First, the development of teacher education
The development process of teacher training in Macao is as follows.
First of all, implement the system of middle school normal students; Second, the government and all walks of life set up advanced classes for teachers; Third, set up education colleges and research courses in universities.
(A) the implementation of the system of normal students in secondary schools.
Before the establishment of educational institutions to train teachers, the Macao government hired a large number of teachers from Portugal to teach in government schools in Macao every year, including middle school students who graduated from local private schools. As for private schools, the Macao government has always adopted a laissez-faire attitude, setting neither employment requirements nor any qualifications for teachers in private schools. Therefore, this imperfect situation has been affecting the level of teachers and the development of education in Macao. In 1950s, a group of Chinese mainland teachers with better quality went to Macau for development. However, due to the low salary and favorable conditions of teachers, some changed careers, some resigned, some married or died, resulting in the loss of teachers. In addition, there was no teacher training institution in Macao at that time, and there were no qualified teachers to supplement it, so there was a serious shortage of teachers. Only people with ordinary higher education are hired to replace teachers, which forms a vicious circle of this imperfect phenomenon. Before 1979, most primary and secondary school teachers in Macao were local middle school graduates. None of these people have received normal education, let alone higher normal education. After 1979, many university graduates from mainland Chinese mainland went to Macao to teach, which injected fresh blood into Macao education.
Among the normal education in Macao, San Jose Middle School is the longest. At first, it was a simple normal school, and junior high school graduates could attend school for one year. There are also kindergarten classes in middle schools to recruit female students who graduated from junior high schools, and they can graduate after two rigorous trainings. Later, kindergarten teacher classes, special education classes and night shift teacher classes were gradually opened. The duration of running a school varies from one year to two years, from day to night, and the enrolled students also graduate from junior high school to high school. Therefore, the teaching level of the school has been continuously improved. Following the opening of normal classes in St. Joseph's Middle School, Deming Middle School in Macau initiated the opening of special normal classes in Australia to recruit high school graduates and implement the normal student system. In addition, the school also opened a kindergarten teacher class to recruit girls who graduated from high school, and they can be employed after one year of training. After graduation, these students were assigned to "overseas Chinese schools" in Hong Kong and Macao. In the next few years, the Anglican Normal School and the Anglican Senior High School also offered normal education and courses. Over the past 30 years, these teacher training courses and professional courses have trained more than 65,438+0,500 pre-service and in-service teachers for Macao's education system. These graduates are generally welcomed by schools. (Table 1)
(2) The government and all walks of life offer advanced classes for teachers.
Since the 1980s, the Macao government has realized the negative impact of the shortage of teachers and the low level of teachers on Macao education, and began to attach importance to teacher training. The diploma course in off-campus education, sponsored by Huinan Normal University in China and co-organized by Macao Education Department and China Education Association, has been actively launched, which has opened up a new way for Macao teachers' correspondence training. 65438-0987 The University of Macau offered a professional training course for teachers. 1989 the institute of education was established. Undertake pre-service and in-service teacher training (see Table 2).
(c) Establishment of colleges of education in universities.
Due to the continuous development and change of society, the demand for talents in all walks of life is increasing, and the training of teachers is more urgent. Since 1989, the Macao government has started to set up colleges of education in universities to provide pre-service and in-service training for primary and kindergarten teachers. 1990 launched the full-time bachelor of education course, and formally trained middle school teachers for Macao. 199 1 offer bachelor's degree courses in in-service education and certificate courses in post-degree education. The former trains graduate teachers in junior high schools, primary schools and kindergartens, while the latter focuses on training in-service middle school teachers without academic qualifications. From Table 3 and Table 4, we can know the high statistics of graduates from courses offered by South China Normal University in Australia and the statistics of graduates from the College of Education of Macau University.
Second, the education of teachers in Macao.
With the transformation of Macao society and the development of education, the quality of teachers has attracted much attention. In recent years, about 30% of in-service teachers in Macao have received normal education, which is a good start, although the number is far from enough (see table 5). It can also be seen that teacher education is still an urgent problem in Macao.
The slow development of teacher education in Macao is mainly due to the late start of teacher education, and the government has not formulated a complete and systematic teacher training curriculum system.
Due to the increasing social demand, the Macao government has realized the necessity and urgency of improving the overall quality of teachers, and has successively introduced some relevant policies. For example, teachers' allowances are paid according to the academic qualifications of in-service teachers. The academic requirements of proofreaders have also increased accordingly, so many schools encourage teachers to pursue further studies. At present, there is an upsurge of local full-time teachers in Macao, and the number of people receiving training is increasing every year. However, the proportion of kindergarten teachers and primary school teachers is relatively large, while the training of middle school teachers is still in its infancy. At present, Macao's teacher training institutions are: University of Macau, South China Normal University, St. Joseph's Church Middle School, etc. Among them, most teachers graduated from South China Normal University. Because the school adopts distance education courses in training methods, teachers who participate in the study are more flexible in learning time and place, which is very popular among in-service teachers. Generally speaking, there will be more teacher training in Macao in the next few years, and teachers' academic qualifications will certainly be improved.
Three. Countermeasures and suggestions
Education is the foundation of revitalizing society. If we want social progress and prosperity, we need to revitalize education in Macao. The implementation of education policy depends on the efforts of the government and school leaders. Regarding teacher education, relevant people in Macao have also made suggestions to the government, and their suggestions can be summarized as follows.
Government.
1, developing courses for educators; This will help to encourage teachers to continue their studies, reduce the loss of teachers, improve their social status and improve their treatment.
2. Teacher education needs a clear direction: the three existing teacher training systems in Macao have their own characteristics. They are different in class hours, modes, course objectives, contents and assessment requirements. If the relevant institutions can refer to the standards of normal courses around the world and formulate the development principles of normal courses in Macao, then the teacher training courses can have a relatively complete system.
3. Carry out the advanced class system: local teacher education needs to enter a new period. Besides basic teacher training, it should be postponed to the extended training of lifelong education.
4. Organize teachers to visit other places for education: We hope to learn from each other and the government will provide opportunities for teaching exchange activities with other places.
5. Increase subsidies to schools and teachers: increase direct subsidies to teachers with unsatisfactory school environment and low wages to improve the teaching environment.
Teacher training institutions
1. Admission of students to YEATION: Teachers' hobbies, professional tendencies and other aspects should be considered, because teachers should not only teach professional knowledge and theories about education, but also cultivate individuals with all-round development in morality, intelligence, physique, beauty and labor. The quality of teachers will directly affect the effect of education.
2. Teachers' training institutions should develop in a coordinated way to avoid the phenomenon that teachers' quality and teaching level are mixed.