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The spring breeze of the new century sends people greetings in spring. Life is so beautiful, peaceful and warm. However, dear friends, I wonder if you have noticed that the devil of fire, hidden behind civilized life, is looking at people insidiously and trying to devour people's lives and wealth.

Fire fighting is a special job for people to put out fires. Its task is to "prevent fires and reduce fire hazards, protect citizens' personal safety and public property safety, safeguard public safety and ensure the smooth progress of socialist modernization." "Doing a good job in fire control is the need of national construction and people's safety, and it is the common responsibility of all members of society. Without the awareness of fire safety and the caution of fire responsibility, a fire accident will cause irreparable economic losses to the country and people. Therefore, any unit or individual has the responsibility and obligation to do a good job in fire control and ensure the safety of one party, my friend, as a member living in society. Do you know anything about fire safety? Do you know how to prevent fire? Do you know how to save yourself and escape in a fire? For the safety of you and others, please make up the lesson of "fire prevention and self-help". For the sake of safety, it is necessary for us to know something about fire.

Fire is a burning phenomenon, which releases heat energy, accompanied by smoke or flame, or both.

Fire is a disaster caused by burning out of control in time and space. Usually, a fire will devour large areas of forests and grasslands and destroy precious natural resources; It can turn the material wealth and spiritual wealth created by people through hard work into ashes; It can take away people's precious lives and bring endless physical and mental pain. Among many natural disasters, the frequency of fire is the highest. Even with the rapid development of science and technology today, the monster of fire will bully everything in the world regardless of region, time, occasion, nationality and country. According to the latest figures released by the United Nations, there are about 6-7 million fires in the world every year, hundreds of thousands of people are killed in the fire, and hundreds of billions of wealth are wiped out.

In the 50 years since the founding of New China, there have been more than 3 million fires, resulting in direct economic losses of 654.38+0.6 billion yuan. The death toll reached more than 300,000; The number of injured people exceeds 1.7 million; In the meantime, the loss is incalculable. Among them, fires in urban communities account for a considerable proportion. Successive fires have caused great losses to the life and property safety of the country and people; It has also seriously affected the security and stability of society.

These lessons of blood and fire show people a truth: "Fire, if used well, should serve;" If you can't use it, it will be a disaster. "Practice has proved again and again that controlling fire is the need of human civilization; Indulging in fire is the decline of human civilization and community construction.

Three elements of material combustion

Material combustion has three elements: first, it is flammable. Such as explosives, natural gas, wood, gasoline, cotton, paper, asphalt, sulfuric acid, etc. The second is combustion-supporting materials. Such as air, oxygen, chlorine, potassium nitrate, potassium permanganate, etc. ; The third is the ignition source. Such as flame, spark, Mars, arc or friction heating, high-temperature objects, etc. When the three conditions of combustion exist at the same time and can meet the energy required by the material, the fire will burn. For example, paper is combustible, air is combustion-supporting, and light is ignition source. The three elements coexist, interact and burn for a long time. It is often when people do not pay attention to life and production that kindling is hidden. Isn't it? Cigarette butts, unlit matchsticks, chimney cracks, liquefied petroleum gas bottles, stoves, lighters, firecrackers, candles, electrical switches with poor contact, light bulbs, electric mattresses, electric cups, electric irons, welding flowers, etc. , can cause fire under certain conditions.

Self-defense and self-help

How to call the police correctly

It is the duty and fire awareness of every citizen to call the police immediately when a fire is discovered;

First of all, it is to give the fire brigade an alarm:

(1) Remember that the fire alarm number is "119";

(2) When calling the police, be calm, correct and concise, and make clear the area and house number of the fire unit;

Tell me what caught fire. How big is the fire?

(4) clear the name and telephone number of the alarm personnel;

(5) After the alarm, quickly go to the intersection and wait for the fire truck to put out the fire.

Secondly, you can also report the fire to the people around you. You can ring the gong and alarm, or you can shout "fire, come and put out the fire!" "

After the fire broke out, the flames rolled in with thick smoke, and nothing was clear. At this time, we must calmly identify the direction of escape and evacuate to a bright place.

If you are on a high floor, run as low as possible, because the fire spreads upwards and burns. If the stairs are burned or sealed by fire, you should run upstairs and escape through tiger windows, balconies, downpipes, etc. Or wait for the rescue of firefighters. You can also use a rope to make a rope from the cloth torn from the sheets, tie it to the heating pipe or window frame, and slide down along the rope.

When a fire burns, it will emit a lot of smoke and toxic gases. The speed of smoke diffusion is 4-8 times that of running, and people are easily suffocated by poisonous smoke. Toxic smoke is the most powerful killer in the fire. Sometimes, a minute or two can make people unconscious.

What should we do? The easiest way is to cover your nose and mouth with a wet towel and try to avoid smoke poisoning. Another way is to lower the height and crawl forward against the ground. What if you are on fire? Never run around, because running will form wind and increase the fire. You can adopt the following methods:

Take off the burning clothes quickly;

Roll on the spot and crush the fire;

Jump into nearby pools and shallow pools;

Cover your body with wet quilts, blankets and sacks to put out the fire.

If there is a fire around you and your room is closed by fire, you can take the following measures:

(1) Close all doors and windows leading to the fire area;

(2) Block the gap between doors and windows with wet cloth to prevent fireworks from entering the room;

(3) Water the doors and windows to delay the spread of the fire.

There are many ways to seek rescue, mainly including:

(1) Shouting for help outside;

(2) You can use bamboo poles to brighten clothes and shake them;

(3) A flashlight can be used to send out distress signals at night;

(4) Put your hand out of the window and ask the firemen for help.

What should you do if you get burned in the fire? The simple disposal method is:

(1) Keep the injured part away from hot substances immediately;

(2) dressing with sterile gauze;

(3) Don't break the blisters;

(4) You can take light salt water orally.

Ten ways to escape from the fire

1. Usually you can design several escape routes in different directions.

2. When avoiding fireworks, don't drill into the attic, under the bed or in the chef.

3. When the fire is not big, you should take the initiative to put on soaked clothes or wrap wet blankets and wet bedding and rush out bravely, but never put on a plastic raincoat.

4. Don't cling to your things. You should escape from the fire every second. Remember, if you escape, you will never come back.

5. Take refuge in the smoke, try to lower your body and cover your mouth and nose with a wet towel.

6. If your body is on fire, don't run, but roll on the spot to crush the flame.

7. Don't jump off a building blindly. You can use a rope or tear the sheets into strips, tie them tightly to doors and windows and heavy objects, and slide them down.

8. Make full use of the doors and windows, balconies, downpipes and other facilities in the house to escape and save themselves.

9. If you are trapped upstairs, throw soft objects such as sofa cushions and pillows or other small items outdoors, or call your mobile phone to send out a distress signal. Waiting for the firemen to help.

10, if the escape route is blocked by fire and wind, go back indoors immediately, close the doors and windows, block the gaps, and water the doors and windows conditionally.

Don't forget to put out the fire at home.

When you find a fire, shout loudly. Don't forget to call the fire alarm number 1 19, explain Lulu's name and house number, and then send someone to meet the fire truck at the intersection.

Don't forget to use local materials to put out the fire, such as covering the fire with blankets and quilts, and then putting out the fire.

Don't forget to use washbasin, bucket and other water to put out the fire in time, or use the fire-fighting equipment on the floor to put out the fire in time.

When individual items catch fire, don't forget to move the lighted items outdoors to put out the fire.

When the oil pan is on fire, don't forget to cover the pan quickly to put out the fire.

When household appliances catch fire, don't forget to cut off the power first, and then cover them with blankets and quilts to put out the fire. If you still don't go out, water them again

When the TV is on fire, blankets and quilts can be used to put out the fire, but people should stand on the side to prevent the CRT from bursting and hurting people.

When the gas or liquefied gas stove is on fire, don't forget to close the valve first, and then cover it with apron, clothes, quilt, etc. Then put it out with water.

When putting out the fire, don't forget to open the doors and windows slowly, so as to avoid air convection accelerating the spread of the flame, which suddenly hurts people.

Don't forget to evacuate flammable materials and liquefied gas tanks near the fire site to a safe place in time.

Ten things to remember about family fire prevention

1, put out the matchstick and the lamp holder in the ashtray. Don't lie in bed when you sleep after drinking.

Or smoking on the sofa.

2. Turn off the power supply at the beginning, and close the main valve of gas and liquefied gas in time. Put it out when going out and before going to bed.

Put out indoor and outdoor fires.

3. Teach children not to play with fire and electrical equipment.

4. Set off fireworks and firecrackers safely in designated areas.

5, to ensure that the corridor, stairs, not in the floor passage and exit stacked items.

6, don't pull the wire, to prevent overload electricity. People can't leave when using the electric heater.

7, don't use open flame lighting to find items, more can't use open flame to check gas, gas leakage.

8. Don't heat or bake clothes with lights.

9. Don't stick the lighted mosquito-repellent incense on the bed edge and curtains.

10, don't burn anything in the room.

Safe use of artificial gas

First of all, the gas stove should be installed in a sheltered position; When in use, people should not leave; Before going to bed, check that the stove was not turned on at first. Flammable and explosive articles are strictly prohibited to be stacked around the gas stove.

Secondly, always check whether people are leaking water. If air leakage is found, immediately cut off the power supply and open the doors and windows to make the air convection.

Three, if found abnormal phenomenon, immediately notify the gas company maintenance.

Safe use of TV sets

1. The TV should be placed in a dry and ventilated place, so as not to block the cooling holes and affect the heat dissipation; 2. Keep the TV clean to prevent dust from entering; 3. Don't watch TV for too long, and cut off the power supply after watching it; 4. Ensure that the TV power supply voltage is normal; 5. Try not to use outdoor antenna to watch programs in thunderstorm days to prevent lightning from entering the room and causing fire. What needs to be explained here is that if you smell a pungent smell, the screen image suddenly disappears, which is a high-voltage discharge phenomenon of the TV. You should turn off the TV immediately.

Safe use of washing machine

Always check whether the power supply and wire insulation of the washing machine are in good condition. Connect the washing machine ground wire. Check whether the pulsator of the washing machine leaks oil, so as to avoid short circuit and fire of ten million coils. Wash clothes according to the specified weight to prevent the motor from overloading, so as to avoid short circuit and fire caused by overheating of the coil.

If there is any fault, it should be repaired in time. Please turn off the power after washing the washing machine.

Safe use of refrigerator

Although the temperature inside the refrigerator is very low and there is no ignition source, it seems that it will not catch fire and explode, but it is not uncommon to use the refrigerator to catch fire and explode in real life. The main reasons are: short circuit between power supply line and ignition; Attention should be paid to: the refrigerator should be placed in a ventilated and dry place far away from the heat source when electricity runs and leakage ignites flammable materials; Never store flammable, explosive and volatile chemicals in the household refrigerator; After the refrigerator stops power supply, you must wait for 5 minutes before turning on the power supply.

How to put out the fire after household appliances catch fire

1) Shut down immediately. Unplug the power plug and pull down the main brake. If only electrical appliances are found to be on fire and smoking, the fire will automatically go out after the power failure.

2) If flammable materials such as wire insulators and electrical enclosures catch fire, they can be suffocated with a wet quilt and put out the fire.

3) Don't put out the TV fire with water, so as not to cause the TV picture tube to burst and hurt people.

4) household appliances shall not be connected to the power supply without repair after a fire, so as to avoid electric shock and fire accidents. Precautions: Do not use water or foam extinguishing agent to extinguish electrical fire without cutting off the power supply, otherwise firefighters may be in danger of getting an electric shock at any time.

Why can't we make a lampshade out of paper?

Because the ignition point of paper is 130℃, and the surface temperature of a white flag lamp with power of 60W is 140- 180℃, which greatly exceeds the ignition point of paper. If paper is used as a lampshade, the surface temperature of the bulb will cause the paper to burn.

Why can't light bulbs be put in mosquito nets?

Mosquito nets are flammable, with a burning point of 200℃ and a high bulb surface temperature (the bulb surface temperature of a white flag lamp with a power of 100W is 170-2 16℃ in general heat dissipation). If the light bulb is installed in the mosquito net, not only the surface temperature of the light bulb is not easy to dissipate, but also it is easy to cause when the light bulb is close to the mosquito net.

Fire protection measures and escape methods of automobiles.

1. When there is a fire in the car engine, the driver should stop quickly, let the passengers get off by themselves by opening the door, then cut off the power supply, remove the fire extinguisher on the car and put out the fire in front of the fire.

Second, when the cargo in the carriage is found to be on fire, the driver should park the car away from the key parts (or places where people are concentrated) and report to the fire brigade quickly. At the same time, the driver should take off the fire extinguisher on the car in time to put out the fire. When the fire can't be put out for a while, the onlookers should be advised to stay away from the scene to avoid an explosion accident, causing innocent casualties and expanding the disaster.

Three, when the car caught fire in the process of refueling, the driver should not panic, to immediately stop refueling, quickly drive the car out of the gas station (garage), with a car fire extinguisher or gas station fire extinguisher and clothes to put out the flame on the fuel tank. If there are scattered combustible materials on the ground, fire extinguishers or sand in the reservoir area should be used to put out the ground fire.

Four, when the car caught fire in the repair, the repairman should quickly get on the bus or drill a trench, quickly cut off the power supply, and put out the flame with a fire extinguisher or other fire extinguishing equipment.

Five, when the car was hit by a fire, passengers were seriously injured because of the damage of vehicle parts, and the first task was to try to save people. If the door is not damaged, you should open the door and let the passengers escape. The above two methods can also be carried out simultaneously. At the same time, drivers can use dilators, cutters, jacks, fire axes and other tools to cooperate with the fire brigade to save people and put out fires.

Six, when a fire broke out in the parking lot, generally should be depending on the location of the burning vehicle, take fire fighting measures and evacuation measures. If the burning car is in the middle of the parking lot, organize personnel to evacuate the parked cars around while putting out the fire. If the burning car is on one side of the parking lot, the vehicles related to the fire should be evacuated while putting out the fire. When there is a fire on the bus, you must be calm and decisive, because there are many people on the bus. First, rescue and alarm should be considered, and escape and fighting methods should be determined according to the specific parts of the fire.

7. If the engine of the bus is on fire, the driver should open all the doors, let the passengers get off from the doors, and then organize the fire fighting. If the fire is in the middle of the car, after the driver opens the door, the passengers have to get off at two doors, so the driver and passengers can put out the fire and control it. If the bus line is burnt out and the door can't be opened, passengers can get off from the nearest window. If the flame seals the door and the window is hard to get down because there are many people, you can cover your head with clothes and rush out of the door. When the clothes of drivers and passengers catch fire, if time permits, you can quickly take off your clothes and stamp out the fire with your feet; If it is too late, passengers can beat or cover the fire with clothes to put out the fire, or they can roll on the spot to put out the flames on their clothes.

Why does candle fire cause fire?

Most people think that lights and candlelight are small fire sources. What is unsafe? Actually, it is not. According to the measurement, the flame temperature of burning candle is as high as 1400c, and the flame temperature of kerosene lamp holder is as high as 800- 1000c, which is easy to cause fire. Fires caused by careless lighting of lamps and candles also occur from time to time. According to American household fire statistics, fires caused by lamps and candlelight account for about 5%. Therefore, when lighting candles at home, we should do the following: (1) kerosene lamps should have lampshades. (2) The lighted kerosene lamp or candle should be placed in a place where it is not easy to knock over. (3) Don't use kerosene lamps or candles to look for combustible things. (4) It is forbidden to light kerosene lamps or candles in places where flammable liquids such as gasoline and alcohol are stored. As soon as people leave, the lights and candles go out. (6) When refueling kerosene lamps, it is best to turn off the lights before refueling.

Pay attention to fire prevention when using drinking fountains.

With the improvement of people's living standards, drinking water has become an indispensable part of daily life. The advent of drinking fountains has solved people's troubles of boiling water repeatedly. It brings endless convenience to residents' families and offices with its practicality and rapidity. However, if the quality of the water dispenser is not up to standard, or it is used illegally, there will undoubtedly be fire hazards, which will bring fire hazards to your family and society. General drinking fountains are mainly composed of heaters, working thermostats, compressor refrigeration protection thermostats, electronic refrigeration, sterilizers and display components. There are four main reasons for the fire caused by drinking fountains: first, the temperature control device of drinking fountains fails; Second, in the process of electric heating, some components are damaged and short-circuited, and the load current is too large; Third, the inner container of some dry burning devices of drinking fountains is short of water; Fourth, the lines in the water dispenser are aging. So how to prevent fire accidents in drinking fountains? 1. When purchasing a water dispenser, choose a product with the manufacturer, address and telephone number and certificate of approval, and don't buy the "three noes" product for cheap. Second, put the drinking fountain in a proper position to ensure that the drinking fountain is always in a good ventilation environment; Don't put the water dispenser on flammable materials, especially near flammable materials, so as to avoid the fire spreading after the fire; Do not place the water dispenser in an environment with flammable, explosive, corrosive gas, heat source, fire source, humidity and dust. Three, in the process of using the water dispenser, if you find abnormal smell and noise, you should immediately cut off the power supply and maintain it in time; Unplug the power cord or turn off the power switch of the water dispenser at night or when it is not used for a long time. Four, public * * * places or offices using drinking fountains should be regularly checked, found damaged or faulty, to timely repair and replacement, conditional can install leakage protection device.

First aid of fire shock

Fire shock is a syndrome that seriously threatens the life of the wounded. It is extremely dangerous because of severe trauma, burns, electric shock, severe fracture pain and massive bleeding. Although some injuries can't directly cause death, if they are not treated in time, severe shock can often cause death. The symptoms of shock are pale lips, cold limbs, weak pulse, shortness of breath, cold sweat, apathy and thirst, and in severe cases, slow response, even unconsciousness or coma, cyanosis of lips and limbs, cold limbs, unclear pulse, decreased blood pressure and anuria. The main methods to prevent shock and shock first aid are:

1. Find and rescue the injured as soon as possible in the fire, properly bandage the wound in time, and reduce bleeding, pollution and pain. In particular, fractures, joint injuries and large-scale soft tissue injuries should be fixed in time. All external bleeding should be stopped promptly and effectively. Anyone who is diagnosed with internal bleeding should be sent to the hospital for treatment quickly.

2. After the first aid, the wounded should be placed in a safe and reliable place, let the wounded lie down and rest, and give cordial comfort and care to eliminate the ideological concerns of the wounded. The wounded should be taken to the hospital as soon as possible after a short rest.

Take painkillers for the wounded with severe pain. Ear acupuncture can also be used to relieve pain. The method is to take points at the corresponding parts of the injury, such as Shenmen, pillow, adrenal gland and subcortical points.

4. For the wounded without coma or visceral injury, a small amount of drinks should be given many times, such as ginger soup, rice soup, hot tea or light salt water. In addition, we should pay attention to keeping warm in winter and heatstroke prevention in summer. If possible, we should change wet clothes in time, let the wounded lie flat, keep breathing unobstructed, and do artificial respiration when necessary. For the comatose wounded, first aid can be given by needling Renzhong, Xuan Shi, Neiguan and Yongquan points.

Correct use of fire extinguishers

Sharp tools make good work. Fire extinguisher is the most commonly used fire extinguishing equipment to put out the initial fire. It has the characteristics of portability, flexibility, fast fire extinguishing speed and practicality. It plays an important role in protecting family safety. So, how to use these fire extinguishers? Below, we will introduce you to the use of several common fire extinguishers.

Use of dry powder fire extinguisher

Dry powder fire extinguishers are mainly used to extinguish the initial fire of solid substances; It can also put out the initial fire of flammable liquid, gas or charged equipment; It can also put out the mixed fire of dyeable solid, liquid, gas and charged equipment.

When putting out the fire, you should take a portable fire extinguisher and go to the fire point quickly. Before use, turn the fire extinguisher upside down several times to loosen the dry powder in advance. When spraying, aim the nozzle at the root of the flame and swing it from side to side, advancing rapidly from near to far, leaving no residual fire and preventing re-ignition. When putting out oil fire, don't directly hit the liquid surface to prevent the liquid from spilling out. In addition, special attention should be paid to standing in the upwind position and spraying in the downwind position.

How to use foam extinguisher.

Foam extinguisher is a chemical reaction that occurs when an acidic solution and an alkaline solution are mixed in a steel cylinder. Press the generated foam out of the nozzle to extinguish the fire. Foam extinguisher is mainly used to put out oil fires, and can also be used to put out fires of general solid substances, such as wood, cotton, hemp and bamboo. Attention should be paid when using: don't point the lid and bottom of the cylinder at people to prevent the cylinder from exploding and hurting people. When extinguishing the flame of flammable liquid in the container, foam should be sprayed on the inner wall of the container to cover the oil surface so as not to directly impact the oil surface.

Use of carbon dioxide fire extinguisher

Carbon dioxide fire extinguisher uses liquefied carbon dioxide gas to extinguish fire, and the sprayed carbon dioxide can immediately cover the burning articles, so that they can not get enough air and go out. Suitable for extinguishing fires such as books, files, materials and high-grade electrical appliances.

When using the nozzle type carbon dioxide fire extinguisher, pull out the safety pin of the nozzle switch with your right hand, hold the handle at the root of the nozzle, and press the nozzle knob with your left hand to spray carbon dioxide. When using, it is best to wear protective gloves to avoid being frostbitten by carbon dioxide.

How to distinguish safety lights from explosion-proof lights

General safety lights and explosion-proof lights are very similar in appearance. Some industrial and mining enterprises often mistake safety lights for explosion-proof lights in explosion-proof places, which is very dangerous. Although general safety lights are also equipped with glass covers and sealing rings. But it can only be waterproof and dustproof, and can't prevent combustible gas from getting in. If the explosion limit is reached, it will cause an explosion. The main difference between the two is that the explosion-proof lamp has obvious explosion-proof electrical certificate number, and the lamp shell is cast with explosion-proof signs, but the general safety lamp does not have these characteristics.

How to prevent gas from being charged

The main measure to prevent gas from being charged is to control the jet pressure. Generally speaking. When the steam injection is lower than 1.50MPa, it is not easy to generate electrostatic hazard. All high-pressure gas containers and pipelines should be free of leakage, and the gas nozzles should be grounded to eliminate accumulated static electricity. In addition, the higher the purity of the gas, the less likely it is to generate static electricity, and the risk of static electricity is correspondingly reduced.