1. Central office
The State of Qin set up a central organization consisting of the Prime Minister, Qiu and an ancient scholar. The prime minister is in charge of administration, Qiu is in charge of military affairs, and the censor is in charge of supervision and secretarial work. The Han dynasty generally followed the Qin system and was called the Three Fairs. Nine chats, in charge of all aspects of government affairs, later evolved into three provinces and six departments. The three provinces are Zhongshu (decision-making), Menxia (deliberation) and Shangshu (implementation), and the governors of the three provinces are all prime ministers. Song dynasty expanded the authority of Zhongshu province, and the Privy Council was divided into civil and military powers. Under the door, ministers save waste. The cabinet of the Ming Dynasty was the highest administrative body, with the minister as assistant minister and the chief minister as video (that is, prime minister). In the military department of the Qing Dynasty, Wang, Gong and Shang Shu were ministers of military aircraft, who were in charge of state affairs.
The six departments refer to the "official department, which is in charge of the appointment, removal, assessment and promotion of officials; The Ministry is responsible for land registration, taxation and finance; Ritual department, in charge of ceremonies, science, schools and other things; Ministry of war, in charge of military affairs; The penal department, in charge of judicial prisons; The Ministry of Industry is in charge of engineering construction, water conservancy and other matters. " The minister is a minister and the deputy minister is an assistant minister. There are practitioners, deputy foreign ministers and subordinate officials in charge.
In addition, the central government also has specialized agencies and officials responsible for managing books, editing history and making calendars. For example, Sima Qian and Zhang Heng served as Taishiling. Gao Qi edited The History of Hanlin.
2. Local official positions
The main administrative areas in Qin and Han Dynasties were counties. Chief, Qin said chief, Korea said satrap. The main administrative area of Sui and Tang Dynasties was Zhou, which was called the secretariat by state officials, and its subordinate officials were Chang Shi and Sima. In some military towns in the Tang Dynasty. Our time has been set up, and the officials include marching Sima, staff officer and secretary in charge. In Song Dynasty, state officials were called breg and county officials were called breg. During the Ming and Qing dynasties, the state was changed to the government, which was called the magistrate.
In addition, there were also counties in the Han Dynasty, and the world was divided into more than a dozen counties, all of which were basically monitoring areas. The central government sent officials to spy on the situation, calling it a secretariat. During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, there were more than a dozen roads in China, also called prison areas. The central government sent officials to inspect them. These officials were called ambassadors. In the Song Dynasty, the whole country was divided into about twenty roads, and several departments were responsible for all aspects. In the Yuan Dynasty, the highest local administrative organization was called the book province in China, and in the Ming Dynasty, it was renamed the Chengxuan Bureaucracy Department, and it is still customarily called "province".
Ancient official position
Ming dynasty (middle)
1, Sangong Sangu:
Sangong: Taishi, Taifu and Taibao (Zhengyipin)
Three orphans: Shao Shi, Shaofu and Shaobao (from Yipin)
There are Prince Taishi, Prince Taifu and Prince Taibao (from Yipin); Prince Shao Shi, Prince Shaofu and Prince Shaobao (positive level 2)
These are officials, used to show their merits and lofty status, and have no actual jurisdiction.
Second, six:
Official Department, Household Department, Ritual Department, Ministry of War, Ministry of Punishment and Ministry of Industry (in order)
Each of the six ministries has a minister who is directly responsible to the emperor. Under the senior minister, there are left and right assistant ministers (deputy ministers), practitioners (directors) and principals.
Wait a minute.
Official department: responsible for the management, assessment and promotion of officials.
Household department: thirteen departments, which manage the revenue and expenditure and reimbursement of various places respectively.
Ritual department: in charge of national auspicious ceremonies, educational examinations, entertaining foreign guests, feasting and offering people, etc.
Ministry of War: Manage the military and political affairs in the world (military orders are managed by the Governor's Office of the Fifth Army)
Manage the names of punishments in the world.
Ministry of Industry: Manage construction, logistics, water conservancy, manufacturing, etc.
3. Inspector:
Directly under the supervision of the emperor.
There are suggestions from the left and right governors (positive level 2), the left and right deputy governors (positive level 3) and the left and right governors (positive level 4).
Then came the 13 supervision empire, which was responsible for the supervision of the provinces (at that time, China was divided into 13 provinces).
The six subjects belonging to the emperor are collectively called "science and Taoism" and belong to the category of officials.
4. Six families:
It is divided into six branches, namely officials, owners, soldiers and criminals. Each branch has one supervisor (plus seven items) and one on the left and right (from seven items).
Although the level of this matter is very low, it has great rights. The work assigned by the Emperor to various government offices was cancelled by six families every five days. If there is any success,
Or poor work, six subjects can report to the emperor. Six subjects can also participate in the election of officials, the emperor's command meeting, and the internal trial.
Officials. The most important thing is that the six families have the right to reply to the imperial edict. If the six families feel inappropriate, they can seal it back. number
Execute it.
5. Five temples:
Five temples are short for Five Yamen, including Dali Temple, Taichang Temple, Guanglu Temple, Taibu Temple and Split Temple.
Dali Temple: equivalent to today's court, it is the highest appellate body in China. Together with the Inspectorate and the Department of Punishment, it constitutes three legal departments.
Taichang Temple: Responsible for offering sacrifices.
Guanglu Temple: in charge of the banquet.
Taibu Temple: Managing Horses
Quik Temple: Responsible for entertaining foreign guests.
6. Master Zhan:
Master Zhan is the organization responsible for assisting the prince. There is a scholar who has the right path, a scholar who has the right four paths, and a successful scholar who has the right six paths.
Master Zhan has left and right spring pavilions, economic management department and main hall.
7, too hospital:
Imperial Hospital is responsible for the diagnosis and pharmacy of the court and nobles. It has an official in a fifth-level hospital, two judges in a sixth-level hospital and four doctors in an eighth-level hospital.
People, from nine types of officials to several people.
8, the academician courtyard:
It is equivalent to the integration of national universities and cadre colleges. The president of the Hanlin Academy is called Hanlin Bachelor (Zhengwupin), who is a bachelor's student.
People, two lecturers of undergraduate course (from the fifth grade), two lecturers of reading and two lecturers of teaching (from the sixth grade), can write after being admitted (from the sixth grade).
Be awarded this position. This position will be awarded after the second prize of editing (positive seven products) and flower exploration.
(local)
Counties and counties: supplemented by Xian Cheng, main book. Xiancheng assisted the magistrate in managing the county government, and was in charge of the county's grain tax and household registration. Sung river in the water margin seems to be a fairy city post station before going up the mountain.
Zhou, first appeared in the Western Han Dynasty. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty divided the whole country into 13 monitoring areas, which were called counties. The sheriff, known as the secretariat, is responsible for supervising county officials. After the Eastern Han Dynasty, the secretariat was also called Zhou Mu. The Sui Dynasty abolished the organizational system of counties, leaving only states and counties.
The highest official in the Song Dynasty was known to all. There were two levels of states in Ming and Qing Dynasties: Zhili and Sanzhou.
Zhilifu is a province, at the same level as the government; The three States belong to the government and are at the same county level.
It is well known that officials have the same knowledge (called comrades in intelligent ABC) and the same judgment. They are responsible for finance, criminal law and public safety respectively. Zhili Prefecture in Qing Dynasty (76) scattered (48).
The governors of state capitals (Jingzhao Mansion, Henan Mansion and Taiyuan Mansion) are called states, and the states in Song Dynasty belong to Tao (between the central government and the states).
Except for the first one in Ming and Qing Dynasties.
There are nine grades, and each grade is divided into positive and negative grades, including * * * 18 grades.
It's a product-a surname, a teacher, a Pacific insurance, and a college student. (5) lead the minister in the bodyguard.
From Yipin-(Wen), Shaofu, Shaobao, Taizi Taishi, Taizi Taifu, Taizi Taibao, vassals, ministers of various ministries, right suggestion and left suggestion of Douchayuan. (5) generals, commanders-in-chief and prefects.
Is the second product-(text) Prince Shao Shi, Prince Shaofu, Prince Shaobao, provincial governors, assistant ministers of various ministries and hospitals. Deputy commander and company commander.
From the second product-(text) provincial governors, cabinet bachelor, imperial academy bachelor, provincial ministers. Lieutenant (military).
Positive three products-(text) Duchayuan right vice capital suggestion, left vice capital suggestion, General Political Department General Political Department, Dali Temple Minister, Zhan Shifu Zhan Shi, Taichang Temple Minister, Shuntianfu prefect, Fengtianfu prefect, provincial judge. General (military)
From the three products-(text) Guanglu Temple Qing, Taibu Temple Qing, provincial salt ambassador. Guerrilla warfare.
Zheng Sipin —— (Text) Deputy Special Envoy of the General Political Department, Shao Qing of Dali Temple, Shao Zhan of Master Zhan, Shao Qing of Taichang Temple, Shao Qing of Cracking Temple, Shao Qing of Taibu Temple, and Sheng Wei. (Wu) Dusi.
From the four products-(text) Bachelor of imperial academy, Bachelor of Lecturing, imperial academy Wine Festival, Bachelor of The Cabinetshi Read, Provincial Judge. (Wu) Chengmenling
Positive five products-(text) left and right Chunfang, left and right illegitimate children, Guanglu Temple, Qin Jian, six ministries, various ministries, courts, and Zhili House. Garrison (military)
From the five products-(text) crack hon temple, the supervision of the empire, the academician courtyard Shi read, diplomatic history, the provinces know the state. (Wu) Shouganzong Headquarters.
Positive six products-(text) imperial academy Division, The Cabinetshi Read, left with Chunfang and left with Zhongyun, heads of various ministries and institutes, judged by Beijing government officials, judged by Jingxian county magistrate officials, and judged by provincial officials. (Wu) There are thousands of doors and thousands of camps.
From six grades-(text) about Chunfang about Zanshan, Hanlin Academy, Guanglu Temple, Zhilifu, Tongzhou, Tongzhou. General Qian of the armed forces.
Zhengqipin-(text) edited by Hanlin Academy, with seven calligraphy stickers in various ministries and institutes, professor of Shuntianfu studies, discipline, county magistrate outside Jingxian county, and professors of various government studies. (Wu) General Manager.
From seven categories —— (text) Review of the Imperial Academy, Chinese Book Department, Cabinet Chinese Book, Dr. imperial academy, judges of Zhili Prefecture, and state judges. (Wu) Deputy Commandant of Shengjing Nomadic.
Zheng Bapin-(text) Imperial Physician of TaiYuan, Eight Needles calligraphy and painting posts of various departments and hospitals, experience of foreign governments, and teaching instructions of other counties, counties, prefectures and counties. (military) outsourcing thousands of managers.
From the Eight Grades-(Text) imperial academy Canon Book, Fuzhou County Ji. (5) Appoint a director of Xiao Qi.
Nine stitches-(text) Nine stitches calligraphy, pasted in the main books of various ministries, colleges and counties. (5) General Manager of Outsourcing Committee.