty, especially the important items required in the standards are indispensable. When making environmental policies, organizations often ignore the explanation of process and product characteristics and their possible significant environmental impact on the environment, which should be paid special attention to when making environmental policies. In addition, environmental policies must be reviewed and revised regularly to adapt to changes in major environmental factors, environmental objectives and indicators.
Three. Environmental objectives, indicators and management plans
In order to improve the main environmental factors identified in the preliminary environmental assessment and reduce the major environmental impact caused by them, the organization should formulate improvement countermeasures. The formulation of environmental objectives, indicators and management plans is also the beginning of improvement work. Now, the key points of formulating environmental objectives, indicators and management plans are as follows: 1. Environmental goals and targets.
ISO 1400 1 clearly points out that organizations should consider laws, regulations and other requirements, their own main environmental factors, technical trade-offs and financial, operational and business requirements, as well as the opinions of stakeholders when establishing archives objectives and indicators, and environmental objectives and indicators should echo the environmental policy.
Usually, the formulation of environmental goals and indicators is the conclusion of improving the technology, finance, operability, productivity and other special requirements according to the main environmental factors. If necessary, you can make an evaluation form to facilitate judgment. Usually, the relevant technical departments of the organization must discuss with the environmental management cadres to decide what targets and indicators can be set for improvement and use them as action guides for future efforts.
Environmental objectives must be specific, and the formulation of target indicators must implement the organization's environmental policy and echo the commitment to the environment in the policy. After these goals are determined in the environmental policy, they can also be said to be the overall purpose of environmental performance. When setting environmental objectives, the organization may include the following commitments:
Reduce waste and reduce resource consumption.
Reduce or eliminate the discharge of pollutants.
Improve product design to minimize the environmental impact during production, use and disposal.
Control the environmental impact in the procurement stage of raw materials
Minimize any significant adverse impact of the new development plan.
Enhance the environmental awareness of employees and communities.
However, environmental indicators must be specific and quantitative, and an environmental goal can only be achieved by corresponding to one or more indicators. In short, an indicator is a specific figure, which can be used as the basis for an organization to evaluate its performance when implementing environmental improvement. Generally speaking, when formulating various indicators, the organization must have enough baseline information to understand the status of each improvement, so as to formulate appropriate indicators as a comparison of performance indicators for future improvement. If an indicator is really difficult to express with specific figures, or just a management behavior, it can be expressed by the completion date. The following directions can be considered when formulating indicators:
Raw materials or energy consumed per unit product.
Emissions of pollutants per unit product, such as waste water, waste gas or solid waste.
Efficiency of material and energy use
Percentage of waste water and waste recovery
Wastewater pollution concentration
Percentage of recycled packaging materials
Quantity of specific pollutants, such as nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxides, carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, lead, chlorofluorocarbons, etc.
It is worth mentioning that when setting environmental indicators, organizations must also set a deadline for each indicator. Therefore, when making indicators, the biggest headache for organizations is that it is difficult to set a completion date, or it is impossible to set the indicators that each indicator should achieve, which is even more troublesome for factories that have never implemented industrial waste reduction and lack baseline information. Therefore, in the initial stage of environmental assessment, the organization should start collecting appropriate relevant baseline data for obvious environmental factors, such as the quantity and frequency of various pollutants, and monitor and measure the missing data as soon as possible to obtain information, and convene relevant departments to discuss the improvement degree when formulating indicators, so as to avoid being at a loss at this stage.
2. Environmental management plan
The principles and precautions for setting environmental targets and indicators have been introduced above. However, what basis and methods should these environmental goals and indicators be achieved? In short, the environmental management plan is a practical practice corresponding to each set target and completion deadline. Therefore, the environmental management plan must be a more specific and concrete action guide.
When making an environmental management plan, the following issues should be considered:
What is the process of establishing an environmental management plan?
Are all relevant responsible units involved in the planning of the environmental management plan?
Is there a plan to review the plan regularly?
How should the plan explain related resources, division of responsibilities, schedule and implementation order?
How does the environmental management plan cooperate with the established environmental policy?
How to supervise and revise the environmental management plan?
Usually, an index depends on its nature and the difficulty of realization, and sometimes it may need multiple schemes to cooperate. Based on the above considerations, in the management plan, the organization should clearly state the name, lead unit, plan content, relevant operation control standards when necessary, required funds, human resources, predictable environmental performance and economic benefits, implementation progress, implementation unit and division of labor, effectiveness tracking, etc.
The formulation and implementation of management plan is the key to the success of environmental management system. To the extent appropriate and feasible, the environmental management plan may include consideration of planning, design, production, marketing and disposal stages. This method can be used for both current and new activities, products or services. Product-related management schemes can focus on product design, use or substitution of raw materials, improvement of production process, use and final disposal of products, etc. The scheme related to the installation of the device or major adjustment of the process may focus on planning, design, construction and commissioning.
For the tracking of environmental management plan, the organization can express the original scheduled implementation time schedule in the form of Gantt chart, and then record the actual completion time schedule of each stage, so as to clearly compare the implementation effect of the plan and serve as the basis for future improvement review.
Four. conclusion
Environmental policies, objectives, indicators and management plans are actually consistent and coherent. Environmental policy can be said to be the code of conduct provided by the organization to the environmental management system, and environmental goals and indicators are carried out under this commitment and code to show the determination of the organization to continuously improve. The environmental management plan is a guide and detailed work plan for each goal. If the organization can formulate appropriate environmental policies and have feasible objectives, indicators and management plans to realize its commitments in environmental protection, the environmental management system can be implemented and operated smoothly and effectively.
Why is it particularly important to determine environmental policies?
Environmental policy embodies the general direction and basic commitment of an organization in environmental protection, and has a specific and clear framework in pollution prevention, continuous improvement and compliance with laws and regulations, so determining environmental policy is the key to establishing an environmental management system. All steps and links of the system are aimed at enabling enterprises to realize their promised general policy. Enterprises should formulate their own environmental policies according to the provisions of laws and regulations, pollution prevention strategies and understanding of environmental protection, and once they are formulated, they should abide by them. It is necessary to establish an environmental management system to ensure their real implementation.
It should be said that environmental policy is the driving force of all activities of an organization in the environmental field and has far-reaching business influence on the future direction of the organization. It is combined with the overall business strategy of the enterprise, and is also consistent with other policies (such as quality, occupation, health and safety, etc.). Once the environmental policy is published, it is necessary to judge the environmental behavior of the organization according to the policy, which also determines the environmental indicators and environmental programs.
What does an environmental policy usually contain?
The environmental policy of each organization generally involves the following aspects:
① Long-term planning:
General principles, such as: commitment to prevent pollution, establishment of behavior evaluation procedures, compliance with regulatory requirements;
A strategy or plan, such as a commitment to consider environmental issues in investment policy and implementation.
② Specific objectives: Commitment to cleaner production objectives; Commitment to reduce the emission of certain pollutants and save resource consumption (such as water and electricity); Give priority to waste recycling within the organization.
③ Product: Commitment to meet international regulations and customer requirements; Guide product development and design with the principle of minimum environmental impact in product life cycle.
④ Training and communication: strengthen the work of team members and carry out environmental training; Promote the organization to communicate and publicize environmental performance to customers, employees and the public.
⑤ Employee protection: Participate in operation activities in a way that does not endanger the health and safety of employees.
⑥ Compliance: Work closely with environmental supervision and management institutions to meet the best management standards of local or the same industry, and ensure that the implementation level always meets the requirements of laws and regulations.
In short, the environmental policy can not only reflect the general direction and commitment of the organization, but also be clear and easy to understand, which can be understood and mastered by employees.
Which universities in China have mobile stations for doctoral students in environmental science (including environmental engineering)? I'm from the School of Environment of Beijing Normal University. I heard that one of the previous sessions went to the National University of Singapore, but I don't know whether it was at my own expense or at public expense. There seems to be no environmental science in Singapore, right? There must be some projects. In fact, if you really want to study this major, it is still very different. After all, the environmental conditions in different places are different, and the methods of governance are different. More importantly, China pays more attention to the macro. After all, Singapore is a small country, so we should pay more attention to sewage treatment. . .
Does the environmental science major in the national examination include marine science? This is the professional requirement of position 2 recruited by Jiangmen Maritime Bureau in 16: marine science, chemistry, marine engineering, environmental science and engineering. There are also professional requirements of the regional business department of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, such as science and engineering (nuclear engineering, chemistry, biological science, marine science, computer, environmental science, etc.) related to diplomatic work. ). So it should not be included. You can log in to Du Wen civil servants for more information about 17 national examination.
Does environment and safety include environmental science? Thank you for reporting civil servants. There are two ways. First, call the staff. Didn't I call you when I signed up?
Second, report early. If the audit fails, it will fail. Choose something else.