The first chapter is the research background.
According to the needs of modern management science, Shanghai Municipal Administration Office and Tongji University Daojiao Department jointly developed and studied "Shanghai Bridge Management System". This chapter mainly introduces the recent research situation of bridge management system at home and abroad, and the engineering background and management background of bridge management in Shanghai.
1. 1 research status at home and abroad
1. 1. 1 development of management information system
Management information system is a man-machine system based on computer processing in an organization, which provides necessary management control information and auxiliary decision-making functions for management decision-making layers at all levels. By effectively storing information, he can improve the rationality and speed of information processing and improve the management decision-making process, thus promoting the efficiency and benefit of management.
Management information system (MIS) is a new subject that has developed rapidly with the development of computer technology and management science in recent years. This subject is a comprehensive subject based on system theory, information theory, cybernetics, management science, computer science and artificial intelligence. According to the application of computer science to the improvement of decision-making level and the change of the nature of decision-making problems, the development of management information system science has gone through the following stages:
EDP (Electronic Data Processing) stage, that is, electronic data processing stage. In the early 1960s, marked by payroll processing of General Electric Company of the United States, computer management began, including data storage and maintenance, simple processing and other single processing.
Mis (management information processing) stage, that is, management information system stage. The concept of MIS was put forward by Stotter and Horn in the United States and matured in 1968. Compared with EDP, MIS has been able to comprehensively analyze and process all kinds of information, provide information support and auxiliary decision-making for management decision-making and strategic decision-making, and realize information sharing. The system includes database and model base. Its general functions include asking questions, judging the nature of problems, solving models, providing interactive queries and outputting reports.
DSS (Decision Support System) stage, that is, Decision Support System stage. Compared with MIS stage, its main feature is to help decision makers solve semi-structured and unstructured problems. The typical technology used is artificial intelligence method, which supports and helps decision-making, rather than replacing it. The system generally consists of database, method base and model base user interaction system. At the same time, office automation system OA(Office Automation) has also been developed. Its main purpose is to use efficient tools such as word processing, data, image, sound and network processing to improve office speed and develop into multi-function, compound and MIS integration.
With the development of computer management technology and its wide application in many fields, China's highway departments have also developed various management systems, among which the highway pavement management system is more mature. In recent years, with the increase of bridge diseases, the decline of function, the increase of traffic volume and the improvement of load grade, the workload of bridge maintenance, reinforcement and transformation is becoming increasingly heavy. On the other hand, the contradiction between bridge maintenance demand and insufficient funds also puts forward new requirements on how to implement scientific management. The application of computer technology in bridge management gave birth to a new discipline-bridge management system.
1. 1.2 development of bridge management system
The bridge management system was first developed in the United States in the 1970s, and has gone through the stages from scratch, from simple to complex, from single data processing to expert system with comprehensive processing capabilities of various data and knowledge. Since the 1980s, with the rapid development of computer technology, it has been further improved and deepened, and combined with CAD, it has become a part of office automation of management departments, which can assist decision-making and participate in management, and also provide necessary data support for design, construction and other departments.
From 65438 to 0968, the United States Federal Highway Administration developed the world's first bridge management system "National Bridge Archives (NBI)". Its software is basically in the form of some data files, and its initial functions are also very simple. Only some file management work such as data saving, basic statistical query and simple report output can be completed. It belongs to the EDP stage of management system and is the first generation bridge management system. After nearly 30 years of operation, the system has been continuously enriched, improved and improved. At present, it has become a national bridge data system for recording, storing, updating and counting various bridge data of American national highways. At the same time, the service performance of these bridges can be evaluated, and the candidate projects can be prioritized to provide auxiliary decision-making for bridge reconstruction and maintenance planning. At present, the system already has the basic functions of modern management system.
On the basis of NBI of the Federal Highway Bureau, dozens of states in the United States, such as Pennsylvania, Minnesota, Florida, Kansas, etc., have formulated their own bridge management systems in light of their own actual conditions. These systems have the functions of database management, technical status evaluation, demand prediction and priority ranking. Some systems also have the function of life cycle analysis to optimize the project scheme.
While developing and researching the bridge management system in the United States, countries all over the world have also carried out the development and research work in this field. The systems put into use include: Japanese Road Company Bridge Management System, Danish Bridge Management System, Alberta Bridge Management System, etc. Their functions are basically the same as those mentioned above.
The research and development of bridge management system in China is still in its infancy. Since 1980s, Sichuan Highway Research Institute, Guangdong Bridge Research Institute, Highway Research Institute of Ministry of Communications and Beijing Highway Administration have successively developed several bridge management systems with their own characteristics, such as Sichuan Bridge Database Management System, Guangdong Bridge Management System, Beijing Highway Bridge Management System and Henan Bridge Management System, on the basis of learning from foreign experience. However, these systems are still in the trial operation stage, not only the establishment of model parameters but also the accumulation and analysis of a large number of historical data, and the level of the system itself is not clear enough. Therefore, these systems need to be further developed and improved.
1. 1.3 summary
The following conclusions can be drawn from the development of various management systems at home and abroad and bridge management systems abroad:
1, the existing bridge management system can be roughly divided into two categories: one is basically a bridge file database with simple functions and structure, which basically completes the file management work such as bridge data archiving and simple statistical query. But this system is an indispensable and most efficient part of every bridge management system, and it is also the beginning for bridge management units to realize scientific bridge management. The second type is to add evaluation, priority ranking, countermeasures and suggestions, demand forecasting and cost analysis on the basis of bridge database management, but these functions are preliminary and still in the stage of research and discussion. The function of this system itself is far from mature and perfect, especially in China, and there is no normal bridge management system at present. Therefore, it is difficult to provide reliable decision-making consultation for bridge management departments without sufficient data accumulation.
2. The development of management system is a step-by-step process. Even the simplest type II bridge management system will take at least ten years to establish, perfect and successfully use. On the one hand, the establishment and implementation of the bridge management system requires corresponding management systems, management methods and means, as well as certain technical equipment and technicians, while the establishment and operation of the new system and the creation of technical conditions all take some time; On the other hand, in the management system, the establishment of models and the improvement of standards need a lot of data accumulation, which is also difficult to obtain in a short time. Therefore, in the initial stage of system establishment, we should pay attention to the method and quality of data collection, ensure the integrity and practicability of data, and provide a good data foundation for various functions of the system, without paying attention to many functional modules.
3. The development and research of bridge management system must adapt to the actual situation of bridge management departments in this region. Due to the different management systems, methods and means in different regions, the objectives, functions and modes adopted by each system are also different. In addition, the economic conditions, equipment conditions and management level of different regions are quite different, and the requirements for the complexity and accuracy of system function design are also different. Therefore, every successful management system has strong local characteristics.
1.2 engineering background
Shanghai is located in a water network area with many rivers and bridges. Existing bridges in the urban area *** 105 1 Apart from the bridge on Huangpu River and the newly-built bridge in Pudong New Area, there are also overpasses on the inner ring viaduct and the north-south viaduct. Bridges in different periods were designed and built according to the design load standards at that time, so the load grade and carriageway width of many bridges have been seriously unable to meet the current traffic requirements. In recent years, with the increasing traffic volume and axle load of vehicles and the influence of various environmental factors, the diseases of bridges are becoming more and more serious, and the damage speed is also accelerating year by year.
According to the investigation report of bridges in Shanghai, the main diseases of bridges in Shanghai can be summarized as follows:
Damage of bridge expansion joints: About 50% of bridge expansion joints in existing bridges are damaged to varying degrees, some of which seriously affect the comfort of driving, and other structures will be damaged due to water seepage, vibration and other factors.
Damage of bridge deck pavement: Because of the direct action of wheel load, bridge deck pavement is the most affected part by environmental factors, so it has always been a part with high damage rate. In recent years, with the continuous growth of traffic volume, the damage degree of bridge deck pavement is getting bigger and wider. The detection, maintenance and repair of bridge deck has become one of the most important work contents of bridge office.
Influence of navigable river course on bridge: here, it mainly refers to the damage to pier caused by ship collision. Suzhou River is the main navigable river in Shanghai. Due to the continuous improvement of navigation level, the number of collisions between ships and bridges has also increased year by year. This makes the maintenance of piers increasingly busy in recent years.
Adverse effects of soft soil foundation on bridges: Shanghai is a typical soft soil foundation area. Bridge damage caused by pier settlement is quite common in urban areas. Therefore, the bridge maintenance management department should regularly detect and continuously observe the settlement of piers and abutments and the elongation of expansion joints, and handle problems in time when found.
According to statistics, only 28.5% of these urban bridges are in good condition; General damage accounted for 63.7%; Serious damage accounted for 4.1%; 6. 1% becomes a dangerous bridge, so it is necessary to close the traffic and stop work. It can be seen that at present, bridges that only need overhaul, reconstruction and reconstruction account for more than 10% of the total number of bridges in urban areas. Therefore, the management of bridges in Shanghai, such as the inspection and maintenance of bridges, the arrangement of large and medium-sized repair and reconstruction plans, and the rational use of limited funds, will be very heavy.
1.3 management background
1.3. 1 management system
Shanghai Municipal Engineering Management Office is led by Shanghai Administration for Industry and Commerce and receives technical guidance from the Ministry of Construction. Shanghai Bridge Office is a subordinate unit of the Municipal Management Office, which is responsible for the inspection, detection, maintenance and repair of all bridges in urban areas. Its daily work also includes: heavy vehicle crossing management, bridge opening management, pipeline crossing management, construction management near the bridge site, participation in new bridge design, bridge basic information collection management, etc. It is the concrete realization layer of bridge management plan.
In addition, each district and county also has its own district-level bridge office to implement technical management for all bridges within its jurisdiction. Operationally, it is guided by Shanghai Municipal Engineering Management Office, and administratively, it is led by district and county construction bureaus.
1.3.2 management methods and means
At present, the methods and means of bridge management in Shanghai are still quite backward, which is not suitable for the current bridge management. It is also incompatible with the management requirements of modern science. Specific performance in:
Backward management methods, lack of scientific management awareness, neglect of early bridge disease inspection, neglect of maintenance and reconstruction, focus on dangerous bridges and seriously damaged bridges, and it is difficult to nip in the bud. Lack of scientific, systematic and standardized management methods will inevitably lead to a certain degree of waste of personnel and funds.
There is no standard for regular inspection of bridges, and the three-level inspection system of daily inspection, regular inspection and special inspection of bridges is not clearly defined and divided. Bridge inspection mostly stays in bridge inspection, and the structural damage and various typical diseases of the bridge are not described in detail.
The quality of employees needs further training, and maintenance managers should receive professional training in bridge basic knowledge and computer operation skills, so that every manager can keep up with the requirements of modern management system.
Professional testing equipment should also be appropriately added to improve the quality of testing, so that more damage data items can be changed from qualitative description to quantitative description, making the data more realistic and objective.
The management of historical data is chaotic. Due to the long-term manual management of bridge archives, there are management defects such as incomplete data, different statistical methods and poor accuracy. The workload is large, the efficiency is low, the query and retrieval are extremely difficult, and it is also a difficult problem of manual management.
The investment decision-making method is backward. Because there is no comprehensive and objective evaluation data for investment projects, managers mainly judge the actual situation according to experience to arrange investment plans, so it is difficult to ensure the reasonable allocation of funds.
Lack of information feedback in the implementation process.
Chapter II Structure and Function of the System
2. 1 target design of the system
As a network-level management system, Shanghai Bridge Management System aims to assist Shanghai Municipal Engineering Management Office and its bridge offices at all levels to manage and maintain existing bridges scientifically and effectively. Its specific content includes the following aspects:
1. Provide all kinds of data support required by different management.
2. Establish a comprehensive and perfect bridge technical condition detection system.
3. Evaluate and rank the use of bridges and their components.
4. Complete various queries, statistical analysis and report output.
5. Suggest the maintenance scheme for bridges with different damage degrees.
2.2 organizational structure of the system
According to the design goal, the system consists of six functional modules: file management subsystem, technical condition detection system, evaluation and countermeasures subsystem, statistical query subsystem, heavy vehicle bridge consulting management and various report output. They manage static data and various documents respectively; On-site bridge investigation and detection; Bridge performance evaluation; Simple countermeasures and suggestions, heavy vehicle bridge consultation, various query statistics, report output and other functions.
2.3 Overview of the functions of each subsystem
File management subsystem mainly includes the establishment of static database, the input and output of data items, the display of pictures, the establishment and output of special inspection information and maintenance information.
The technical condition inspection system is mainly to establish a complete set of inspection methods, means and procedures, to carry out systematic and scientific appearance inspection of bridge structures, and to collect bridge structural defect data. So that managers can have a comprehensive understanding of it. Provide strong data support for the next evaluation and management.
The evaluation and decision subsystem includes the establishment of dynamic database, the input and output of dynamic data, the evaluation and scoring of various parts, the ranking of bridge performance and the analysis of bridge functional indicators.
According to the scores of each part of the bridge and the damage status of each component, the maintenance management subsystem establishes two-level maintenance countermeasure analysis to serve managers at different levels.
The statistical query module uses the statistical and query functions designed by the system to complete all the statistical and query work needed in daily management.
Establish the historical database of heavy truck bridge crossing in the management subsystem of heavy truck bridge crossing consultation. The system includes the input and output of the database and the display of the possibility of heavy vehicles crossing the bridge.
The report function mainly includes all kinds of data output commonly used by users.
Chapter III Monitoring of Bridge Technical Condition
3. 1 overview
The existing technical state of bridge is the result of the interaction between internal technical factors such as design and construction, material quality and external environmental factors such as traffic, load, climate, environmental pollution and special accidents. However, the state of the existing technology directly reflects the performance and safety of the bridge, which is a series of dynamic variables, and generally decreases year by year with the increase of the service life.
The bridge management department should first be responsible for the safety of the bridge structure within its jurisdiction, and should also know the detailed information of different parts of the bridge structure in detail to prepare for determining the corresponding maintenance countermeasures.
In order to effectively manage the bridge structure, it is necessary to establish a perfect and feasible technical condition monitoring system, and use the monitoring data to establish a database of the existing technical conditions of the bridge. All evaluation and analysis must be based on a comprehensive understanding of the analysis object, and the monitoring system is the way for managers to understand and understand the management object, and it can also be said that it is the cornerstone of the whole bridge management system.
The research of bridge technical condition monitoring system has a history of nearly 30 years. In order to meet the needs of domestic bridge management system, all countries in the world have been studying monitoring procedures with their own characteristics since 1970s. From 65438 to 0976, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) of 24 western countries published the first bridge inspection report and recommended a set of methods for systematic inspection and evaluation of bridges. Subsequently, the British Ministry of Transport issued the inspection standards for trunk roads and expressways in the form of BE4/77, and held the "International Conference on Road and Bridge Management" at 198 1. At the "International Bridge Structure Conference" held in 1982, many countries submitted their existing methods and regulations for bridge inspection and maintenance.
So far, the system of the Federal Highway Administration is the most perfect. National Bridge Archives Database (NBI), the world's first bridge management system, has been established and ensured its normal operation. Rules and regulations such as Bridge Inspection Standard, Bridge Maintenance Inspection Manual, Bridge Inspector Training Manual and Structural Inspection Reinforcement Card have been specially formulated. The monitoring content includes not only the structural status and functional status, but also the data of safety, importance and environmental factors.
The Technical Specification for Highway Maintenance compiled by the Ministry of Communications 1965438 and the Specification for Urban Road and Bridge Maintenance promulgated by the Ministry of Construction 1 stipulate the contents, methods and periods of monitoring and evaluating the technical conditions of general bridges. There are two main contents of monitoring: one is bridge static data (bridge card); The second is structural defect data (dynamic information). The code divides bridge inspection into three categories: periodic inspection, periodic inspection and special inspection. Inspectors require experienced full-time bridge maintenance engineers to participate. In addition to special inspection, regular inspection and regular inspection (routine inspection) mainly focus on visual inspection, supplemented by necessary measuring instruments, telescopes, cameras and other on-site use equipment. Forms such as Bridge Periodic Checklist and Bridge Periodic Checklist are filled in on site to record the defects of various components and make technical evaluation, judge the causes of defects on site and estimate the scope and mode of maintenance.
Each concrete bridge management system will establish a set of technical condition monitoring system according to its own situation. The monitoring part of the bridge management system in Shanghai is based on the Technical Specification for Highway Maintenance of the Ministry of Communications and the Specification for Urban Road and Bridge Maintenance of the Ministry of Construction, and draws lessons from foreign advanced experience. The bridge structure is divided into several basic components, which are inspected and observed respectively. In the formulation of observation indicators, we should be comprehensive, meticulous, objective and quantitative as far as possible, and have strong operability, which reduces the requirements for the technical quality of inspectors. It is worth mentioning that the system changes the traditional on-site evaluation into computer appraisal. On-site monitoring personnel only need to objectively describe the defect state of components, and system operators input data into the computer, and the computer automatically judges the defect grade of components, which not only unifies the grade evaluation standard, but also greatly improves the accuracy and objectivity of basic data and evaluation results.
3.2 Monitoring of Bridge Defects
The defect state of bridge refers to the material defects, cracks, deformation, displacement and other different degrees of damage in the use of each branch and component of bridge structure. It is the decisive factor to measure the technical condition of the bridge, and also the key index for the bridge management department to analyze and choose the bridge maintenance countermeasures, establish the prediction model of the service condition and sort the maintenance projects.
3.2. 1 basic components
Basic component is the most basic unit of bridge structure.
Because the bridge is a complex structure composed of multiple parts. Therefore, in order to observe and evaluate it in detail, it is necessary to separate its main components and observe and evaluate them separately, which leads to the concept of basic component division.
3.2.2 Division principle
Various components of bridge structure are composed of different materials, and the performance of component materials directly affects the performance of components. In addition, due to the different structural forms, stress forms and damage modes of components, their investigation methods and evaluation indexes will also be very different.
Therefore, the division of basic components must meet the following basic principles: (1) consistency of materials; (2) Consistency of structural forms; (3) Consistency of failure modes. When the component division meets the above conditions, when we observe, evaluate and determine the maintenance countermeasures, the work will become simple, clear and easy to operate.
Component type
According to the above principles, we divide the various components of the bridge as follows:
Deck system (0 ~ 29)
"0 1" bridge deck pavement
The "02" bridge head is smooth.
"03" expansion joint
"04" sidewalk block
"05" railing or guardrail
Superstructure (30 ~ 59)
"30" steel structure
"31"PC and RC plate girder members
"33" prestressed concrete and reinforced concrete box members
"32" horizontal connection
"33" arch ring
"34" arch building
Substructure (60 ~ 99)
"60" capping beam or table cap
"6 1" pier
"62" support
"63" anti-falling beam device
"June 4th" Foundation
"65" washing
"66" cone slope protection
"67" ear rear wing wall
The number in ""is a number. With the continuous expansion and improvement of the system, the types of basic components will further increase.
3.2.4 Observation method of basic components
For the observation of basic components, field measurement is needed. Inspectors fill in the observation sheet at the scene, and strive to ensure that each component is in place for inspection. The inspection method is mainly visual inspection. For the parts that are difficult to check in place and a few data surveys, it is necessary to use conventional data acquisition equipment and simple observation instruments for detection.
For serious diseases and defects of bridges, fixed marks should be made at the damaged parts as a reference for the next inspection.
Some typical diseases and some indescribable injuries should be photographed and attached to the back of the field questionnaire. On the one hand, it can be used as archive data, on the other hand, it can also be used to improve the collection type of dynamic data. Every disease photo should indicate the shooting range of the photo.
Personnel and equipment requirements
When collecting field data, it is required to form a field investigation team of 3 ~ 4 people. The group needs a maintenance engineer with certain bridge professional technical knowledge and disease treatment ability. The rest of the staff are required to have a junior high school education or above, have the ability to identify bridge types and component forms after training, be healthy, and be conscientious and responsible in their work.
Procurement of conventional equipment:
1. camera
2. High power telescope
3. Steel ruler, tape measure, paint and brush
4. Magnifier, crack observer and protective layer tester
5. Check the special ladder
6. Theodolite, level and other conventional measuring instruments.
7. If conditions permit, it can also be equipped with various more advanced detection equipment, such as bridge monitoring vehicles and infrared rangefinders.
3.2.6 Steps for regular inspection of bridges
After the bridge site inspection team arrives at the bridge site, each bridge should be inspected one by one to avoid omission. The specific inspection parts are as follows:
(1) When you arrive at the bridge site, first take a photo of the whole bridge facing the right side of the bridge (for the first time).
(2) Check the bridge deck system in the following order: bridge deck pavement, expansion joints, sidewalks, railings and drainage system. Fill in the corresponding inspection form at the same time.
(3) Check the base, and check the pier (abutment) clockwise from the right-wing wall of abutment No.0.. The inspection sequence of each abutment is: bearing, abutment cap (capping beam), pier body and visible part of foundation. Fill in the corresponding inspection form at the same time.
(4) Check the superstructure, starting from the first span and checking one by one. Each span shall be inspected from the right side of each beam and each member in turn. Fill in the corresponding inspection form at the same time.
(5) Check the protection works
(6) Check the riverbed diseases
(7) In the process of inspection, the severely damaged parts shall be marked with colored paint and photographed.
(8) In the case of a maintenance engineer, the impression scores of various parts and components, as well as maintenance countermeasures and suggestions will be given.
3.3 Test form and filling requirements of each component
According to the classification of the above components, this system has designed different test benches for various components. The detection content and scope of each table are different, which provide data for the corresponding dynamic database respectively.
At the same time, the system also defines different defect conditions, which makes the bridge inspection work convenient, feasible and standardized.
3.4 Summary
The rationality of bridge technical condition monitoring system is an important foundation of bridge management system. In this study, a bridge detection method based on basic components is proposed, which solves the problems that the bridge damage types are diverse and the defective parts are difficult to describe due to the complex bridge structure.
The system has formulated a series of complete and systematic bridge monitoring specifications, including inspection methods, personnel and equipment requirements, inspection procedures and inspection contents of each component, which can not only be used to improve the dynamic information database in the Shanghai Bridge Management System, but also provide a good reference specification and basis for the bridge inspection work of non-system users.
In this system, the survey data items in each test table have a good correspondence with the corresponding dynamic database and the evaluation model of each component, which makes the test purpose more clear and the evaluation result more reasonable.
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