1 single evaluation method
2 Comprehensive bid evaluation method
3 Reasonable unit price bid evaluation method
Introduction of common bid evaluation methods
1 single evaluation method
Single evaluation method, also known as single factor evaluation method and low price method, is a bid evaluation and calibration method that only evaluates bidders' bid quotations to determine the winning bidder, and is mainly suitable for smaller projects.
The main feature of single bid evaluation method is to evaluate only the price factor, without considering other factors, and the bidder with the lowest quotation wins the bid. Of course, other factors that have not been considered here have actually passed the qualification examination, but they have not been considered in the bid evaluation and calibration, so they are not the decisive factors for the success or failure of bidders' competition.
The only factor that determines the success or failure of single bid evaluation method is the bid price. But we can't simply think that the lower the bid price, the better the bid. Generally speaking, through the analysis and comparison of tenders, after preliminary examination, the tender with low price is selected. After further clarification and defense, it is proved that winning the bid at a low price is indeed feasible and the measures are appropriate, and then the bid at a reasonable low price is determined. Reasonable low price is not necessarily the lowest price. Therefore, the single bid evaluation method can be the lowest bid price, but there is no guarantee that the lowest bid price will win the bid.
There are many methods to evaluate the tender offer by single evaluation method, which mainly include the following three representative modes:
(1) bid evaluation method by comparing bid quotation with reserved price
This method is to compare the bidding quotation of each bidder directly with the pre-tender price approved by the bidding management agency, and judge the quality of the bidding quotation on the basis of the pre-tender price. The tender offer that is determined to be reasonable and low price after evaluation can win the bid.
(2) The bid evaluation method of comparing bid quotations with each other.
From a purely merit-based point of view, bidders' bidding quotations can be compared with each other without any restrictions and conditions, and only when the bidding quotation is confirmed to be the lowest or second lowest price (that is, the reasonable low price) after bid evaluation can the bid be won.
The advantage of this bid evaluation method to bid quotation is that it gives the bidder the freedom to quote by himself, the confidentiality of the pre-tender estimate is not a problem, and the bid evaluation work is relatively simple. The disadvantage is that the tenderer does not need to prepare the pre-tender estimate, or although there is a pre-tender estimate, it is useless, which leads to many expectations and recognition of the bidder's tender offer. In fact, it is in a blind state, and it is hard to say whether it is scientific and reasonable. However, in order to win the bid, bidders often engage in vicious competition, and it is also easy to form collusion bidding.
(3) The bid evaluation method of comparing the bid quotation with the pre-tender estimate combined with the bidder's quotation factors.
The characteristic of this method is to use a price that can be used as a reference for bid evaluation and calibration. This price, as a reference for bid evaluation and calibration, refers to the price that can win the bid when the tender offer is closest to this price, which we call "the best bid evaluation price".
2 Comprehensive bid evaluation method
Comprehensive evaluation method is a method to determine the winning bidder by evaluating the price, construction organization design (or construction scheme), project manager's qualification and performance, quality, construction period, reputation and performance. It is the most widely used bid evaluation and calibration method, and is usually adopted everywhere.
Comprehensive evaluation method can be divided into qualitative comprehensive evaluation method and quantitative comprehensive evaluation method according to different specific analysis methods.
(1) qualitative comprehensive evaluation method (evaluation method)
Qualitative comprehensive evaluation method, also known as evaluation method. Under normal circumstances, the bid evaluation organization conducts qualitative comparative analysis and comprehensive consideration on the evaluation indexes such as project quotation, construction period, quality, construction organization design, main material consumption, safety and security measures, performance and reputation, etc. After deliberation, the bidder who is considered as the winning bidder by most members of the bid evaluation organization is selected as the winning bidder, or the winning bidder is determined by registered or secret ballot. The characteristic of qualitative evaluation method is not to quantify all evaluation indexes. This is a qualitative optimization method. Using the qualitative comprehensive evaluation method, the bidders should generally be sorted in the order from superior to inferior, and the first one is the winning bidder. However, when there are more than a certain number of bidders (such as more than five), the bidder ranked second can be selected as the winning bidder.
Adopting qualitative comprehensive evaluation method is conducive to direct dialogue and exchange among members of bid evaluation organizations, and can fully reflect different opinions. On the basis of extensive and in-depth discussion and analysis, it is generally simple and easy to concentrate the opinions of most people. However, in this method, the evaluation criteria are flexible and the measurement scale is not specific, so people's understanding may be far apart, leading to a wide gap in evaluation opinions, which will make the evaluation decision in a dilemma and unconvincing.
(2) Quantitative comprehensive evaluation method (scoring method, percentage method)
Quantitative comprehensive evaluation method, also known as scoring method and percentile scoring evaluation method (percentile system). The usual practice is to classify the bid evaluation contents in the bidding documents or bid evaluation and calibration methods in advance to form a number of evaluation factors, and determine the proportion and scoring standard of each evaluation factor within percent. After the bid opening, all members of the bid evaluation organization will score by secret ballot according to the scoring rules, and finally the scores of bidders will be counted. The winner will be the one with the highest score (ranked first) or the one with the second score (ranked second).
Using quantitative comprehensive evaluation method, the bidder with the highest score is the winning bidder in principle. However, when the project subject to tender is above a certain limit (such as 6,543,800,000 yuan), the total scores of the highest scorer and the second highest scorer are not much different (such as the difference is only within 2 points), and the quotation of the second highest scorer is lower than the highest scorer by a certain amount (such as more than 2%), the second highest scorer can be selected as the winning bidder. In this regard, when formulating bid evaluation and calibration methods, detailed explanations should be made.
The main feature of quantitative comprehensive evaluation method is to quantify the evaluation factors. The quantification of each evaluation factor is a complex problem, and the practices vary from place to place. Theoretically speaking, the setting of bid evaluation factors and the distribution of bid evaluation standard scores should fully reflect the overall quality and comprehensive strength of enterprises, accurately reflect the open, fair and just bidding rules, and enable enterprises with good quality, high reputation, reasonable price, strong technology and excellent scheme to win the bid.
3 Reasonable unit price bid evaluation method
"Reasonable low-price bid evaluation method" should be a sublation of the "lowest-price bid evaluation method", which not only optimizes competition, but also does not exclude vicious competition, so as to achieve the purpose of orderly competition. At present, how to exclude the vicious bid below the cost from the bid quotation is the main task of the "reasonable low price bid evaluation method". Therefore, it can be considered that the "reasonable low price bid evaluation method" is a bid evaluation method in which bidders meet the substantive requirements of the bidding documents and select the lowest bid candidate from the quotations that are not lower than the single cost of the enterprise. At the same time, it should also be considered that enterprises cannot be excluded from pursuing other development purposes, especially emerging enterprises or expanding enterprises, or training personnel, or occupying regional markets, bidding for the time being below the cost, and then reducing costs and gaining advantages through learning curve and economies of scale. We should dynamically understand "the individual cost of an enterprise". If an enterprise can prove that its low quotation is the behavior after rational calculation, even if it is temporarily lower than the cost, it should be accepted in theory to achieve a win-win situation. In order to accurately define a reasonable low price, we can start from the following aspects:
(1) total bid price
At present, when bidding by bill of quantities, the total bid price is still a very important evaluation factor. It is a summary of bidders' independent quotations according to the characteristics of the project and their own conditions, a comprehensive reflection of bidders' quotation level, and the basis for the tenderer to control the project cost, but it can only be evaluated after the quotation documents are calculated and reviewed. The specific methods are as follows: ① When there is no pre-tender estimate, the reasonable range of economic bid evaluation is set based on the average quotation of effective bidders, and the bid quotation beyond this range is regarded as unreasonable. (2) When there is a pre-tender estimate (average social level), the highest control line can be set according to a certain proportion, and the lowest control line can be set according to a certain proportion. Bidders whose bid price exceeds the control line will no longer participate in bid evaluation. When evaluating bids, the bidder with the lowest reasonable bid price and total bid price shall be evaluated as the candidate for winning the bid according to the bid evaluation contents, indicators and reasonable scope standards stipulated in the bid evaluation methods.
(2) Comprehensive unit price
Under the quota pricing model, the consumption index and basic unit price formulated by the competent government department can not truly reflect the individual cost and price level of bidders, and neither bidders nor bidders can set their own prices. Except for government regulations and design changes, the project cost and quantity are generally not allowed to be adjusted. In fact, only the total bid price is used to reflect the price level of the project. However, the tender of bill of quantities generally follows the principle of "after winning the bid, the comprehensive unit price remains unchanged and the quantity of works is adjusted according to the facts", so the total bid price cannot truly reflect the project price level. Therefore, it is necessary to increase the link of analyzing and evaluating the comprehensive unit price of bidders, find out the unbalanced quotation factors in time, and avoid laying hidden dangers during implementation and settlement, which will harm the interests of one party. Specific bid evaluation methods can refer to the above total bid evaluation methods.
(3) uncompetitive cost analysis
Non-competitive expenses include: (1) various expenses that the bidder shall pay for the construction of the project subject to tender as stipulated by the national and provincial finance and price departments; (2) the cost of safe and civilized construction measures on the construction site; (3) taxation; (4) the tentative project specified in the tender documents; (5) Costs of materials and equipment provided by Party A; (6) Other uncompetitive expenses stipulated by laws and regulations. In the process of bid evaluation, if the standard for reducing the uncompetitive cost of the bidder is lower than the minimum control line standard recently issued by the cost management department, the bidder shall submit relevant explanatory materials in the bid documents. If the relevant explanatory materials and supporting materials are not submitted, or the relevant explanatory materials and supporting materials can not explain the reasons for the price reduction well, it will be regarded as a bid below the cost.
(4) Analyze the competitive cost.
Competitive expenses include: (1) labor wages (including basic salary, various allowances and subsidies, etc. ), material price, unit price of machinery; (2) the consumption of labor, materials and machinery; (3) the cost of measures other than the cost of on-site safety and civilized construction measures; (4) management expenses; (5) profit; (6) Other competitive expenses, etc. Analyze the manpower and machinery consumption and bills, the cost of main measures, management fees and profit ratio of major sub-projects. Pay special attention to the outrageous phenomenon.
In short, in the process of bid evaluation, each method is not fixed. In the process of bid evaluation, we should choose the bid evaluation method according to the specific actual situation to conduct a reasonable bid evaluation, so as to be truly fair and just.