1. The main position of enterprise technological innovation is not clear, and the mechanism of enterprise technological innovation has not yet been formed.
As far as the separation of government from enterprise is concerned, with the deepening of enterprise reform, the relationship between government and enterprise has indeed undergone major changes. Generally speaking, the autonomy of enterprise management has been basically implemented, and the problem that the decision-making power of enterprise managers is too small has been basically solved. In this case, the key to the relationship between government and enterprises is no longer whether it is separated, but how the government can help enterprises form an efficient corporate governance structure. On the one hand, it can prevent the government from losing control of enterprises because of the problem of "insider control", on the other hand, it can put an end to the "centralized" economic dictatorship of enterprises. Only in this way can clear property rights and clear powers and responsibilities be implemented. From this point of view, the vast majority of state-owned enterprises have not yet reached the standard of separating government from enterprises, and the status of corporate subject and market subject of enterprises is not clear, which greatly weakens the interest driving force and risk awareness of enterprises in technological innovation.
2. The technological innovation ability is not strong; undercapitalize
It is obviously unrealistic to say that China's state-owned enterprises have not carried out technological innovation, or even don't want to do it at all. On-the-spot investigation shows that a number of state-owned enterprises, such as Le Kai, Konka, Changhong and Sanmao, have carried out fruitful technological innovation and established a strong market position through innovation. However, individual talent cannot fully reveal reality. In fact, at present, while most enterprises think that they have carried out technological innovation, 60% of them are at a loss. Since the degree of market realization and commercial benefits are the ultimate criteria for testing success, the coexistence of technological innovation and losses cannot but mean that technological innovation has not become the driving force for the development of most enterprises in China.
3. The digestion and absorption of imported technology and the ability of secondary innovation are insufficient.
After the introduction of technology, the most important point is that the introduced technology has not been fully studied, digested, absorbed and innovated, forming a technical system with its own characteristics, and then becoming a technical force for export, realizing a virtuous cycle of introduction → innovation → export, thus causing a big gap between the technology of major industrial sectors in China and foreign countries at this stage. The reason lies in poor digestion and innovation ability.
4. The technological innovation of state-owned enterprises is mainly carried out by enterprises independently, and the cooperative innovation in Industry-University-Research has not played the expected role.
Although China's state-owned enterprises are not strong in their own technological and innovation capabilities, technological innovation is still mainly carried out by themselves. The main factors restricting China's cooperation with Industry-University-Research are: (1) Due to the system of universities and scientific research institutions, technical achievements are often immature, and its market prospects are difficult to grasp; (2) the enterprise's own ability is not strong, and there is no basis for cooperative development. Even if it accepts the achievements of universities or scientific research institutions, it is difficult to commercialize these achievements.
5. As the premise of technological innovation, the basic management of enterprises is still weak and the management mechanism is not perfect.
Technological innovation must rely on management innovation as the cornerstone. Since the reform and opening up, China's state-owned enterprises have carried out a lot of technological transformation, technology introduction and innovation, some of which have achieved good results, but many of them have not played their due roles. One of the reasons is that China's enterprise management lags behind, which can't meet the requirements of technological progress and make technological innovation develop normally. The large-scale losses and high debt ratio of state-owned enterprises fully illustrate this point.
Second, measures to improve the technological innovation ability of state-owned enterprises
1. Give full play to the role of the government and build a policy system for technological innovation.
The US government promotes technological innovation by "creating comparative advantages". From the historical experience of our country, it is difficult for the government to play a major role in technological innovation alone, but as a non-market force, the government still plays a key role in enterprise innovation. Under the condition of market economy, the main body of technological innovation is enterprises, and the government can no longer directly participate in the production and operation activities of enterprises as in the past, but can only play a guiding role through technological innovation policies. Therefore, as far as China's specific national conditions are concerned, it is particularly important to build a national policy system when a new technological economy and even a social system centered on technological innovation have just been established. At present, from the Ministry of Science and Technology and the Ministry of Personnel to the relevant ministries and commissions in various provinces and cities, there is no perfect scientific and efficient institution to formulate technological innovation policies. In order to effectively construct the technological innovation policy system in practice, it is suggested to establish and improve the technological innovation policy-making institutions.
2. Promote enterprise technological innovation with enterprise system innovation.
Enterprise system has a great influence on enterprise technological innovation. The main drawback of China's original enterprise system is that property rights are empty. To change this situation, we must build a modern enterprise system with clear property rights, clear rights and responsibilities, separation of government and enterprise, and scientific management, so as to urge enterprises to establish their own innovative subject status as soon as possible. From the perspective of technological innovation, the modern enterprise system must do the following:
(1) The shareholders of an enterprise can decide the chairman of the enterprise independently, and then decide the managers of the enterprise. The person in charge of an enterprise is no longer selected by political standards, but by entrepreneurs who are responsible for shareholders' rights and interests. Entrepreneurs will weigh the long-term interests and short-term interests of enterprises and engage in technological innovation that is conducive to the long-term development of enterprises.
(2) After the property rights are clear and the rights and responsibilities are clear, entrepreneurs can get economic returns from innovation, thus mobilizing the enthusiasm of entrepreneurs for innovation.
(3) The state should be concerned about the development potential of enterprises. After the enterprise is demutualized, the state may become the largest shareholder of the enterprise. Because equity has both property and capital attributes, as the largest shareholder, it should pay more attention to the long-term development of enterprises, and thus pay more attention to the development of technological innovation.
3. Improve the technological research and development capabilities of enterprises.
(1) Capital investment. If enterprises want to be in an invincible position, they must strengthen their research and development capabilities, which is conducive to forming their own technical system and improving their independent innovation capabilities. Generally speaking, only the input of science and technology can lead to the output of science and technology. The greater the input, the more output. However, the lack of funds is an indisputable fact of China enterprises, which really hinders the development of technological innovation. To change this situation, we can start from two aspects: on the one hand, we should strengthen the financing function of existing enterprises and gradually establish a multi-channel and all-round financial support and guarantee system with enterprises as the main body. This not only requires entrepreneurs to have a sense of innovation, but also to increase investment in innovation with limited funds. Moreover, it is necessary to train a group of high-level financial analysts, make full use of national policies, adopt flexible financing methods, such as bank credit, and extensively absorb social funds through the property rights trading market under the condition of striving for financial assistance. On the other hand, optimize the investment structure of technological innovation. In China, there are problems of high productive investment and low proportion of investment in design and engineering. This has delayed the existing R&; The commercialization process of the results. It is also necessary to use a reasonable investment structure to maximize the effectiveness of limited capital creation and improve the ability of technological innovation. At the same time, enterprises should strengthen research and development; Management. The reason why American and Japanese enterprises have made such great achievements in technological innovation is that they attach great importance to R&D: D management.
(2) technical personnel. The shortage of technical talents is an important factor for the poor technological innovation ability of enterprises in China. There are several ways to solve the contradiction of the shortage of technical talents in enterprises: first, on the basis of the existing technical ability of enterprises, R&D can be absorbed conditionally in various forms; D institutions enter enterprises and strengthen enterprise research and development; D power. Second, pay attention to the combination of Industry-University-Research. Under the existing technical conditions in China, the scientific and technological strength of enterprises is relatively weak. In order to rationally allocate scientific and technological strength, Industry-University-Research should be encouraged to combine. Third, pay attention to employee training and improve the quality of employees.
4. Strengthen Industry-University-Research's cooperation.
One of the successful experiences of foreign economic and technological development is the close integration of Industry-University-Research. Stanford University created the miracle of Silicon Valley Industrial Park. After nearly 40 years of hard work, the electronic information industry of Silicon Valley Semiconductor has developed into the leader of American economy. However, for a long time, China's colleges and universities have long been separated from the industry and closed themselves, which makes the advantages of scientific research and teaching in colleges and universities not fully exerted. Drawing lessons from the experience of developed countries, research topics and funds are proposed by enterprises, and research, scientific research, teaching and production in colleges and universities are combined, which not only makes colleges and universities have sufficient funds, but also improves the teaching and scientific research level, and enhances the technical level and new technology development ability. China's state-owned scientific research institutions should also keep close contact with enterprises, shift the research focus to the topics urgently needed by enterprises, and make the research results meet the needs of enterprises.
5. Build a team of entrepreneurs who are good at organizing technological innovation.
Schumpeter believes that entrepreneurs are the main organizers and implementers of innovation activities, which determines the inseparability of technological innovation and entrepreneurs. However, the existing managers of state-owned enterprises cannot be equated with entrepreneurs. Although there are many outstanding people among them, there is still a considerable distance from the standards of entrepreneurs. There is not only a difference between being an administrative official in an enterprise and openly recruiting people to the society, but also a fundamental difference between being cautious and taking risks. In order to complete the evolution from the role of operator to the role of entrepreneur, it is necessary for the government to take the opportunity of institutional reform to change the system of personnel identification, selection and appointment, and it is also necessary to realize the transformation of talent training mode from skill-based to innovative under the background of knowledge economy.
6. Strengthen the basic management of enterprises
The basic management of enterprises in China is relatively weak. Strengthening basic management and realizing management innovation at the same time are the key factors that can not be ignored in improving the technological innovation ability of Chinese enterprises. Specifically, we should do a good job in the following aspects:
(1) Improve the organization. The tasks of the organization are: first, to stipulate the responsibilities of each member in order to achieve the purpose of operation; The other is to determine the relationship between posts according to a certain distribution of authority and responsibility. A sound organization should conform to the principle of "unified leadership, clear responsibilities, high efficiency and lean". With the expansion of business scale, the expansion of business fields and the change of external environment of enterprises, adjustments are constantly made.
(2) Improve the rules and regulations. The rules and regulations of an enterprise are the "laws and regulations" of the enterprise, which regulate the behaviors of managers and employees of the enterprise and stipulate the procedures of all the work within the enterprise, thus ensuring the orderly development of all the work of the enterprise. The rules and regulations of an enterprise specifically include: labor and employment system, personnel system, distribution system, financial system, etc.
(3) Improve the incentive mechanism and restraint mechanism. People's behavior is driven by some kind of motivation. Enterprises should have a set of incentive mechanism to fully mobilize the enthusiasm of managers and employees; At the same time, there should also be a set of restraint mechanisms to curb people's bad behavior and guide managers and employees to behave in a direction conducive to the development of enterprises. The incentive mechanism of enterprises is mainly divided into incentives for operators and incentives for employees. The incentives for operators mainly include: higher wages, bonuses, stock rights, options and so on. The incentive for employees is mainly based on their contribution to the enterprise, giving them opportunities for promotion. The constraint mechanism of enterprises mainly includes organizational constraints, institutional constraints, business processing procedures constraints, internal audit constraints and so on.
(4) Continuous staff training. The quality of employees determines quality of enterprise, and the improvement of employees' quality depends on two aspects: first, high-quality employees in YEATION; The second is continuous training for employees. Obviously, the latter is more important than the former, because employees can only adapt to the needs of the times if they continue to receive training. Therefore, employee training is the eternal theme of enterprises, and the training contents mainly include cultural knowledge training, technical training, professional ethics training and professionalism training.