1. Early land development management

1776 The Declaration of Independence marked the founding of the United States of America. The American government first nationalized the British colonies in the eastern part of the Atlantic coast and the Indian territories in the western part, and then gradually sold them to private individuals. In the confederacy era (178 1 ~ 1788) in the early days of the founding of the People's Republic of China, in order to let 13 colonies of New England join the United States of America, Congress announced the sale or lease of some land in the west in exchange for the eastern states to give up their claims to the land in the west. The government also encourages residents to move from the east to remote areas in the west (the famous "westward movement") and sell the land to be developed to private individuals at very cheap prices. For example, the Homestead Law passed in 1862 stipulates that all American citizens aged 2 1 year can get 160 acres of uninhabited land for free as long as they pay the handling fee of 10. As long as you live and farm there for five years, the land will always belong to it. Laws such as the Law on Encouraging Tree Planting in the Western Grassland and the Law on Desert Land were passed one after another, and the land was sold to individuals for reclamation on a large scale. These laws are no longer valid.

The western development of the United States is centered on land development, which plays a decisive role in the early western development process. At that time, the whole west was basically virgin land, with less than two people per square mile. The Federation first nationalized the land in the west, and the state controlled the land. Land development has been promoted in agriculture, mining, transportation and urban development by selling land in the market, encouraging enterprises to develop land as incentives, allowing immigrants to occupy land freely, and then confirming it by the government, as well as by government subsidies in the form of financial subsidies and free land gifts. For example, in order to vigorously promote the construction of the western railway, 65,438+00 miles of land on both sides of the railway were allocated to the railway company that built the railway.

2. Establish a land management office.

It is the fundamental purpose and main goal of land management in the United States to emphasize the social function and interests of land above all else and realize the sustainable utilization of land assets. In order to strengthen the land management function, 18 12 set up a land management office to carry out land management such as land registration and transaction.

3. Establishment of Land Management Bureau

/kloc-from the 0/9th century to the early 20th century, the western region was vast and sparsely populated. With the encouragement of the early land policy, all frontier development adopted predatory reclamation. Due to poor management and planning, large-scale land reclamation, deforestation and overgrazing have caused soil erosion and soil fertility decline. 1in may, 934, the phenomenon of "black storm" swept two thirds of the country's land, a large number of farmland was destroyed, and crop production was greatly reduced. More than ten thousand acres of topsoil in/kloc-0.00 million in 27 states were scraped away, and the wheat yield decreased by 5 100 million kilograms that year. Faced with the serious destruction of land resources and the continuous reduction of high-quality land in the process of urbanization, the federal government and state governments began to formulate a series of measures and passed a large number of relevant laws such as the Law on Soil Protection and Domestic Production Distribution to protect the rational use of land. From 65438 to 0946, the General Administration of Land Management and the Grazing Bureau merged to form the Land Management Bureau, which was subordinate to the Ministry of the Interior.

4. Stages of land management experience

Since the promulgation of the first land law before the US Federal Constitution in 1785, the management of American land and resources has generally gone through three stages: extensive management, coordinated transition and strict scientific management according to law.

From1the gold rush in the mid-9th century to the extensive management stage in 1930s. Open public land, and each household will be given free 160 mu of land; Mineral discoverers and landowners can obtain mineral exploitation rights free of charge. Land suitable for entertainment, historical protection and public use is designated by the parliament or the government and is fully protected. The beneficial effects of extensive management include stimulating resource development, making mineral development reach the highest output, meeting the needs of national industrialization and providing national employment opportunities; Its side effect is that it ignores the protection of the environment.

1930 ~ 1960 belongs to the coordinated transition stage. The federal government realized that it should aim at the multi-function of public land and public resources, take adjustment measures to coordinate competitive utilization, and began to implement land function zoning management in new york.

From the 1960s to the present, it belongs to the stage of scientific management in strict accordance with the law. It mainly emphasizes scientific planning, effective and rational development and utilization of land resources, and people's living environment and wildlife protection.

Second, the land management system

1. Diversified land ownership

The land area of the United States is 9,372,600 square kilometers, of which 58% is privately owned, mainly distributed in the east; The land owned by the federal government accounts for 32%, mainly distributed in the west; Land owned by the state and local governments accounts for 10%. Land is dominated by private ownership, and state-owned land accounts for only a small part.

American law protects the ownership of private land and state-owned land from infringement. According to the law, privately owned land, land owned by the federal government and land owned by state and local governments can be freely bought, sold and leased. All land is paid, and the price is determined by the relationship between market supply and demand. The land owned by the federal government mainly includes the land and military land of federal government agencies and agencies stationed in states, counties and cities. States, counties and municipal governments also own their own land. The federal, state, county and city are independent of each other in the ownership, use and beneficial rights of land, and shall not arbitrarily occupy it. When the federal government builds railways, highways and other facilities for the state and social welfare, if it is really necessary to occupy state-owned public land or private land, it should also be obtained by exchange, purchase or lease according to law. Communication, power transmission, oil transportation and other pipelines must pass through the ground or underground of public land, and must apply to the Road Rights Office of the Land Administration Bureau of the Ministry of the Interior for approval and pay rent. The sale and lease of federally owned land, including underground minerals and water resources, is the second largest financial source of the federal government after taxes.

In the 3.084 million square kilometers of land owned by the federal government, there are also various forms of diversification, that is, the State Bureau of Land Management controls 60%, the State Forestry Bureau controls 24%, and the Ministry of National Defense, the Bureau of Reclamation, the National Park Service, the Bureau of Hydropower Resources and other departments control 16%.

2. Land ownership

Land ownership in the United States is divided into underground rights (including the right to develop underground resources), overground rights and overground space rights (including the floor area ratio of buildings and the right of passage of the space set within the floor area ratio), and these three rights can be transferred separately.

Three. Federal land resources management bureau

In the United States, the ownership of land, minerals, water, forests and oceans belongs to the federal government, state governments and private individuals. The federal government is mainly responsible for managing all the land owned by the federal government and its minerals, forests, water, marine and seabed minerals 3 miles away from the coastline; The state government is mainly responsible for managing all the land owned by the state government and the minerals, water and forests on it, and coastal States also manage marine resources within 3 nautical miles; Private land is managed by the landowner. In essence, land resources in the United States are managed independently according to ownership.

All federal land in the United States is generally called public land, accounting for about 1/3 of the national land, of which 90% is distributed in the western 1 1 state and Alaska, while 96% of the land in Alaska is owned or controlled by the federal government, and most of it is forbidden to use. In the composition of urban land, about 30% of the land is owned by the Federation, of which Boston's federal land accounts for 37.5%. Public land is managed by the Land Management Bureau of the Ministry of Interior.

1. Organizational structure and tasks of the Bureau of Land Management

See Figure 2-29 for the institutional setup of the Bureau of Land Management. Its headquarters is in Washington, D.C., and its agencies are all over the country. * * * There are 12 regional offices, 58 regional offices, and 143 resource regional offices (including federal, state, county and municipal levels). The local government has not set up a special land management agency and centralized vertical land use. * * * There are six national centers, which are responsible for training, fire management and support, science and technology and human resource management, information resource management and commercial services.

The Bureau of Land Management has about 8,900 staff members, who are mainly responsible for managing 2.64 million acres of land distributed in 12 states in the western United States, 7 million acres of federal underground mineral resources distributed throughout the country and 38.8 million acres of state-owned land used for the prevention and control of wildfires. Most of the land managed by the Bureau of Land Management is located in the western United States (including Alaska), and the land types include grasslands, forests, mountains, Arctic tundra and deserts. The types of resources include energy, minerals, timber, pasture, wild horses and donkeys, fish and wildlife habitats, wasteland, archaeological excavations, paleontological fossils and historical sites, and other valuable natural heritage resources.

2. The main functions of the Bureau of Land Management

As the largest state-owned land manager of the federal government, the Bureau of Land Management manages vast natural and cultural resources and shoulders the mission of how to comprehensively develop and utilize state-owned land. The Bureau of Land Management is facing new opportunities and challenges. Its main responsibilities include:

1) Create leisure and entertainment opportunities, publicize new playgrounds and organize tourism education activities;

2) Organizing commercial activities, including energy, mineral development and timber sales activities;

3) Manage and maintain the Wild Horse and Donkey Nature Reserve;

4) Manage and maintain the origin, archaeological excavations and historical sites of paleontological fossils;

5) Management and protection of fish and wildlife habitats;

6) Manage and maintain the transportation system, including roads, paths and bridges;

7) Management and protection of wildlife and original landscape rivers;

8) Management and protection of rare plant communities;

9) Manage and maintain the comprehensive survey system of state-owned land.

3. Guiding principles for the management of state-owned land by the Bureau of Land Management

At present, the main task of land management bureau is to support the healthy, diverse and fruitful development and utilization of state-owned land and meet the needs of contemporary and future generations for the development and utilization of land resources. Its guiding principles include:

1) Multi-objective utilization and long-term value management of natural resources, recognizing that the approved land use will have regional differences over time;

2) Acknowledge the important role of state-owned land in providing open space and protecting cultural and natural heritage;

3) Customer-centered, quickly respond to customer needs, or meet their needs, or explain to them why they can't meet their needs;

4) With the help of modern science and information technology, understand and master the land use situation and how it changes with time;

5) Understand the social and economic conditions related to the state-owned land managed by the Bureau of Land Management, and the impact of changes in land use environment and social and economic conditions on state-owned land users and local communities;

6) Fully realize the importance of the Bureau of Land Management sharing long-term goals with other organizations and individuals, the importance of how land and its use evolve over time, the importance of sharing human and financial resources to achieve long-term goals, and the importance of sharing and understanding new information on how to monitor the implementation of improvement plans and how to adjust management, and establish long-term working partnerships with other departments or organizations;

7) Establish an efficient working procedure and service providing system;

8) Make correct business decisions, understand the cost and tax situation, and avoid unexpected long-term liabilities;

9) Provide a public interface for the public information owned by the Bureau of Land Management-the state-owned land and its utilization, the management and commercial practice of the Bureau of Land Management, and how the state-owned land and its resources affect people's daily lives;

10) Establish an organization with full participation, encouraging competition, striving for survival and strong adaptability.

4. Land strategic planning of the Bureau of Land Management from 2000 to 2005.

From 65438 to 0993, the Bureau of Land Management formulated the first five-year strategic plan for state-owned land since the promulgation of the US Government Operation and Implementation Effectiveness Act. The State-owned Land Strategic Plan for 2000-2005 is the second five-year plan for state-owned land submitted by the US Bureau of Land Management to Congress (Figure 3- 1 1). The plan describes the expected achievements of the Bureau of Land Management in the next five fiscal years under the current budget level. The main contents include three categories and eight tasks and objectives. In each task goal, the long-term goal, baseline statistics, goal description, strategies adopted to achieve the goal, key factors affecting the realization of the goal, and the cross relationship between departments or organizations are expounded respectively.

Figure 3- 1 1 Land strategic planning framework of US Bureau of Land Management in 2000-2005

5. The institutional setup of the Bureau of Land Management and the characteristics of its strategic land planning.

The institutional setup of the US Bureau of Land Management and its land strategic planning have advantages and disadvantages, mainly in the following aspects.

(1) Advantages

1) The U.S. Bureau of Land Management is affiliated to the Ministry of the Interior. The National Bureau of Land Management is located in Washington, D.C., and there are state-level land management bureaus in 12 states in the western United States. This institutional setup conforms to the federal government system in the United States and is conducive to coordinating land management between the federal government and state governments.

2) The development and operation of the national comprehensive land survey information system and the publicity of government information have provided a large amount of land resources information and data for the public, enterprises, organizations, society and tribes, accelerated the information sharing and the processing and evaluation of user feedback information, and established a bridge for information exchange between the government and the public;

3) The strategic plan of state-owned land is compiled once every five years, which is compiled by the Bureau of Land Management and implemented after being revised and approved by the National People's Congress, which makes the supply and demand management and planning of state-owned land and its resources more convenient and quick, and is conducive to meeting the growing demand of state-owned land resources at present and in the future;

4) The strategic planning of state-owned land not only serves the long-term goals well, but also sets short-term and medium-term goals for each fiscal year in the five-year plan, and quantifies the goals of each task with clear target responsibilities. At the end of the year, the implementation and effect of the planning of the Bureau of Land Management were evaluated and reported to the National Assembly, which provided a guarantee for achieving the annual land management goals and long-term goals;

5) At present, the land strategic planning in the United States is guided by the guiding principle of "comprehensively developing and utilizing land resources, creating leisure and entertainment opportunities, organizing business activities, and keeping land resources healthy, environmentally friendly and sustainable", which ensures the efficient use of land resources and maximizes social and economic benefits;

6) The Bureau of Land Management has established good cooperative partnership with other departments, organizations, social organizations and the public, which has fully mobilized the initiative and enthusiasm of the public to participate in the management of state-owned land, and provided a solid mass base and strong guarantee for realizing the land management objectives.

(2) Disadvantages

1) The state-owned land management task of the US Bureau of Land Management is heavy and needs more financial support;

2) The state-owned land planned by the Bureau of Land Management in the five-year strategic plan only accounts for about one-eighth of the land area of the United States, so it is difficult to carry out more effective macro-management and regulation of other land outside the planning management.

In the United States, different uses of land are managed by different departments. For example, the management and protection of agricultural land is managed by the Natural Resources Protection Bureau of the Ministry of Agriculture, the land where Indians live is managed by the Indian Affairs Bureau of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, the federally owned forest land is managed by the Forestry Bureau of the Ministry of Agriculture, the urban land is managed by the Urban Planning Commission, the military land is managed by the Ministry of National Defense, and the Geological Survey of the Ministry of Internal Affairs is responsible for the national land use survey. From the perspective of land resource management institutions and their functions, the land resource management owned by the United States is a centralized and decentralized management model at the federal level according to resource types. American land and resources management departments pay attention to resource protection in resource management, such as policy formulation, resource investigation, property right registration, utilization planning, sustainable development and environmental protection. In terms of industry management, it is mainly to issue licenses, collect royalties, rents and transfer fees, and supervise the orderly conduct of production and business activities. However, there is little management in the specific production, sales, development and expansion of related industries, and it is mainly regulated by economic levers such as market and taxation.

At the federal level, the land resources management in the United States mainly involves the Ministry of the Interior and the Ministry of Agriculture (Figure 3- 12), and some independent government agencies also participate in the management of water, oceans and mines. Such as Maritime Commission, Federal Mine Safety and Health Inspection Commission and Tennessee Valley Authority.

Figure 3- 12 American federal land resource management system

IV. Management of State-owned Land Resources

The land and resources management mode between states in the United States is different from that of the federal government. Unlike centralized countries, the state governments in the United States are not subordinate to the federal government, and the federal States have independent legislative, judicial and administrative powers. Each state can be responsible for managing the land owned by the state government and its land resources such as minerals, water and forests according to specific conditions, and there is no unified management model that must be observed. The United States manages land and resources according to law. In recent years, with the increase of the power of the federal government, the influence of the federal government on state resource management is also increasing. In addition, Congress can influence the state government's land and resources management through legislation, policies, financial allocation and other means.

The management of land and resources in American States is mainly centralized. More than 20 states have established natural resources departments, natural resources and environmental management departments, protection and natural resources departments, environment and natural resources departments or energy, minerals and natural resources departments. The specific organization, management content, quantity and resource types of natural resources departments in different States are different (Table 3-4). Some states do not have natural resources departments, and environmental protection departments manage land, minerals, water and forests, such as Connecticut, Florida, Maine, New Jersey, New York and Rhode Island. Some states have set up special departments to manage certain land resources. For example, Virginia established the Department of Mines and Energy to manage mineral resources, and Oregon established the Department of Land Protection and Development to manage land resources. Most natural resources departments and environmental protection departments set up geological surveys to investigate land resources, which shows that geological surveys are closely related to land resources management.

Table 3-4 Types of Resources Managed by Natural Resources Departments in American States