1982 during the third census, the floating population just appeared, and by the middle and late 1980s, the number of floating population began to increase sharply.
In the fourth census of 1990, the floating population was included in the census item, and two items were added in that census item, both of which were related to the floating population. In the 2000 census, the floating population was still the main item of concern, with 8 items.
According to Professor Duan of the National People's Congress (Renmin University, the same below), the floating population in China was 6.57 million in 1982. In 2000, the floating population in China reached 65.438+0.4 billion.
The increase of floating population increases the difficulty of census. Some enterprises are unwilling to provide real figures, and some local governments are unwilling to say so, because in many places, the indicators are assessed according to "per capita". When local people are uncertain about some figures, they will only say less and not say more, so as to reduce the denominator of the average.
Moreover, the previous survey method of floating personnel itself has problems.
In 2000, for example, Zhai Zhenwu, a professor at the National People's Congress, said that at that time, only people who had been on the move for more than half a year were investigated, and most of them refused to be asked by strangers. Some floating population will casually answer "one week, half a month" even if they stay in the inflow place for more than half a year, so that the inflow place will not register this person. As soon as the census taker at the place where his household registration is located said that this person had been away from home for half a year, he stopped registering, because anyone who had been away for more than half a year was required to register at the inflow place, so this person was missed.
Floating population is still a difficult problem in this census. The National Population and Family Planning Commission pointed out in the Report on the Development of Floating Population in China 20 10 that the number of floating population in China reached 2 1 1 billion in 2009.
Duan, a professor at the National People's Congress, said that this time, the survey method was changed to "everyone boarding" and the number of outflow people was also investigated in the outflow area, so that the number of registered population and floating population could be technically distinguished. "1982 has the highest quality in the general survey and the lowest quality in 2000." Zhai Zhenwu, a professor at the National People's Congress, said that there were two main mistakes: one was missing registration, and the other was duplicate registration.
The error rate of 1982 census is 1.2%, and that of 2000 census is 1.8 1%.
"Floating population is an important factor affecting the error rate, but not all factors." Zhai Zhenwu said that the organization of 1982 is in place. At that time, all units actively participated in the mobilization. Organs, streets and enterprises actively deployed personnel to be census takers, and they were also willing to deploy personnel with good quality and strong sense of responsibility.
"1990, the situation is ok." Zhai Zhenwu said, but in 2000, it was not so easy to deploy census takers. With the market economy, enterprises are reluctant to send people, and various government agencies and units are not so active. Even if they send people, they will not send people with high quality and strong sense of responsibility. Some units directly take out people who usually do not perform well as census takers.
In 2000, the society began to recruit census takers, but many people left their jobs in a few days because of the tedious census.
In this census, the problem of enumerators is still serious. Our reporter learned that in Beijing, because of the heavy work pressure, everyone has to investigate an average of 80 households, and the enumerators in all districts and counties have resigned.
Zhang Xueyuan, director of the Propaganda Center of Beijing Municipal Bureau of Statistics, said in an interview with the media that according to preliminary estimates, Beijing needs about 20,000 census instructors and about 80,000 census takers. Although 5% of the reserve forces are prepared for recruitment, it is still not enough.
Pu, a census instructor in the fourth district of Xiyuan, Wangjing, Beijing, and her three colleagues all resigned before the investigation was over. Pu Jin Rong said that many of the census takers recruited are retirees with low education level, and the census process often makes mistakes. As a census instructor, she often has to verify and correct the wrong information, which is also very stressful. Finally, she chose to resign. Compared with the previous five censuses, the sixth census faces new problems, that is, residents' awareness of privacy is enhanced and household surveys are more difficult.
Although this problem has existed since 2000, the difficulty this time greatly exceeded expectations.
"The days when people stayed at home and waited for the census taker to come, are over." Li Zhiming is a census instructor in duyun city, Guizhou.
He and his companions work overtime every day, and it is normal to work until 1 1 at night. There is no one at home during the day, so Li Zhiming can only do a family survey from 6 pm to 9 pm.
Compared with the census conducted more than 20 years ago, Li Zhiming found that "the door is difficult to enter".
Li Zhiming still remembers the scene of the 1982 household census: "Most residents are more cooperative and polite to the census takers and feel that this is an obligation." He regrets that fewer and fewer families are willing to actively cooperate. "Some people would rather play games or rest than cooperate with the investigation."
As respondents pay more and more attention to privacy, enumerators often encounter the embarrassment of being rejected. "There is no other way but to knock on the door and show the work permit to the residents." Li Zhiming said.
Kang Yue, a community service worker in Beijing Huilongguan, is also worried about this. In the investigation stage, Kang Yue, as a census taker, needs to ask residents for their ID numbers and contact numbers. The other party will always be vigilant and ask, "What do you want this for?" Kang Yue can only explain it repeatedly and sign a letter of commitment with the other party to ensure that this information will never be leaked, otherwise it will bear legal responsibility.
During the training, Kang Yue was also taught to pay attention to the way and attitude of speaking when asking about the dead population, but the actual situation is that she is often silenced by residents.
Li Zhiming, from Guizhou, said that he and his colleagues attributed the reason to the citizens' increasingly indifferent sense of social responsibility.
Zhai Zhenwu, a professor at the National People's Congress, believes that the cultivation of civil society awareness needs the guidance of the government.
Can household survey be changed to mail survey?
Experts said that China's postal system is not perfect, with a large floating population, and postal investigation is not suitable for China's national conditions.