Junior high school geography knowledge points summary earth and map
1. The shape of the earth is an irregular sphere with slightly flat poles and slightly bulging equator. The average radius of the earth is 637 1 km, the equator is about 40000km, and the surface area is about 5 1 100 million square km.
2. The imaginary axis around the earth's rotation is called the earth's axis, and the two points where the earth's axis intersects the earth's surface are called the poles, of which the end facing the Polaris is called the North Pole and the other end is called the South Pole. The North Pole is the northernmost point in the world. Standing at the North Pole, all directions are south. The South Pole is the southernmost tip of the earth, standing at the South Pole, north in all directions.
On the globe, the line connecting the north and south poles is called meridian, indicating the north-south direction. All warp threads are equal in length. Two opposite meridians can form a warp coil, which can divide the earth into two hemispheres.
4. According to international regulations, the meridian passing through the original site of Greenwich Observatory in Britain is set as 0 meridian. It is also called the prime meridian. Traditionally, people divide the earth into two hemispheres, the east and the west, according to the longitude coils of 20 west longitude and160 east longitude. West longitude 2 1 is located in the western hemisphere, and east longitude 166544.
On the globe, the line parallel to the equator is called latitude, indicating the east-west direction. All latitudes form their own circles, and the lengths of latitudes are not equal. The largest latitude circle on the earth is the equator.
6. Low latitude 0 to 30, middle latitude 30 to 60 and high latitude 60 to 90.
According to the distribution of solar heat on the earth's surface, people divide the earth's surface into five zones, namely tropical zone, north temperate zone, south temperate zone, north frigid zone and south frigid zone.
8. 23 26' north latitude is called the Tropic of Cancer. It is the northernmost boundary of the northern hemisphere to receive direct sunlight, and the Tropic of Cancer is the dividing line between the tropical zone and the northern temperate zone.
9. The latitude of 23 26' south latitude is called the Tropic of Capricorn, which is the southernmost boundary line for the southern hemisphere to receive direct sunlight. On the Capricorn, the sun can shine directly once a year. Among the five zones, the Tropic of Capricorn is the hair dividing line between the tropical zone and the south temperate zone.
The latitude of north latitude 10 and north latitude 66 34' is called the Arctic Circle, which is the southernmost dividing line between the day and night extremes in the northern hemisphere and the dividing line between the northern temperate zone and the northern frigid zone.
South latitude 1 1, latitude of 66 34' south latitude is called Antarctic circle, which is the northernmost boundary of the day and night extremes in the southern hemisphere. Among the five zones, the Antarctic circle is the dividing line between the south temperate zone and the north frigid zone.
12 and 12 On February 22 or 23, the sun was directly at 23 26' north latitude, which was the winter solstice in the northern hemisphere.
13, the alternation of day and night on the earth is mainly caused by the rotation of the earth.
14. The vertical distance above the altitude of a place on the ground is called absolute altitude, also called altitude.
15. Five common landforms refer to mountains, hills, plateaus and basins.
16. On the contour topographic map, the denser the contour, the steeper the slope, and the thinner the contour, the slower the slope.
17. On the layered color topographic map, the plain is generally represented by green, and the plateau is generally represented by brown or yellow.
18. The maximum circumference of the earth's latitude is the equator, which is about 40000km long. The surface area of the earth is 565,438+0 billion square kilometers. The average radius of the earth is 637 1km.
19, Asia is the largest continent in the world, and Oceania is the smallest. Of the four oceans, the largest is the Pacific Ocean, the smallest is the Arctic Ocean, and the highest latitude is the Arctic Ocean.
20. If the map is large in scale and small in scope, but detailed in content. The three forms of scale are number, line segment and text. Among the four oceans of the earth, the Arctic Ocean has the longest longitude span. Of the seven continents, Antarctica has the longest longitude.
2 1, on the contour topographic map, where the slope is steep, the contour lines are dense; Where the slope is gentle, the contour lines are sparse. The three elements of a map are direction, scale, legend and annotation. The largest island in the world is Greenland.
22, land topography generally has five forms, namely, mountains, plains, plateaus, basins and hills. The main reasons for land and sea changes are crustal changes and sea level rise and fall. Among the five zones, the northern cold region and the southern cold region get the least sunlight and heat on the ground.
Gagarin was the first astronaut in the world to go into space by spaceship. China's first astronaut into space by spaceship was Yang Liwei. On the earth's surface, the total land area accounts for 29% of the total surface area.
Among the seven continents in the world, the dividing line between North America and South America is the Panama Canal. The dividing line between Asia and Africa is the Suez Canal. The dividing lines between Asia and Europe are the Urals, ural river, Caspian Sea, Caucasus, Black Sea and Turkish Strait.
The largest lake in the world is the Caspian Sea. Antarctica is the continent with the highest average altitude in the world, and it is called the "ice and snow plateau". The biggest desert in the world is the Sahara desert.
26. The theory of continental drift was put forward by German scientist Wei Gena. In 1960s, people put forward the theory of plate tectonics. The earth's surface consists of six plates, namely, Asia-Europe plate, Africa plate, Indian Ocean plate, Pacific plate, America plate and Antarctica plate.
27. The largest plain in the world is the Amazon Plain. The biggest river in the world is the Amazon River. The longest river in the world is the Nile. The largest tropical rain forest climate zone in the world is the Amazon River basin.
Geography of China
1. China is one of the largest countries in the world with a vast territory of 9.6 million square kilometers. The northernmost part of China territory is in Heilongjiang Province and the southernmost part is in Hainan Province, with a straight line distance of about 5,500 kilometers from north to south. The easternmost part of China territory is in Heilongjiang Province and the westernmost part is in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, with a straight line distance of about 5,000 kilometers from east to west.
2. The geographical position of China is very favorable. Seen from the northern hemisphere, China is located in the northern hemisphere, while China is located in the eastern hemisphere. From the latitude position, China has a large span from north to south, with most of its territory in the north temperate zone and a small part in the tropical zone in the south.
3. From the land and sea location, China is located in the east of Asia and the west coast of the Pacific Ocean. From north to south, there are Bohai Sea, Yellow Sea, East China Sea and South China Sea around the edge of Chinese mainland.
4. The land border of China is 2.2km long, with 14 countries bordering Chinese mainland, North Korea in the east, Russia and Mongolia in the north, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan in the northwest, Afghanistan and Pakistan in the west, India, Nepal, Bhutan and Myanmar in the southwest, Laos and Vietnam in the south, and six countries across the sea from China in the east.
5. The coastline of China is very long,1.8000 kilometers. The largest island in China is Taiwan Province Island, followed by Hainan Island and Chongming Island.
6. China's current administrative regions are basically divided into three levels: province, county and township. Provincial administrative regions include 23 provinces, 5 autonomous regions, 4 municipalities directly under the Central Government and 2 special administrative regions.
7. The Tropic of Cancer runs through Taiwan Province, Guangdong, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region and Yunnan provinces in southern China from east to west.
8. Our great motherland has a population of 65.438+29.5 million, accounting for about 265.438+0% of the world population. It is the most populous country in the world. The population distribution in China is uneven, with a high population density in the east and a low population density in the west.
latitude line
On the globe, the equator and the circle parallel to the equator are called latitudes. Latitude has three characteristics: ① Latitude indicates the east-west direction; (2) The length of weft is unequal (the equator is the longest, from the equator to the poles, the weft gradually becomes shorter and finally becomes a point); ③ Form a circle. Latitude: ① Equator is 0, north latitude (0-90 N) and south latitude (0-90 S). The equator divides the earth into two hemispheres. The number of latitudes gradually increases from the equator to the north and south. The maximum latitude is 90 degrees. ② 0-30 is defined as low latitude; 30-60 degrees is the middle latitude; 60-90 is high latitude. 2 Summary of key geographical knowledge points
seven continents
1. Remember the names and basic outlines of the seven continents.
2. The continents of the Eastern Hemisphere: Asia, Europe, Africa and Oceania; The continents of the Western Hemisphere: South America and North America. Antarctica is located in the Antarctic circle, spanning the eastern and western hemispheres.
3. The largest and smallest continents: Asia and Oceania; The highest and lowest continents: Antarctica and Europe. Continents crossed by the equator: Africa, Asia, Oceania and South America.
4. The dividing line between Asia and Europe: Urals-ural river-Great Caucasus. The dividing line between Asia and Africa: Suez Canal. The dividing line between North and South America: Panama Canal. The dividing line between Asia and North America: Bering Strait. 3 Summary of key knowledge in junior high school
The division of five regions on the earth
1, tropical: 23.5° N-23.5° S between the Tropic of Cancer (direct sunlight);
2. North temperate zone: 23.5° N-66.5° N between the Tropic of Cancer and the Arctic Circle (with seasonal variation);
3. South temperate zone: 23.5° s-66.5° s between the Tropic of Capricorn and Antarctic Circle (with seasonal variation);
4. Northern cold region: 66.5° N-90° N in the Arctic Circle (day and night extremes); 5. South cold region: Antarctic circle 66.5° S-90° S (day and night extremes); Note: From the distribution of five zones, Africa is the hottest and Antarctica is the coldest.
Expand reading: The key to learning geography well is to organize and use maps well.
Some people say, "Without a map, there is no geography". Obviously, the importance of maps to geography. A wide variety and a large number of maps are the outstanding characteristics that distinguish geography courses from other disciplines. Therefore, learning how to use maps well is the key to improve geography performance. So how can we make good use of the map? We should start from three aspects:
First, form a good habit of reading and using pictures. There are many important geographical knowledge hidden in the map. In geography study, we should draw a picture from the left and a book from the right. Map is the skeleton and vein of knowledge. If you master the map, you can find the rules from it. If we persist for a long time, we can not only discover the beauty of geography, but also combine knowledge with maps to form a virtuous circle, thus making geography easier.
Secondly, we should master the correct method of reading and using pictures. It is impossible to learn geography only with habits and no methods. When reading a map, we should pay attention to the order, what to observe first and then what to observe, so as to split the complex map layer by layer without missing details. Usually, when reading and using maps, we will go through three steps: obtaining information, analyzing maps and explaining principles.
Making good use of geography textbooks is the basis of learning geography.
No matter what subject teaching material is fundamental, it is an important way to acquire knowledge. Therefore, learning geography textbooks well is the premise of consolidating the geographical foundation and improving geographical achievements. So what should we do?
1, familiar with the basic concepts in geography textbooks.
If you want to understand the geographical knowledge you have learned, you must start with the basic concepts. If you don't know what terrain is and what terrain is, how can you understand the subsequent knowledge? Therefore, only by defining the concept can we learn geography well.
2. Clarify the background of knowledge
In fact, the geographical difficulty lies in the different climate, environment and humanities in different places, which requires students to treat them differently; This is the simple aspect of geography. As long as we sort out the geographical elements and find out the relationship between them, we can sort out the context of knowledge and form a knowledge network.
3. Learn to summarize.
① Find out the similarity and regularity of knowledge.
The content of geography textbooks is characterized by a large amount of information, but the angles and methods of describing the same type of knowledge have great similarity and regularity. For example, describing the climate characteristics of a country or region often needs to be explained from two aspects: temperature and precipitation. Temperature includes annual average temperature, annual temperature difference and temperature distribution. Precipitation is mainly composed of annual precipitation and its temporal and spatial distribution.
② Compare and sort out the geographical knowledge with great differences.
There are obvious differences or similarities in geographical environment or geographical elements in different countries and regions. Based on this, we can learn through comparative methods, such as: what is the difference between North and South due to different dimensions; What are the similarities and differences between the Yangtze River Delta and the Pearl River Delta?
Form geographical thinking ability
Forming geographical thinking ability is helpful for junior high school students to better understand geography, master geographical knowledge faster and cultivate geographical thinking ability, which is also an important goal of junior high school geography curriculum. Junior high school geography is relatively simple. As long as one or two key elements can be found in a certain chapter, the whole chapter can be basically linked. Junior high school geography is mainly based on regional geography, so it is very easy to analyze the characteristics of other geographical elements around the key factor of geographical location when thinking about problems.
To learn geography well, the most important thing is to read and learn to draw, and use pictures to help understand and remember, so as to "have pictures in mind".
Secondly, we should learn from the point of view of connection. For example, there is a close relationship between climate and agriculture, minerals and industry, population distribution and natural environment. Various natural conditions are interrelated, such as climate and hydrology, hydrology and vegetation. So you can't study in isolation and learn by rote. Memorize on the basis of understanding.
Besides. To learn geography, we should not only understand the contents of textbooks, but also learn the skills of reading, using and drawing geographical charts. We should also pay attention to observing nature and society, seeing the local geographical environment, and seeing how people are active in the local area. When observing, think about it and ask why.
Besides these, we should read more geography books, newspapers, watch TV programs and listen to the contents about geography on the radio, and get geographical information from the computer network, which can enrich our geographical knowledge, exercise our intelligence and let us learn geography better!