The existence of risks is also one of the charms of participating in outward bound training, but safety is the primary issue of outward bound training. To fully tap the educational value of outward bound training, it is necessary to manage risks scientifically and let participants enjoy the sense of accomplishment and pleasure brought by outward bound training in safety.
Understanding of Risk Management in Outward Bound Training
Risk management refers to the management process of how to minimize risks in a certain risk environment. Expansion risk refers to the possibility or probability of injury in expansion activities, that is, the risk (R) in expansion activities is equal to the product of the degree of injury (H) and the possibility of occurrence (P).
As far as the risk management of outward bound training is concerned, it can be defined as establishing a set of systematic and scientific management methods on the basis of investigating, predicting, collecting and analyzing the uncertainty and possibility of risks faced by outward bound training, including identifying risks, measuring risks, actively managing risks, effectively handling risks and properly handling tangible and intangible losses caused by risks.
Second, the development of risk management plan for extended training
Risk management plan is the process of formulating risk identification, risk analysis and risk mitigation strategies, determining the responsibilities of risk managers, providing a complete action plan for project risk management, and determining how to carry out risk management activities and formulate project risk management plans.
1. Risk identification of outward bound training
First, absolute risk. This kind of risk is mainly caused by natural weather and cannot be avoided. For example, lightning weather can easily lead to the danger of electric shock; Rainy weather is easy to cause students to fall and sprain; Hot weather can easily lead to heatstroke.
Second, real risks. This kind of risk refers to the danger caused by expanding training safety equipment, facilities, processes, trainers and other factors. Inadequate maintenance of expansion equipment, inadequate maintenance of protective equipment, nonstandard operation process of the project, and weak safety awareness of trainers will all induce dangerous events.
Third, cognitive risk. This kind of risk refers to students' psychological insecurity in the process of participating in outward bound training, especially in high-altitude projects, because the high-altitude and ground environment where students live has changed, and the difference between the two environments will make students particularly nervous. But this kind of risk is the carrier of students' peak experience.
2. Risk analysis of outward bound training
First, expand the statistics of training injuries. Project Adventure, an American professional training institution, has made statistics on the safety of outward bound training. From the comparative data of table 1, it is found that the accidental injury rate of outward bound training is much lower than that of basketball, football and other sports, and its safety is optimistic abroad. But it does not mean that the risk of outward bound training does not exist.
Statistical comparison of accidental injury rate in different sports.
Second, the causes of risk formation: (1) People's insecurity: including both trainees and trainers. With the continuous development of information technology in modern society, the frequency of outward bound training in various media has gradually increased. In addition, the fun and challenge of outward bound training also makes many people yearn for its participation. However, due to high enthusiasm and insufficient understanding of risks, it is easy to be dangerous when participating. For example, climbing the expansion frame is unprotected. If the trainers have a weak sense of safety, they are lucky in the use of equipment, and turn a blind eye to the students' violations, which will increase the probability of dangerous events. (2) Unsafe factors in the environment. The weather, environment and other objective factors have a strong restriction on the smooth progress of outward bound training. In order to let students enjoy the comfort of returning to nature, many outward bound training venues are built in mountainous areas with beautiful environment, green grass and tall trees, but it also brings unsafe factors, especially in thunderstorm weather, which is more likely to cause dangerous events. Therefore, the arrangement of outward bound training must consider weather and environmental factors. (3) Unsafe factors of the instrument. Expanding the construction of venues and equipment is the biggest cost of outward bound training. Once it is completed, it is difficult to invest money for substantial replacement. The maintenance and maintenance costs of sites and equipment are also very high. The maintenance of sites and equipment in many companies or units lags far behind the degree of loss, which leads to the aging, slow replacement and maintenance of sites and equipment, and the potential safety hazards are gradually increasing. (4) Unsafe factors in project management. Project is the foundation and core value of outward bound training. Each event has its own unique connotation and strict operational norms, but due to outward bound training,
Training in China is still in the stage of extensive development. Random plagiarism of projects and uneven quality of trainers lead to lax implementation of project rules, inadequate team management, and even the operation mode of overhead protection is constantly being changed. The confusion of project management will definitely increase the safety risk of outward bound training.
3. Risk mitigation strategy of outward bound training
First, risk avoidance. Its goal is to avoid behaviors and conditions that lead to risks and make the possibility of injury zero. When arranging the extended training courses, if the trainees have no specific requirements, they should arrange the projects according to the trainees' age level, gender ratio and other factors, so as to avoid the projects with high incidence of dangerous events such as leaning back and escape wall. Avoiding risks is the most thorough and simple method.
Second, risk transfer. For risks with low accident frequency and serious injuries, risk transfer technology should be adopted. Accidental injury insurance system is one of the important ways to avoid risks in outward bound training. The establishment of accidental injury insurance system in outward bound training is conducive to reducing risks and improving the anti-risk ability of outward bound training institutions. Joining the insurance industry is the material guarantee for the safety of expanding training institutions, trainers and trainees, and plays an important role in clarifying the responsibility for safety issues in the process of expanding training, improving the responsibility system for safe operation of the industry, promoting the safety of trainees, and thus promoting the safety of the entire expanding training industry.
Third, the risk is reserved. For some potential risks, such as scratches and sprains, which appear in the process of outward bound training with low accident rate and small harm severity, reserve risk technology can be used.
Fourth, reduce risks. For some minor injuries with high incidence but not serious, strategies can be taken to reduce the risk. Risk reduction has two meanings: (1) reducing the probability of risk occurrence; (2) Once a risk event occurs, minimize its losses. Improve the regular maintenance system of expanded equipment, increase its safety factor, strengthen the training of trainers' safety awareness, and avoid the danger caused by negligence.
4. Determine the responsibilities of risk management in outward bound training.
Expanding training institutions should establish and improve the risk management system and clarify the responsibilities of expanding employees. On the basis of abiding by laws and regulations, in the form of written agreement, let students and insurance companies know the potential risks they face, as well as the responsibilities and specific compensation matters undertaken by each party after the injury incident.
Third, implement the risk management plan of outward bound training.
1. Risk control in the implementation of extended training 1. Prepare in advance. Pre-preparation is mainly to achieve the expected training objectives and effects of outward bound training, and making a certain plan as a whole is an important means to avoid and reduce risks. It mainly includes making emergency plans, allocating project resources, checking expansion equipment, and actively communicating with trainers on some specific matters. The first is to make an emergency plan. In order to reduce the influence of weather and other factors on outward bound training as much as possible, it is necessary to consider comprehensively when arranging courses and establish a scientific and reasonable emergency plan. Understand the weather situation on the day of the activity through the weather forecast, and prepare two sets of outdoor and indoor activity plans when necessary. The second is the allocation of project resources. According to the project arrangement determined by the communication with the trainer in the early stage, the props needed for the project operation are properly prepared, and a special medical box is also equipped to deal with minor injuries during the activity. In addition, in case of light rain, but it does not affect the expansion activities, we should also prepare disposable raincoats or rain gear for students to wear. The third is to check the expansion equipment. While preparing the project resources, it is necessary to check the required expansion equipment, including the investigation of the high-altitude expansion frame and the inspection of protective equipment. If there is any problem, maintenance and replacement will minimize the danger caused by the equipment. Fourth, actively communicate with trainers. Inform the students of the risks that may be induced by their own factors in the expansion in time, so as to give them a simple safety education in advance. In addition, students' clothing and other equipment matters should also be informed in time so that students can prepare in advance.
Second, process control. Process control is the management intervention in the process of project challenge, and it is also the most important link of risk control. Trainers play a very important role in this process, such as the planner of activities, the decorator of scenes, the executor of rules, the creator of atmosphere, the supervisor of safety, the promoter of processes, the resolver of contradictions and the promoter of knowledge. Therefore, in this process, it is also an evaluation of the comprehensive quality of trainers. An excellent trainer should not only have a strong sense of safety, but also have the ability to control and deal with emergencies on the spot.
During the operation of the project, the trainer must introduce the rules in detail, and the supervision should be in place to prevent students from being injured by accident because of violating the operation process. With the extension of project operation time, students' enthusiasm will gradually decrease, and their safety awareness will also decrease. Trainers should try to adjust the team atmosphere, pay close attention to the students' dynamics and try to avoid danger.
Thirdly, the trainer's help and protection to the trainees is an effective risk control method. Compared with trainees, trainers have a more professional understanding of outward bound training and a more thorough understanding of the project connotation and its risk points. Therefore, assisting and protecting trainees during the project operation is also an important duty of trainers and the best embodiment of their professionalism.
Generally speaking, in the operation of outward bound training programs, assistance and protection mainly have two dimensions: first, the time of assistance, including the duration of assistance and the timing of assistance, that is, when to assist; The second is the amount of aid, that is, the amount of aid. Trainers should correctly handle the relationship between the two, and proper help and protection will help improve the training effect, otherwise it will lead to poor training effect and affect the feelings of students.
The risk factor of high-altitude projects is very high. Trainers' professional protection skills can not only minimize risks, but also encourage and support students in a tense state, thus completing the challenge. Because students are only participants in activities, they do not fully realize the danger of expansion, and their safety awareness is relatively weak. Therefore, in some high-risk venue projects, such as falling back, graduation wall, etc., it is easy for students to be seriously injured due to negligence or play. At this time, the assistance and protection of trainers is particularly important.
2. Expand the implementation of the training risk management plan.
First of all, the implementation of the risk management plan needs to expand the participation and cooperation of all employees in training institutions. Employees in every company must bear certain responsibilities.
Second, the risk management plan should become a part of the staff training content of the expanding training institutions, so that the staff can be familiar with various policies and risk management techniques, thus enhancing the awareness and level of risk management.
Third, the company managers need to practice risk management plans in order to implement these plans reasonably, accurately and smoothly in practical application. In addition, the shortcomings and problems existing in the existing plan can be exposed in the exercise, which provides a basis for further improving and perfecting the risk management plan.
Four summaries
From the perspective of sociology, the pursuit of safety in adventure activities has become an increasingly valuable goal. It is the existence of risks that makes outward bound training more attractive, but there is no obvious transition between safety and insecurity. Understanding risk, controlling risk and standardizing the risk range of outward bound training are important steps to formulate the risk management plan of outward bound training, which is an important means of scientific risk management and also a guarantee measure for the safe and smooth progress of outward bound training.
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