Descendants of African slaves brought to the United States by European colonists in history. Also known as African American. Belong to the black race. Two-thirds of them are mulatto. General English. Mainly Christianity, Protestantism and Catholicism; Some people believe in Judaism and Christianity. African Americans have played an important role in history. They actively participated in the American War of Independence and the Anti-Fascist War and made great achievements. They have also made great contributions to the development of American economy and culture and have always been the main force of American agriculture; Black workers in the steel industry account for about 1/3, and the automobile industry accounts for about half. In music, literature and sports; The achievements of blacks are more remarkable.
The history of African-Americans can be traced back to16th century when the United States became a European colony. From 16 to 19, European colonists transported a large number of slaves from Africa (mainly from West Africa, Congo and Angola) to America, and more than half of them were transported to the United States today, mainly working as coolies in cotton and sugar cane plantations and mines in southern States, and were brutally exploited and abused by white racists. With the development of American industry, blacks in the south moved to cities in the north and northwest. 186 1~ 1865 after the civil war, although slavery was abolished in law, blacks were still discriminated and oppressed by race, and it was difficult for African Americans to enjoy the same treatment as whites in politics, economy, education, employment and housing. They are at the bottom of American society and are constantly threatened by unemployment, poverty and death. Therefore, they waged a long-term resistance struggle. 1968 alone, a black riot struggle swept through 168 cities including Washington.
Second, the history of black Americans was brought to the United States by European colonists.
Also known as African American. Belong to the black race.
Two-thirds of them are mulatto. General English.
Mainly Christianity, Protestantism and Catholicism; Some people believe in Judaism and Christianity. African Americans have played an important role in history. They actively participated in the American War of Independence and the Anti-Fascist War and made great achievements.
They have also made great contributions to the development of American economy and culture and have always been the main force of American agriculture; Black workers in the steel industry account for about 1/3, and the automobile industry accounts for about half. In music, literature and sports; The achievements of blacks are more remarkable. The history of African-Americans can be traced back to16th century when the United States became a European colony.
From 16 to 19, European colonists transported a large number of slaves from Africa (mainly from West Africa, Congo and Angola) to America, and more than half of them were transported to the United States today, mainly working as coolies in cotton and sugar cane plantations and mines in southern States, and were brutally exploited and abused by white racists. With the development of American industry, blacks in the south moved to cities in the north and northwest.
186 1~ 1865 after the civil war, although slavery was abolished in law, blacks were still discriminated and oppressed by race, and it was difficult for African Americans to enjoy the same treatment as whites in politics, economy, education, employment and housing. They are at the bottom of American society and are constantly threatened by unemployment, poverty and death. Therefore, they waged a long-term resistance struggle. 1968 alone, a black riot struggle swept through 168 cities including Washington.
Third, the historical background of black Americans needs to be highly summarized. Black Americans are descendants of African slaves who were robbed and transported to the United States by European colonists in history. Also known as African American. Belong to the black race. Two-thirds of them are mulatto. General English. Mainly Christianity, Protestantism and Catholicism; Some people believe in Judaism and Christianity. African Americans have played an important role in history. They actively participated in the American War of Independence and the Anti-Fascist War and made great achievements. They have also made great contributions to the development of American economy and culture and have always been the main force of American agriculture; Black workers in the steel industry account for about 1/3, and the automobile industry accounts for about half. In music, literature and sports; The achievements of blacks are more remarkable.
The history of African-Americans can be traced back to16th century when the United States became a European colony. From 16 to 19, European colonists transported a large number of slaves from Africa (mainly from West Africa, Congo and Angola) to America, and more than half of them were transported to the United States today, mainly working as coolies in cotton and sugar cane plantations and mines in southern States, and were brutally exploited and abused by white racists. With the development of American industry, blacks in the south moved to cities in the north and northwest. 186 1~ 1865 after the civil war, although slavery was abolished in law, blacks were still discriminated and oppressed by race, and it was difficult for African Americans to enjoy the same treatment as whites in politics, economy, education, employment and housing. They are at the bottom of American society and are constantly threatened by unemployment, poverty and death. Therefore, they waged a long-term resistance struggle. 1968 alone, a black riot struggle swept through 168 cities including Washington.
Four. The history and present situation of African-Americans Anyone who has been to Africa and had some contact with local blacks is really stupid and naive, and some people are even a little cute and incredible.
Some people say that black people have fewer sulcus gyrus than other races. I don't know if anyone has done this experiment, but intellectually, black people should have smaller brain capacity than other races. Many people think that blacks have not fully evolved, and I personally agree with this view, because from the environmental point of view, the intelligence of other races is obviously generally higher than that of blacks under the same or similar climatic and geographical conditions.
Even in Africa, there are climate differences. For example, South Africa is in the temperate zone, most of West Africa is tropical, and East Africa is tropical. However, because of the plateau topography, it has formed a unique climate with four seasons like spring, but no matter what kind of climate and geographical environment, the overall intelligence level of the black people raised is not high. What does this mean? It shows that intelligence has nothing to do with external factors. Does hot weather make people hot and stupid? Nowadays, many people travel to subtropical countries, such as Singapore and Mattel. Do these people think they are too smart and want to be stupid? Is it similar to the theory that cold weather will make people's brains cold? Obviously, these statements are not convincing.
Some people think that this is related to the level of education. There are indeed many black people who have not received a good education, but I want to say that black people are still black after being postdoctoral. Even if well-educated blacks become doctors and lawyers, are they professional? The answer is still no, for example, a colleague got malaria in Ghana before, and the nurse gave him an injection. When the amount of one needle is small, he asked if he could put two needles in one syringe so that one needle would suffer less. Everyone with some medical knowledge knows that this is impossible, and I think the aunt nurse knows it, but she told her colleagues that eldest brother can only get an injection.
And the result? As a result, she finished a needle, left the needle under the skin, pulled out the needle, and then inserted another needle into this needle and stuck it in. Sweat! It is simply abuse! It can be said that this nurse who works in the largest local hospital has not received professional education and training, and no one believes her! In many countries, the employees we employ are highly educated, but so what? Are they up to the job of China people? Don't! A college graduate must use a computer to add and subtract. How can he expect them to do excellent work? Many people think that blacks are inefficient. Strictly speaking, it's not their fault. China people can finish it in five days, and blacks need the same education and training 1 month. It's not that their education is not good, but that their intelligence level is not up to standard, so I can only say that black people are still black even if they receive a good education.
Therefore, it is not external factors that determine the intelligence of black people, but internal factors. Some things are born, just like black people's brains are not developed. Intelligence can be developed the day after tomorrow, but it is useless if there is no potential. Can you make a * * * a scientist? It is not every day that a panda becomes a "Dragon Warrior" in this world.
In the black world, as long as you are a little smarter, you may become a rich man or an official. In fact, stupidity is neither terrible nor hateful. Many black people I know in South Africa are really stupid and cute. They believe everything you tell them. It's stupid, but at least it's true.
Like many black people in Kenya, they are actually stupid, but they still think they are smart and treacherous. For example, some of them like to do it and think they are smart, which is actually annoying. In some situations where they really need to play their "intelligence", they will do some very stupid things instead.
I know people who talk too much about being stupid, and I can hate them to the point of outrageous. God is fair. He gave black people an undeveloped brain and developed muscles at the same time, which made them more like apes than other races, but a little behind people.
From the evolutionary point of view, I prefer that in the process of the evolution of East African apes, blacks, orangutans and baboons chose different evolutionary directions at the same time, but they got too close to their close relatives and brothers, which delayed the evolution to humans, thus causing the gap between them and other races now. There is no denying that blacks have great advantages over other races in physical conditions. According to the research, the muscle strength and explosive power of blacks in South Africa and West Africa are outstanding, while the muscle endurance of blacks in East Africa and North Africa is stronger than that of other races.
Most blacks in America are descended from South Africa and West Africa. Look at the most popular top professional leagues in America, such as football, baseball and basketball, and the number of black players and stars. There is also ice hockey, which is not suitable for black people. ) Look at the colors of American middle and long distance runners. Look at how many world-famous long-distance runners and marathoners come from Ethiopia and Kenya, and you will understand how good black people are. They are as strong as white people.
What they lack is the flexibility of Asians, but this does not affect that they are the best people in the world. Maybe you will say, Africans are so healthy, why do African countries rarely win the world series? On the contrary, there are more in the United States.
You have to think about what equipment American athletes use to train, which can be said to be the most advanced in the world. Look at Africa, which is eliminated by other countries, second-hand and new. Look at what Americans eat and what Africans eat. That's the gap.
Why are people in many African countries generally in poor health, not born but hungry? Of course, drinking milk and steak every day is better and stronger than drinking tap water and eating sweet potatoes and corn every day.
You should let Africans train with American equipment and eat nutritious meals in the United States. In a few years, the world champion who runs short distances will be swept by Africa. Think about it. Ethiopia could have won it barefoot.
Verb (abbreviation of verb) The history and present situation of black Americans In today's America, it can be said that the old and the new coexist with racial discrimination.
On the one hand, the old racist forces still exist. Although they are small in number, they can always make waves in American society. First, the current situation of racial discrimination in the United States John levenson, a black graduate student at Boston University, told reporters that even in his middle schools and universities, there are many shadows of racial discrimination.
He recalled that two years ago, he and his companions went to a club in the university to play. As soon as I entered the door, I felt that many white people cast contemptuous eyes. The waiter of the club came up and said rudely, "This is a private place, please leave you niggers."
His companion told him that this is a club only for whites, and the boss has a strong Klan background. Historically, the United States has not formed the innate factors of racial discrimination.
America is a country of immigrants. Most Americans have ancestors from all over the world. Many of them are Irish, German, Italian and Hispanic whites, while the proportion of blacks has reached 13%. In recent years, the number of Asian immigrants has also increased. However, there are still relatively strong racial discrimination forces in the United States.
For this reason, Peter Rogge thinks it is necessary to find the reasons from the background of global racial discrimination. In the long historical process, due to the high level of productivity of white society, discrimination against colored people is essentially the rejection of backward society and different cultures.
This situation has become a microcosm of global racial discrimination in the multi-ethnic society of the United States. Second, the classification of racial discrimination in the United States is not completely scientific. Racial discrimination in the United States can be divided into four types: provocative: direct naked contempt and unreserved public humiliation.
Call abuse expresses its superiority and exclusiveness in different ways. Because of its violent image and sudden characteristics, it has a strong risk of infringement, and the victims are often at a loss and don't know how to deal with it. Example: In public places or streets, people of color are publicly harassed or deliberately provoked with defamatory gestures or insulting words, or humiliated each other face to face with discriminatory connotations or topics in conversation, or even rudely ordered or stopped non-English conversation. This is America, so we should speak English, and so on.
Packaging type: duplicity, saying one thing and doing another. On the surface, politeness and sincerity often make people who are at a loss really believe it, but they don't know the sharpness of racial discrimination behind the scenes, and it is hard to prevent it. So far, they don't know why.
Example: This fake smile hides a knife, and it is condescending in daily life. In work, negotiation, social activities, telephone communication, market transactions and other necessary behaviors. They never show any traces of colored people, even the superficial affinity of smiling without smiling, but turning around is the words and deeds of superiority. Cold and silent type: always maintain a cold and silent attitude towards colored people, with a true color.
It is a blatant contempt, but it is not specifically expressed in words or words. The racial discrimination in his mind is no less than other types, and it may be more severe and the most elusive one.
Example: In the office, neighbors, school campuses, social occasions and other environments, we all know each other, and we just ignore and turn a blind eye to colored people, but we are friendly to whites with the same skin color. Some of this blatant prejudice and arrogant racial discrimination are undisguised in the white-collar environment, and some are hidden from time to time, but the blatant discrimination in superiority is exactly the same, belonging to provocative soft violence.
Ignorant type: ignorant and unwilling to know the truth, coupled with the primitive aggression of white people, especially those with low education, instinctively do subjective words and deeds, and have almost blind demand for the expression of racial discrimination. Example: The average white person has limited knowledge of affairs outside the United States and is even less interested.
Under the long-term misleading of domestic media, religion, tradition, politics and other factors, plus 85% of blue-collar workers have low education, do not know how to respect other cultures, are blind and arrogant, completely ignorant and rich, and have no modesty. Natural contempt for other races makes this ignorant racial discrimination very blind, easily incited and often used and manipulated by people with ulterior motives.
A record of racial discrimination in the United States March 2 1 is the International Day for the Elimination of Racial Discrimination. The human rights record of the United States in 2005 shows that there is serious racial discrimination in the fields of justice, medical care, employment and occupation in the United States, and ethnic minorities such as blacks are at the bottom of American society.
According to the report entitled "The Situation of African-Americans" published by the American Urban Federation, in the United States, the possibility of black people being arrested and put in prison is three times that of white people, and the possibility of black people being sentenced to death is four times that of white people. For the same crime, blacks serve an average of six months longer than whites.
This is June 8, 2005. Outside a bar on Bourbon Street in New Orleans, Louisiana, USA, several white policemen are beating a black old man. According to the investigation report of black Americans in 2005, the income of black American families is only110 of white families. The welfare enjoyed by blacks is only 3/4 of that enjoyed by whites.
In 2004, the poverty of black people in the United States was as high as 24.7%, that of Hispanics was as high as 2 1.9%, and that of whites was 8.6%. This is June, 2005 10. A homeless black man got into a plastic bag in the south beach of Miami in the southeastern United States to avoid the hurricane.
The US Federal Bureau of Investigation published a report on June 5438+ 10, 2005, saying that in 2004, 9,528 people in the United States became victims of hate crimes, of which 53.8% were related to racial prejudice, 67.9% were discrimination against blacks, and 60.6% were white. On July 8, 2003, a shooting victim was taken to an ambulance at Lockheed Martin Aircraft Factory in the eastern city of Meridian, Mississippi.
On the morning of the same day, Doug Williams, an employee of the factory, entered the factory with weapons, killing five people and injuring eight others before shooting himself. Williams has always hated black people and often threatened to kill people.
Fourth, we can't just look at the side of national tolerance and superficial harmony. Americans like to proudly say that the United States is a "national melting pot".
An English introduction to the development and history of African-Americans.
Melvia Miller
February is Black History Month.
Knowing more about African-American history is helpful to improve one's self-esteem and "racial self-esteem"
Entrepreneurs can and have changed the course of history:
From the ancient civilization of Africa to modern times, blacks (also known as blacks, African Americans, Nubians, etc. ) By creating and inventing millions of products, machines and gadgets, it has contributed to the development of civilization.
In fact, when white people want to carry out "racial oppression", black Americans and their pursuit of civil rights: freedom, justice and equality actually make this country realize its constitution and the creed of "equality"
Dr Carter Wooderson began to celebrate "Black History Week" on 1925, with the aim of commemorating and recognizing the real founders of the United States. Since then, people all over the United States have celebrated Black History Month in February.
References:
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7. I urgently need a book about the history of black Americans. Please thank the descendants of African slaves brought to the United States by European colonists in the history of black Americans.
Also known as African American. Belong to the black race.
Two-thirds of them are mulatto. General English.
Mainly Christianity, Protestantism and Catholicism; Some people believe in Judaism and Christianity. African Americans have played an important role in history. They actively participated in the American War of Independence and the Anti-Fascist War and made great achievements.
They have also made great contributions to the development of American economy and culture and have always been the main force of American agriculture; Black workers in the steel industry account for about 1/3, and the automobile industry accounts for about half. In music, literature and sports; The achievements of blacks are more remarkable. The history of African-Americans can be traced back to16th century when the United States became a European colony.
From 16 to 19, European colonists transported a large number of slaves from Africa (mainly from West Africa, Congo and Angola) to America, and more than half of them were transported to the United States today, mainly working as coolies in cotton and sugar cane plantations and mines in southern States, and were brutally exploited and abused by white racists. With the development of American industry, blacks in the south moved to cities in the north and northwest.
186 1~ 1865 after the civil war, although slavery was abolished in law, blacks were still discriminated and oppressed by race, and it was difficult for African Americans to enjoy the same treatment as whites in politics, economy, education, employment and housing. They are at the bottom of American society and are constantly threatened by unemployment, poverty and death. Therefore, they waged a long-term resistance struggle. 1968 alone, a black riot struggle swept through 168 cities including Washington.
8. Please tell me the history of American slaves. The "black triangle trade" began in the16th century, that is, the slave trade. European slave traders set out from their own countries and loaded salt, cloth, rum and so on. In Africa, they were turned into slaves, crossed the Atlantic along the so-called "central route" and returned to America in exchange for sugar, tobacco and rice.
In western Europe, near the Gulf of Guinea in Africa and between the West Indies in America, the route is roughly triangular. Because the trafficked person is black, it is also called "black triangle transaction". It lasted for 400 years.
(1) mainly refers to17-18th century European and American businessmen's circular trade activities, transporting cheap industrial products to Africa in exchange for slaves, transporting slaves to America for sale, buying back raw materials from America, making goods and then transporting them to Africa in exchange for slaves. Because its trade involves Europe, America and Africa, it is called.
(2) Trade among the three countries (regions) is balanced. See "multilateral trade".
An analysis of the historical and geographical reasons for the smooth progress of the "Black Triangle Trade"1At the end of May, with Columbus' discovery of the new American continent, new routes were opened between Europe and the United States. At that time, commerce was developing and trade was expanding. From a global perspective, Europe and Asia have developed commerce and trade. For western European and northern European countries, Asia is undoubtedly thousands of miles apart, while America and Africa are much closer, which provides favorable factors for "black triangle trade".
As a result, Portugal, Spain, Britain, France and so on began colonial expansion. They set up plantations and developed gold and silver mines in the United States. Because of the need for a large number of cheap labor, driven by profits, the colonists turned their greedy eyes to the uncivilized African continent and started the evil slave trade.
According to records, in 1562, Sir John Hawkins of England brought slaves from Sierra Leone in exchange for hides and sugar in Haiti, and became the richest man in Portsmouth after returning home. Because of the amazing profits, Queen Elizabeth and Privy Council officials also invested in his second voyage.
He followed the previous steps and came back with a shipment of silver, becoming the richest man in Britain. It is precisely because of * *' s acquiescence in the slave trade that the slave trade became more and more rampant.
All the European colonial countries participated. At first, the slave traders plundered the blacks, but later they changed their strategy and adopted the so-called trade method.
The process of slave trade has three parts. First of all, slave ship, a European slave trader loaded with inferior goods, set out from European ports and arrived in Africa. This is called "going out".
At that time, capitalism in European colonial countries developed rapidly, and a large number of products decided that they could be exchanged for blacks. Slave ship reached Africa with ocean currents. One is the canary cold current, which is located on the northwest coast of Africa at latitude 45? North latitude 15 or so? About, belongs to the compensation current; The second is the Guinea Warm Current, which flows along the coast of the Gulf of Guinea in Africa and is also the compensation current.
When the slave traders arrived in Africa, they exchanged low-value goods for young and strong blacks. At that time, the black tribes and their tribal leaders, who were still in a barbaric and ignorant state, were bought by slave traders like commodities under the influence of slave traders.
Then, slave ship, full of blacks, crossed the Atlantic along the central route and reached America, which is called "middle distance". Ships carrying African blacks to the United States are often overloaded, and ships with 400 to 500 people are fully crowded with nearly a thousand people.
When a black man gets on the boat and enters the warehouse, he is equivalent to entering a living coffin. The air in the engine room is dirty and the food supplied is extremely poor, which makes people easily infected with various diseases. Black people who died of illness or contracted various epidemics were thrown into the sea, which was quite painful.
After arriving at their destination, blacks were sold to mines or plantations as slaves. Just like sailing, slave ship follows the ocean current, which is the north equatorial ocean current and belongs to the wind ocean current. This ocean current crosses the Atlantic Ocean and reaches the West Indies.
Southeast North America has a typical subtropical monsoon and monsoon humid climate. In winter, due to the influence of cold and dry air currents in the mainland, there is not much precipitation. In summer, affected by the warm and humid air current in the ocean, there is more precipitation, which is suitable for planting rice and tea. Central America and the West Indies belong to the tropical rainforest climate, with high temperature and rainy all year round, which is suitable for the growth of sugarcane.
Due to the suitable climate and the hard work of slaves under the oppression of colonists, the plantation developed rapidly, and the plantation owners obtained a lot of raw materials such as sugar, tobacco and tea, and earned great wealth. While developing plantations, the colonists plundered a large number of precious metals such as gold and silver in America, and Latin America produced gold, silver and precious stones. In addition to plundering unique tropical agricultural products from there, the colonists also plundered more precious metals and mineral products.
The Mexican Plateau and the Andes are rich in precious metal minerals. 1550 or so, Mexico provides one third of the world's total silver consumption, and Peru's silver production accounts for half of the world's silver production.
This has become one of the important sources of bourgeois primitive accumulation of capital. Finally, ships loaded with gold, silver and raw materials return to Europe, which is called "return trip".
On the way back, the ship is still sailing downstream, and the ocean currents are the Mexican warm current and the North Atlantic warm current. The Mexican warm current belongs to compensation current, which compensates for the decrease of seawater caused by the North Atlantic warm current from south to north along the Florida Peninsula. The North Atlantic Warm Current is formed by the west wind.
The gold, silver and raw materials brought back greatly promoted the development of capitalism, which was also an important reason for the smooth progress of the slave trade. Conclusion/Kloc-The Black Triangle Trade in the North Atlantic from the 6th century to the 9th century, the development of capitalism and the acquiescence of * * *, the crazy pursuit of profits by European colonists and the ignorance of African people due to the primitive social structure are the main historical reasons for the smooth progress of the Black Triangle Trade.
The triangular circulation composed of Canary Cold Current, Guinea Warm Current, North Equatorial Warm Current, Mexico Warm Current and North Atlantic Warm Current provided extremely favorable shipping conditions for the "Black Triangle Trade", which made the slave traders always have a smooth journey, middle distance and return journey, thus accelerating the slave trade. America's suitable climatic conditions and rich gold and silver mineral resources have made plantations and mining industries develop rapidly, generating huge profits, which is the main driving force of the whole black triangle trade and objectively provides favorable geographical conditions for the "black triangle trade".
Therefore, the "black triangle trade" came into being under the historical trend of capitalist development and favorable geographical conditions.