Tone is the change of pitch in syllables with different meanings. For example, notify comrades when ruling facts are executed.
Tone mainly depends on pitch. The change of different pitches of the same person is determined by his control of the tightness of vocal cords. The looser the vocal cords, the lower the pitch; The tighter the vocal cords, the higher the pitch.
1. Adjustment value:
Tone value is the variation form of syllable fluctuation and straightness, that is, the actual pronunciation of tone. Generally, the "five-degree labeling method" is used to label the tone value.
Figure 1: The five-degree marking method actually sounds.
Generally speaking, all syllables in Putonghua belong to four basic tone values: Gao Pingtiao (English 55), Shangsheng (Ming 35), Falling Tone (Wei 2 1 14) and Falling Tone (up to 5 1).
Transfer category
Tone category is the category of tone, that is, the category established by summarizing the same words together. There are four tones in Mandarin, and there are four corresponding tones, namely, flat tone (one tone), flat tone (two tones), rising tone (three tones) and falling tone (four tones).
3. Tone symbols
Level 55 Gao Pingtiao-
Tone in rising tone 35/
Upper voice 2 14 falling and rising tone √.
Deceleration 5 1 high and low tones \
Pronunciation characteristics:
Flat tone: the tone is very high and always flat.
Yang Ping: From middle to high,
Upper voice: first down, then up, then up,
Out of tune: from high to low.
Second, practice
1, homophonic phrase
Spring blossoms, company notice, forever river, China People's Bank.
Understand each other, have fun, have classes now, and make profits.
2. Phrases with different tones
Bonus, willow green, safflower green, willow green, green, safflower
Beautiful scenery, looking up at the sky with one's head held high, tempered into steel, teaching people to swim.
3. Comparison of disyllabic words
Workers-recognized land-apprenticeship economy-competitive destruction-glory
Interest-interest support-employee qualification-self-care teachers-classroom
tongue twister
(1) Xiao Shi and Xiao Shi argued. Xiao said that "honesty" should be pronounced as "politics", and Xiao said that "rectification" should be pronounced as "pruning". Both of them blushed, and neither of them read "clean government", "rectification", "politics" and "rectification" correctly.
(2) Grandma drinks cheese, and the cheese drops, and grandma catches it; My uncle catches pigeons, pigeons fly, and my uncle pulls pigeons; Mother rides a horse, and the horse is slow. Mom scolded the horse: Niu Niu kicked the cow, Niu Niu twisted the cow, and Niu Niu twisted the cow.
4, article fragments
(1) The glow in the sky gradually faded, and the crimson color changed to crimson color, and the crimson color changed to light red. Finally, when all these red lights disappeared, the sky suddenly appeared high and far away and presented a solemn scene. The first morning star appeared, flashing in the blue sky. It is so big and bright, and it is the only one shining with extraordinary brilliance in the whole vast sky, just like a bright lamp hanging in the sky.
(2) As the night deepens, there are more and more "lights" in the sky. The lights in all parts of the city are really lit up for the second time, especially the lights on the hillside around the harbor, which are reflected in the dark blue sea from mid-air, flickering with the waves, like a string of flowing pearls, and reflecting each other with the dense stars in the sky. It is really beautiful.
Second, frequently asked questions
1. Category adjustment error
2. Value adjustment defects
(1). The level is not high enough.
(2) The rising tone is not in place.
(3) There are no twists and turns in the upper voice or there are two twists and turns.
(4). The sound is not in place.
Tone is the change of syllable sound level. This change of pitch plays an important role because of the different meanings. For example, "very fresh", "very salty" and "very dangerous" have different meanings because of different tones.
Mandarin has four tones. The first sound is also called flat tone, with a value of 55; The second sound is also called rising tone, with a value of 35; The third tone, also called the upper tone, is adjusted to 214; The fourth tone, also called falling tone, is 5 1.
1, some features of tones in Mandarin:
① The tone types of the four tones are obviously different: one level, two liters, three tunes and four drops. Except for the level tone, the other three tones have a relatively large fluctuation range, so Mandarin sounds mixed and musical.
(2) There are many treble components, the highest pitch of Yin, Yang and De-voiced is 5, and the final pitch of the upper voice reaches 4, so the pronunciation of Putonghua is relatively high.
(3) There is a certain proportion of the length of the four tones, with the upper tone being the longest, the upper tone being the second longest, the falling tone being the shortest and the falling tone being the second shortest, thus forming a harmonious rhythm in words.
There are three main differences between dialects and putonghua tones: first, the number of tones is different; Second, the adjustment value is different; Third, the words contained in various tones between dialects and Putonghua are different. Mandarin has four tones, namely, Yin, Yang, Shang and Qu. This tone system evolved from the division and combination of eight tones in Middle Chinese: Yin Ping, Yangping, Yin Shang, Yang Shang, Yin Qu, Yang Qu, Yin Ru and Yang Ru. For example, many dialect points in Wu dialect have completely preserved the medieval eight tones. The northwest dialect of Jianghuai has five tones, with more entering tones. There are six tones in the southeast of Jianghuai, and some have seven tones, and the tone removal is also divided into yin and yang, which is basically the case in northern dialects. Therefore, apart from the northern dialect, the tone category difference between Jiangsu dialect and Putonghua is tone category, but the tone value is very different.
2. Perception of tones.
The fifth scale of Putonghua is marked according to auditory perception, and the values are equally divided. But if it happens to be between two degrees, we can only refer to the tone values and perceptual impressions of other tones to determine whether it should be five degrees or four degrees. The five-degree system is originally a relative scale divided according to perception, and there can be no absolute numerical dividing line.
In a tonal language, the number of tones is much less than vowels and consonants, and the number of tones is naturally much less than initials and finals, so the burden of tones in the phonetic structure is naturally much heavier. For example, Mandarin has 22 initials, but only four tones. If a certain initial is mispronounced, the listener may not notice it soon, because there are another 265,438+0 initial in the discourse, and the occurrence rate of each initial will not be very high. If a tone is not pronounced correctly, it will be recognized soon, because this tone will appear once every four syllables on average, with a very high occurrence rate, which is naturally easy to be perceived. Tone can be said to be the most sensitive component in phonetic structure. However, perceiving tones is more complicated than perceiving vowels and consonants.
First of all, the range is relative. Not only does everyone have a different frequency range, but also the tone range when a person speaks is wide, narrow, high and low. It is impossible to ask a person to always speak with the same width and height. Secondly, the tone value of each tone category is not very stable within a certain range. But when we perceive tones, we not only have the ability to unify tones of different heights and widths.
Each tone category of Putonghua has its own frequency range. For example, the upper sound [35] is the upper sound, and the flat sound [55] is the flat sound. The difference is obvious, but between [35] and [55], from [35] to [45] and then to [55], there may be many frequency changes in the middle, gradually changing from up tone to flat tone. Before it was changed to [55] level tone, although they were all rising tones, we would not listen to these rising tones as rising tones, nor would we think that they gradually changed from rising tones to falling tones, but listened to the rising tones close to [55] as falling tones and listened to the rising tones close to [35] as rising tones. Roughly around [45], it is the dividing line between Yin Ping and Yang Ping, which divides Yin Ping and Yang Ping into two tone categories. This tone category is a perceptual category gradually established when we learn the difference between Yin Ping and Yang Ping tones in Putonghua, and it is the basis of perceiving tones.
Tone perception is mainly based on the change of fundamental frequency, but fundamental frequency is not the only information to identify tones. When you speak in a low voice, the airflow rubs against the sound door, forming a noise. At this time, the vocal cords do not vibrate, so naturally there will be no fundamental frequency. However, as long as we can hear the noise from whispering, we can understand what whispering is saying, not only distinguish vowels and consonants in whispering, but also distinguish different tones, otherwise we can't exchange ideas in whispering. Even if you read four tones in Mandarin in a whisper, the recognition rate can be above half. It can be seen that besides the fundamental frequency, there are some information that can help us perceive the tone.
Although the vocal cords do not vibrate when whispering, only the glottis behind the vocal cords are open, most vocal cords are still closed, and the glottis are basically closed. When speaking in a low voice, the muscle activity that makes the vocal cords tense and relax, thus causing pitch changes, does not stop because the vocal cords do not vibrate, which may affect the noise spectrum formed by whispering and play a role in distinguishing tones.
The change of pitch may affect both the length and intensity of sound. For example, when the four tones of Putonghua are spoken alone, they are often the longest and strongest, the longest and weakest, and the flat tones are in the middle, and the flat tones are often slightly longer than the flat tones. When the fundamental frequency works, these are just some unnecessary auxiliary information; When the fundamental frequency doesn't work, these auxiliary information may be the basis of our perception of tone.
3. Difficulties in learning Mandarin tones
Tone is a difficult point in learning phonetics, which is more difficult to master than any initial or vowel.
(1) Flat voice: The flat voice value is 55, and the vocal cords are always tight when pronouncing, and the voice is high and flat. The level tone plays a role in setting the level of the other three tones. If the level value is not well grasped, it will affect the pronunciation of other tones. Some people read the flat tone too low or too high, which leads to the problem that the voice can't fall down and the flat tone can't rise. To practice Yin Ping, you can read three different flat tones of high, middle and low with one vowel, and experience the different feelings that the vocal cords are tight in high notes and relaxed in low notes. This kind of practice can not only compare the high pitch value of flat tone, but also train the skills of controlling the tightness of vocal cords, laying the foundation for mastering the three complex tones of rising, falling and bending.
(2) Up voice: Up voice is 35. When pronouncing, the vocal cords are not loose or tight, but gradually tightened, and the voice goes from high to low and then to the highest. Most people can't read this key well because the high notes can't go up. The main reason is that the starting point is too high, the vocal cords are already quite tight, and the pitch cannot be raised. The correct way is to relax the vocal cords as much as possible and then tighten them. You can read the falling tone first, relax the vocal cords, and then read the rising tone, so that you can read the tone value close to the rising tone. Reading more words related to rising tone is helpful to practice rising tone.
(3) Uptone: The uptone value is 2 14, and the vocal cords are slowly released to the loosest when pronouncing, and then quickly tightened. The sound slowly goes from low to lowest, and then rises rapidly. In reading and speaking, there are few opportunities for the basic tone value of the upper voice to appear, and the tone sandhi value often appears. But the pitch value is the basis of change, and only by mastering the pitch value can we master its change, so we must first read the original sound correctly. The main problem when reading the upper voice is that the starting point is high and you can't fall down, which gives people the impression that the turn is not big enough. Some people turn, but the falling part in front is too short and the rising part in the back is too long. When practicing the upper voice, we should first try to relax the vocal cords, lower the starting point of the tone and lengthen the bass part as much as possible. You can read the falling tone first to help relax the vocal cords and increase the length of the first half. The airflow is not interrupted, and then you can read a short rising tone to read a more correct rising tone.
(4) The tone value of the tone is 5 1. When pronouncing, the vocal cords are tightened first and then relaxed, and the voice decreases from the highest to the lowest. Most people don't find pronunciation difficult, and a few people can't read it. You can practice with the method of falling tone, that is, first send a falling tone to tighten the vocal cords, and then try to relax the vocal cords at the level of falling tone, so that you can read the falling tone of full falling tone. Reading more words related to flat tone and disyllabic helps to read disyllabic words.
Exercise:
Yin+Yin set off the plane to care about drivers, smokers and traffic youths in the village.
The processing workshop cherishes time and a cup of coffee.
Yin+Yang curtain basket management safety strong goldfish voice piano
Family disputes and sincere help of scientific inventions are very hasty.
Yin+went to the playground to sing and dance, and broke up and published a heroic blackboard newspaper.
Development and production of rare metal ornamental flower repair pen
Yin+plans to launch radio waves and dark hope in the direction of mass music at night.
Business is business. Chinese and foreign music work needs close brothers.
Yang+Yin Country Reasons Time Life Success Tea Cup Articles Rural Areas
Go home to the southern countryside by car and get together tomorrow with jacquard towels.
Yang+Yang Ren Union Garden Principle Fish Pond Children's Canteen
Cattle and sheep flock together, strict with self-discipline, vigorous and peaceful.
Yang+brush weeds, choose vegetables, and stop milking.
Identification results of fur coats with equal bamboo brush length between men and women
Yang+wants to go to the school culture magazine, the people who work in the villa in the era.
Connecting with actual labor, serving heavy labor and seeking truth from facts.
Go to+Shading light. Everyone seems to have lost confidence in their hometown. Shoot at the root.
Competing with each other, singing loudly, must be printed seriously and regularly.
Farewell to the operation of the textbook content of Yangshan Forest Anti-shake Paper
Investigate facts, pay according to work, and prevent and treat classroom teaching.
Go to the newspaper, dance the wings of history, and completely fantasize about female drama.
Chinese textbooks boldly let go and silently write letters in various newspapers.
Go+go to the drama graduation competition, probably positioning the military TV station.
The successful termination of telegraph registration created a record. Correct judgment