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Brief introduction of imperial academy
Imperial academy is the central official school after the Sui Dynasty in ancient China and the highest institution of learning in the ancient education system in China.
In the fourth year of Xianning, Emperor Wu of the Western Jin Dynasty (278), he began to establish Chinese studies, offering wine to the nation, and teaching students with one doctor each. Beiqi was renamed Guo Zi Temple. When Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty, he changed to temple science. Soon, Chinese studies were abolished, and only one Chinese study was established, eliminating the need for wine sacrifices and doctors; If you have a PhD from Imperial College, you always know what to study. Emperor Yang acceded to the throne, changed to imperial academy, and reset the drink offering. Under this system in the Tang Dynasty, there were six schools in imperial academy, including Guo Zi, imperial academy, Four Schools, Arithmetic, Calligraphy, etc., all of which set up doctors and set up a member to offer wine and sacrifice, who was responsible for managing knowledge and giving lectures to the Crown Prince. In the first year of Tang Gaozong Longshuo (66 1), Dongdu was also put into prison. It was renamed Si Chengguan or Cheng Junjian. Song belongs to the Ministry of rites. In the early Song Dynasty, after the Five Dynasties, imperial academy was established to recruit children of officials with more than seven grades as students. In the second year of Duangong (989), imperial academy was changed to Guo Zi School, and in the fifth year of Chunhua (994), it was still a prison. Before the establishment of Taitai in the fourth year of Li Qing (1044), imperial academy was the highest institution of learning in the Song Dynasty. The children of middle and senior officials sit in prison to study, which is only nominal, and the number is small, and there are even fewer people attending classes on weekdays. Since the establishment of imperial academy and other schools, imperial academy has become the general institution in charge of schools in China. All schools in imperial academy and Guo Zi, martial arts, law, primary schools, state and county schools, etc. Guiding students, recommending students to accept jobs, building school buildings, drawing three ceremonies, drawing statues of sages, building libraries in pavilions, and inspecting schools by the emperor were all carried out under its auspices. Before Yuanfeng's political reform (see Yuanfeng's political reform), imperial academy officials were divided into prison, outspoken, incorruptible and chief accountant. Since the third year of Yuanfeng (1080), there have been (old supervisor), (substitute wine waiter), Cheng (master book), Dr. imperial academy (old direct teacher), Dr., Doctor of Martial Arts and Doctor of Law in prison. The supervisor is divided into three cases: the kitchen case is in charge of the business school's money and food. There are many officials in each case, such as Xuchang, Xu Zuo and Cycas. Imperial academy also set up a library to engrave classics and history books for the court to ask for, give and sell. In the Southern Song Dynasty, there was a "printing house" in the prison. Imperial academy's printed edition, called "Jian Ben", is generally exquisitely carved, ranking first in the country. In the Northern Song Dynasty, imperial academy was established in capital cities such as Xijing, Nanjing and Beijing, and officials were set up. The court is in power, and the attendants and other officials serve each other. Their ministries and commissions are quite simple, and they only pay for food, which has actually become a place for literati to recuperate. Chongning for four years (1 105), went to Beijing and imperial academy for three times, each with a division.
Liao Taizu went to Beijing, and imperial academy was set up in the south, with wine offering, management, honesty, main book and imperial academy. Another imperial academy has been built in Beijing, and the positions of officials are the same as those in Beijing. In the Jin Dynasty, imperial academy governed Guo Zi School and imperial academy, and set up wine festivals and companies. There are two or three supervisors, one of whom is in charge of women's direct education. At the beginning of the Yuan Dynasty, imperial academy was the Jixian Academy, which governed the Guo Zi School, set up a wine supply office and was in charge of the decrees of the Guo Zi School. Cheng Jian specializes in prison affairs. In addition, Mongolian imperial academy and Hui imperial academy schools were established to show the difference between them and Han people and southerners.
At the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, Zhongdu Guo Zi School was established, and later changed to imperial academy, which was in charge of the order of Chinese students. In the first year of Yongle (1403), Ming Taizu Chengzu set up imperial academy in Beijing, all of which were equipped with wine festivals, general managers, supervisors and standard books. In the Qing Dynasty, imperial academy was in charge of all kinds of official schools in China (except Zongxue and Jueluo) and set up a minister of management and supervision. A drink offering, one for Manchu and one for Han; Division, Manchu, Mongolian, Han each one. In addition, there are academic officials such as inspectors, doctors, books and classics. Guangxu thirty-three years (1907), belonging to the Ministry.
Imperial academy, which began in the Sui Dynasty, was an educational institution. By the Qing Dynasty, it became an examination institution that only examined education. By the end of the Qing dynasty, it became an official selling agency. Imperial academy students, equivalent to scholars, can be divided into two types: civil and military, with the former being called Wen Sheng and the latter being called Wu Sheng. Anyone who pays a certain amount of money to the court according to the usual regulations can be called "case supervisor" They are qualified to see the county magistrate, but they have no real power. "(from Huang Xianfan's History of Feudal Society in China 1952, 12).
Imperial academy, Beijing, located in Guozijian Street, Dongcheng District, Beijing, has experienced three generations: Yuan, Ming and Qing. It is the last imperial academy in China. It has been preserved to this day and is now a national key cultural relics protection unit.
Imperial academy generally has it.
A toast to everyone, from the three products; Division of two people, from four products. He is in charge of the political discipline of Confucianism, and he is in charge of seven subjects: Confucianism, imperial academy, Wenguang, Four Schools, Law, Calligraphy and Calculation.
One person, Cheng, is in charge of the supervisor from the sixth grade. Every year, seven students finish their studies, try and provide drinks with the company, and the first one goes to the Ritual Department.
A main book, grade seven. Handprints, prison sentences.
△ guozixue
Five doctors in grade five. Those who discipline more than three products are the grandchildren of the country, and those who discipline more than two products are great-grandchildren.
Five teaching assistants from six grades. Dr. Zhang Zuo is a professor of classics.
There are four speakers directly, Dr. Zhang Zuo and the teaching assistant is Professor Jing Shu.
There are two doctors in each of the five classics, and they go to the five classics. Teach guozi with the knowledge of Chinese studies. Zhouyi, Shangshu, Shi Mao, Zuo Chunqiu and Book of Rites are the five classics, while The Analects of Confucius, The Book of Filial Piety and Erya have no scholars, but only middle school classics.
△ Taixue
Six doctors, six products; There are six teaching assistants from seven grades. Disciplining the sons and grandsons of counties and counties above the fifth grade and the great-grandchildren of the third grade make a living, and five of them take this as their profession, with more than 100 people at a time. There are 70 students, 4 scholars, 6 students from Zhanggu and 0/5 students from Du Dong.
△ Guangwenguan
There are four doctors and two teaching assistants. A scholar who leads the national student cause. Du Dong has sixty students and ten students. After nine years in Tianbao, he established a Wenguang Museum, where he was called the teaching assistant of Jinshi, and then he no longer knew the name of Jinshi.
△ Simen Pavilion
Sixth doctor, seventh grade; Six teaching assistants from eight grades; Let's say four. He taught seven or more things. Hou Bozi lived like a man and Shu Ren lived like a gentleman. There are 300 students, 4 Canon students and 6 Palm students. Du Dong has fifty students.
△ law
Three doctors, from Bapin; A teaching assistant, ninth grade. Teachers below Grade 8 and teachers living in Shu Ren. Law is a profession, and I also study normative legislation. Dali Temple lawyer Sui has eight doctors. Wu Dechu, transferred to imperial academy, looking for waste; Zhenguan was restored in six years, abandoned in three years, and transferred to Dali Temple, with doctors below; Longshuo was restored in the second year. There are twenty students and two classical literature students. At the beginning of Yuanhe, Du Dong had five students.
△ calligraphy
Two doctors, starting from the ninth grade; A teaching assistant. Teachers below Grade 8 and teachers living in Shu Ren. The Book of Songs, Shuowen and Zilin are calligraphy works, and many books have been learned. Wu Dechu, a scholar of waste books, was reinstated in Zhenguan for two years and in Xianqing for three years. Doctor degree or below was transferred to the secretary province, and he was reinstated in Longshuo for two years. There are ten students, two scholars and three students in Dudong.
△ arithmetic
Two doctors, starting from the ninth grade; A teaching assistant. Students under the eighth grade who live in Shu Ren.
Geographical location of imperial academy (tourism demand)
Located at No.0/5, Guozijian Street, Andingmen, Dongcheng District, Beijing, adjacent to Confucius Temple and Yonghe Palace. On both sides of imperial academy Street, the Huaiyin passageway, the east and west ends of the street, and the archways on both sides of imperial academy Gate are painted, which is the only ancient street with four archways in Beijing.
Imperial academy was founded in Dade Decade of Yuan Dynasty (A.D. 1306). It was the highest administrative organ of national management education in Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties and the highest institution of higher learning established by the state. The whole building in imperial academy faces south, and there are Jixian Gate (the main entrance), Taixue Gate (the second entrance), Liuli Archway, Biyong, Yilun Hall and Jingyi Pavilion on the central axis. There are four halls and six halls on the east and west sides, forming a traditional symmetrical pattern. It is the only existing ancient central state-owned university building in China.
Transportation: Take the subway to Lama Temple Station and walk 200 meters south. Or take the bus 13, 1 16, 807.
Admission: 6 yuan.
Imperial academy's prison doesn't study.
Rao shaoping
"Jian" is used for supervision, monitoring and reading jiān (sum) when released from prison, and it is used as an official name and reading jiàn (recommendation) when an official signs. Sima Qian's Historical Records of the Five Emperors: (The Yellow Emperor) was placed under the supervision of various countries. Universal peace. "Zhang Tang kept the festival" Historical Justice ":"Prison, enter the prison with silence, enter the prison with silence. " The characters in ancient books are all arranged vertically. "Shangjian" is the word "prison" in front and "Xiajian" is the word "prison" in the back. Zuo Dajian and Right Dajian are official names. Zhang Shoujie means that the official name "supervisor" is pronounced as silent, while the supervisor's "supervisor" is pronounced as flat voice. From Wei and Jin Dynasties to Sui and Tang Dynasties, the word "Jian" was read and recommended by the supervisor in the chief official hall of the central province and the secretary supervisor in the secretary province after the end of the Northern and Southern Dynasties.
"Sword" is also the official signature, such as Zhongshu Sword, Qin Tianjian and Trojan Horse Sword. Imperial academy is both a government institution and a national school.
Guozixue and imperial academy have a long history in China. In the second year of Xianning, Emperor Wu of the Western Jin Dynasty (AD 276), Guo Zi School was established alongside imperial academy. In the Northern and Southern Dynasties, there were either Chinese studies, imperial studies or both. The Northern Qi Dynasty changed Guo Zi School to Guo Zi Temple. This marks the transformation of Guo Zi schools from an institution of higher learning to an educational management institution. During the period of Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty, Guo Zi Temple was in charge of Guo Zi School, imperial academy and four schools, which further highlighted the educational management function of Guo Zi Temple. Emperor Yang Di changed Guo Zi Temple to imperial academy. During the Tang and Song Dynasties, imperial academy was also in charge of the Guo Zi School, imperial academy and the four major schools. Imperial academy, founded in Ming and Qing Dynasties, is an educational administrative organ with the nature of Chinese studies. In the 31st year of Guangxu reign (A.D. 1905), imperial academy withdrew from the historical stage.
Who's Guo Zi? Zhou Li's Records of Emperor Officials: "Teach the country with three virtues. When it comes to virtue, it is the Tao. Second, Minde thought it was a line. Third, filial piety, to know evil. " Zheng Xuan, a Confucian scholar in the Eastern Han Dynasty, pointed out: "The son of a country is the son of a doctor." History of rites and music: "The son of the country is also the son of Dr. Qing." Qing Liu Book Year "Liu Guiyang said that the classics are incomplete and the state is wrong": "The son of the state, the son of the prince, the princes, princes and officials are all." It can be seen that the son of a nation refers to the son of a nobleman.
As official signatures, supervisors of Ma Majian and Qin Hejian all read Jian (recommendation). Imperial academy, as an ancient central educational administrative institution and institution of higher learning, was also recommended by "inspectors". Reading at the same time can easily lead to misunderstanding. In history, there were only men's prisons and women's prisons, and there was no prison for aristocratic children. In addition, in ancient times, officials were called "prisoners", officials with lower official positions were called "prisons", students and dropouts in imperial academy were called "prisons", books carved by imperial academy were called "prisons", rules and regulations in imperial academy were called "prisons", and the official positions that supervised salt industry in Tang Dynasty were called "prisons". All these "supervisors" should keep their mouths shut.
Ancient Sophora japonica in Li Duo, imperial academy
Zhang Baogui
Imperial academy and Confucius Temple, located in Guozijian Street on the east side of Andingmennei Street, have been renovated and are welcoming Chinese and foreign tourists with a brand-new look. If tourists pay attention, they will find that ancient pagodas are widely planted in Guozijian Street and imperial academy Courtyard. Why?
Imperial academy is the highest institution of learning in ancient China. Beijing was founded in the tenth year of Yuan Dade (1306), and it is adjacent to the Confucius Temple in the east, which embodies the ancient rule of "left temple and right school". Imperial academy is the oldest school in Beijing. During the Reform Movement of 1898, schools were built, imperial examinations were abolished and imperial academy was closed. In imperial academy, there are ancient towers. Since the Zhou Dynasty, there has been a saying that "there are three towers on the surface, and there are three places", that is, three towers are planted outside the palace gate, representing the official positions of a surname, a teacher and a Taibao respectively. The ancients said: "Deng Huai ding ren", that is, the position of the three public. Therefore, in the feudal society of China, people regarded Sophora japonica as "the tree of public officials and doctors". A large number of Sophora japonica trees are planted in imperial academy, which shows that students (college students) can enter senior officials. Sophora japonica was widely planted in imperial academy and abroad in the Zhou Dynasty, so it was widely planted in imperial academy and abroad in the past dynasties. Since the Sui Dynasty, the imperial examination system has risen again in China, and its examination room is called "Gong Yuan", which is a place to contribute talents to the emperor and the country. Sophora japonica is also widely planted in Gongyuan. For example, in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, there was an ancient tree named "Wenchang Huai" in Beijing Gongyuan. According to legend, this tree is where Wenchang shoots. Because in Chinese folklore, Emperor Wenchang was the immortal who was in charge of the examination. In ancient China, all candidates had to worship Emperor Wenchang. (Now there is a big exam, and even parents take their children to worship Wenchang in the Taoist temple. Does it make sense? )。 Therefore, Gong Yuan's "Wen Chang Huai" is related to the examinee's literary movement, and has become a god worshipped by the examinee. Imperial academy and Confucius Temple in Beijing were built in the Yuan Dynasty, and Beijing was also the capital city in the Yuan Dynasty. As a street tree, Sophora japonica is in the streets and alleys of the metropolis. For more than 700 years, Sophora japonica has been the dominant street tree in Beijing and has become a characteristic of Beijing. Therefore, when people talk about the features of Beijing's ancient capital, they always say, "Ancient pagodas, wisteria and quadrangles". And Gu Huai is also related to some ancient and modern celebrities in China. For example, the "crooked-necked Sophora japonica" in front of Cao Xueqin's former residence in Xishan and the "Cao Gonghuai" on the bank of Tonghui River in the eastern suburb are also said to be related to Cao Xueqin. There are countless examples. It can be seen that Sophora japonica is also a witness to the development of ancient culture in China.
According to historical records, during the Yuan and Ming Dynasties, there were more than 200 Sophora japonica and cypress trees in imperial academy. With the passage of time, there are only more than 40 species of Sophora japonica and cypress. Most of the ancient pagodas in imperial academy were planted in Yuan Dynasty, which has been over 700 years. Among these ancient pagodas, the most famous is the "Auspicious Pagoda" located in front of and behind Yilun Hall.
"Auspicious Sophora japonica" is about 15m high and consists of two trunks, with a circumference of 2.6m and 2.5m respectively. Standing side by side like twin brothers, it shows people a unique style. This Sophora japonica was planted in the Yuan Dynasty, and it is said that it was planted by Xu Heng, the first wine festival in the Yuan Dynasty (equivalent to a college student now). Why do people call it "auspicious locusts"? According to legend, this Sophora japonica died in the late Ming Dynasty, but in the early summer of the sixteenth year of Qing Qianlong, new buds grew on the branches, turned into leaves, withered and revived. After imperial academy's teachers and students discovered it, they spread it one after another. It coincided with the 60th birthday of Empress Dowager Cining, the mother of Qianlong. People think this is an auspicious sign, so it is named "Auspicious". Hundreds of civilian and military officials wrote poems and paintings to celebrate. This year, he caught up with a college student who ordered Pu to offer sacrifices to the Confucius Temple. After learning about this, he stayed in imperial academy, developed his expertise in drawing trees, and drew a picture of an ancient pagoda, which was rewarded by Qianlong. According to Textual Research on Old News of Sun, there is an ancient plant of Chinese studies, which was planted by Xu Heng, the minister of Yuan Dynasty. After reading for a long time, it withered and revived. When the last branch of Xin appeared again, Ci Ning was sixty years old and cherished all beings in the city, which was passed down as an auspicious thing. Emperor Qianlong also wrote "Poems on Ancient Chinese Studies", in which it says: "There are shady trees in the Yellow Palace, leaving behind the sages of Myanmar. From the first year of planting to the year of Yuan, the last year of honor and honor. Strange and Qufu, Ji Ling Yi Linggan. To collect wealth for humanity, Fu celebrated his birthday. Choking Qin Yingzao, green leaves moist. The right phase is not exaggerated, and the origin can be passed down. " Gan Long's Poems of Ancient Huaitu and Jiangpu's Poems of Ancient Huaitu, as well as the poems of ministers, are still engraved on the tablet and stand beside the tree. The court also ordered the ancient pagoda to be protected with glass walls. It is said that the tablet of ancient Huai poems and paintings was well preserved and moved to the west side of Confucius Temple on 1956 together with the stone carvings of Thirteen Classics. As for the name of this tree, it is called "Tree City" in the quotation of the above-mentioned Textual Research on Old News under the Sun. Next to imperial academy in the Zhou Dynasty, there was a large forest of locust trees. At that time, in order to exchange needed goods, scholars and business students would take out local products or books from their hometown on the first and fifteenth days of junior high school, or trade in the locust tree forest. Because they are all literati transactions, there is a scene of harmony and comity, which is called "Huaishi", and later Huaishi also refers to imperial academy. The "Shi Huai sentient beings" in the sentence are also students of imperial academy.
There is an ancient pagoda tree near the round pool in the west of Biyong Temple in imperial academy. Its trunk is Luo Guo-shaped, and its upper part is inclined to the south. Moreover, there are traces of Luo Hu on the north side of the trunk, which looks like it was cut by a sharp weapon. In fact, it is the reason why a big branch was broken. People call this locust "Luoguohuai". Here's another story. Because the "Bi Yong" Hall was built during the Qianlong period, and it was built by Liu Yong, a university student and imperial academy affairs, as a place for the emperor to give lectures. After the completion of Biyong, its "Bi Pan Yong Shui" is the essence of ancient architecture in China. Liu Yong accompanied Gan Long and other officials to inspect. When they came to Biyong West, they immediately saw this obvious ancient pagoda tree. According to legend, Liu Yong often gives Gan Long problems, and some people say that Liu Yong is a Luo country. Gan Long had a brainwave and said, "Ladies and gentlemen, who do you think this locust looks like?" All the officials know, but it's hard to answer. Gan Long added: "This locust tree is unsightly." So he ordered the locust tree to be cut down, meaning to kill Liu Yong. Liu Yong cherished the ancient pagoda tree and said, "Long live, never. Although this old pagoda tree looks ugly, it is an ancient pagoda tree. In imperial academy, listening to the classics of saints all day is full of the spirit of Chinese studies and literature, although it is ugly and beautiful. Now that Bi Yong is finished, I will always listen to the teachings of the holy family. I am also a great loyal minister. " When Qianlong heard this, he had to say, "The country of Luo has lost its elegance. Cut it and straighten it out."
For more than 700 years, the street trees in Guozijian Street have been planted alternately, and Sophora japonica has always been the street tree, which has cultural connotation. The tall pagoda tree adorns the ancient Guozijian Street with antique charm, which is a beautiful scenery in Beijing and adds cultural color to imperial academy and Confucius Temple.
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