Yuanmingyuan [1] is located in Haidian, the western suburb of Beijing, adjacent to the Summer Palace. Founded in the 46th year of Kangxi (1707), it consists of Yuanming, Changchun and Wanchun (Qichun) gardens. There are more than 0/00 gardens/KLOC, with a construction area of 6,543,800 square meters. It is a large-scale royal palace created and operated by the Qing emperor during 654.38+0.50 years. The Qing Dynasty invested all the material resources of the whole country, gathered countless exquisite craftsmen, filled lakes and piled mountains, planted exotic flowers and trees, gathered 40 scenic spots at home and abroad, built 145 large buildings, and stored countless art treasures and books and cultural relics. Among these buildings, in addition to the quadrangles with Chinese style, there are also western-style buildings such as Haiyan Hall and Garden Cinema in Changchun Garden, which is known as the "Garden of Ten Thousand Gardens". 1856, British and French troops entered Beijing, burned and looted, and Empress Dowager Cixi fled to xi 'an with Emperor Guangxu. Eight Banners soldiers, bandits and local ruffians took advantage of the fire to rob nearly 100 buildings that remained in the park and were basically restored, all of which were demolished one after another, completely destroying Yuanming buildings and ancient and famous trees. Since then, the cultural relics of Yuanmingyuan have been plundered by bureaucrats, warlords and profiteers for a long time, and even destroyed by government authorities in a planned way. The dignitaries of Beiyang government, including some people responsible for the protection of Yuanmingyuan site, relied on their power to transport stone carvings and Taihu stones from Yuanmingyuan to repair their gardens. The invaders not only took away precious historical relics, but also turned them into ashes without mercy. Yuanmingyuan covers an area of 350 hectares (more than 5,200 mu), of which the water surface area is about 140 hectares (2 100 mu). The plot ratio of Yuanmingyuan is 10,000 square meters more than that of the Forbidden City, and the water area is equal to a Summer Palace, with a total area of 8.5 Forbidden City!
It inherits the excellent gardening tradition of China for more than 3,000 years, which has both the elegance of palace architecture and the euphemism of Jiangnan gardens. At the same time, it absorbs European garden architecture forms and blends different styles of garden architecture, making people feel harmony and perfection in the overall layout. It can really be said: "Although it was made by people, it is a fable." Yuanmingyuan is not only famous for its gardens, but also a royal museum with a rich collection. Hugo, a great French writer, once said, "Even if all the treasures of Notre Dame in China are put together, it can't compare with this magnificent Oriental Museum". The lobby of the park is decorated with countless mahogany furniture and displays many rare cultural relics at home and abroad. Garden Hanyuan Pavilion is one of the four royal libraries in China. There are precious books and cultural relics such as Sikuquanshu, Integration of Ancient and Modern Books and Essentials of Sikuquanshu in the park.
Yuanmingyuan was once famous for its grand geographical scale, outstanding architectural skills, exquisite architectural landscape, rich cultural collection and profound national cultural connotation, and was known as "the model of all gardening arts" and "the garden of ten thousand gardens".
1October 6th 1860, 65438, 65438, 65438, 65438, 65438, 65438, 65438, 65438, 65438.
Name source:
"Yuanmingyuan" was named by Emperor Kangxi. The three-character plaque of Michelle Ye Imperial Book hangs on the lintel of Yuanmingyuan. Yong Zhengdi has an explanation for the name of this garden. It is said that the word "Yuan Ming" means: "The circle is fascinating, and the gentleman is also in the middle; Bright and shining, the wisdom of talents is also. " It means "round", that is, a person's moral character is perfect, beyond ordinary people; "Ming" means bright, perfect and wise political achievements. This can be said to be the ideal standard for the ruling class to flaunt the wisdom of the monarch in feudal times.
In addition, "Yuanming" is the Buddhist name that Yong Zhengdi has been using since the time of the Prince. Yong Zhengdi believes in Buddhism and has a deep study of Buddhism. He is the author of Quotations of Imperial Selection (19) and Distinguishing between Demons and Different Records. In the pattern of Buddhist sects in the early Qing Dynasty, Yong Zhengdi was a very important figure in the history of Buddhist development. He claimed to be the master of Zen, exerted influence on Buddhism as the "master of the world", and strongly advocated the unity of the three religions and the purity of Zen. When Emperor Kangxi presented the Garden to Yin Zhen (later Yong Zhengdi), the title of the Garden "Yuanmingyuan" was taken from the Buddhist name "Yuanming" of Yongzheng.
Features of landscape architecture:
Yuanmingyuan combines the characteristics of several famous gardens in the south of the Yangtze River at that time, melts the essence of ancient gardening art in China, and melts poetry and painting into ever-changing scenes with the artistic technique of garden in the garden. The southern part of Yuanmingyuan is the imperial court area, where the emperor handles official business, the most famous of which is Zheng Da Guangming Hall, which listens to politics in the court. There are 40 scenic spots in other areas, of which more than 50 scenic spots directly imitate famous gardens in other places, such as An Lan Garden in Haining, Autumn Moon in Pinghu in Hangzhou West Lake, Sunset of Lei Feng, Lion Forest in Suzhou, etc ..... Not only imitate architecture, but also copy names. There is also the Ancestor's Anyou Palace, the high-rise building with high water in the banquet mountain, the Penglai Yaotai simulating the castle of Xianshan, and the Wuling spring scenery in the Peach Blossom Garden. More interestingly, Yuanmingyuan also has a western-style garden scenic spot. The most famous "Dashui Law" is the fountain, flowers and Haiyan Hall in the west, all of which have the style of Italian Renaissance. There is also a model of Venice in the lake, and the emperor can enjoy the "water city scenery" thousands of miles away from the mountain on the shore.
Artistic features:
Yuanmingyuan is not only a treasure house, but also the largest royal museum and art gallery in the world at that time, with many treasures, books and artistic masterpieces. There are famous calligraphy and painting, secret house classics, Zhong Ding treasures, gold and silver jewelry and other precious cultural relics, which condense the essence of ancient culture. Yuanmingyuan is also a garden of exotic flowers and plants, with millions of rare flowers and trees. Westerners who have witnessed Yuanmingyuan completely call her "the king of ten thousand gardens".
Besides, Yuanmingyuan is also the place where the emperor lived the most besides the Forbidden City.
[Edit this paragraph] Historical development
Yuanmingyuan is a famous royal garden in Qing Dynasty. Yuanming Three Gardens covers an area of more than 5,200 mu, with more than 50 scenic spots/kloc-0. Yuanmingyuan was originally a garden given by Emperor Kangxi to his fourth son, Yin Zhen (later Yong Zhengdi). In the forty-sixth year of Kangxi, namely 1707, gardens had begun to take shape. In the same year 1 1 month, Emperor Kangxi visited the Yuanmingyuan. After Yong Zhengdi ascended the throne in 1723, the original garden was expanded, and Zheng Da Guangming Hall, Qin Zhengtang and the value rooms of the Cabinet, Sixth Department and Military Department were built in the south of the garden to "avoid noise and listen to politics". Emperor Qianlong reigned for 60 years, spending millions to build Yuanmingyuan, repairing porcelain every day, digging water and moving stones. In addition to the partial addition and reconstruction of Yuanmingyuan, he also built Changchun Garden in the immediate east and merged it into Qichun Garden in the southeast. By the thirty-fifth year of Qianlong, that is, 1770, the pattern of Yuanming three gardens had basically taken shape. Jiaqing Dynasty mainly renovated and expanded Qichun Garden, making it one of the main garden places. During the Daoguang period, state affairs declined and financial resources were insufficient. However, I would rather withdraw the furnishings of Wanshou, Xiangshan and Yuquan, stop the Rehe summer vacation and Mulan hunting, and still do not give up the reconstruction and decoration of Yuanming Three Gardens.
Kangxi period:
In the forty-eighth year of Kangxi (1709), Emperor Kangxi (that is, Emperor Michelle Ye of the Qing Dynasty) gave a garden one mile north of Changchun Garden in the northwest suburb of Beijing to his fourth son, Yin Zhen, and personally wrote the garden as "Yuanmingyuan".
Yongzheng period:
In the third year of Yongzheng (1725), Yong Zhengdi (namely Emperor Sejong of the Qing Dynasty, Yin Zhen) built a palace office in the south of Yuanmingyuan, covering an area of more than 3,000 mu from the original 600 mu. From then on, Yuanmingyuan was not only a place for the Qing emperors to rest and visit, but also a place for them to meet foreign envoys and handle their daily affairs.
Qianlong period:
After Emperor Qianlong ascended the throne, he adjusted the garden landscape in Yuanmingyuan, increased the number of architectural groups, and built Changchun Garden and Qichun Garden (Tongzhi renamed Wanchun Garden) in the east and southeast of Yuanmingyuan. These three gardens are managed by the management minister of Yuanmingyuan, and are called Yuanming Three Gardens.
Xianfeng period:
In August of the tenth year of Xianfeng (1860), the British and French allied forces invaded Beijing. On October 6th, 65438/kloc-0, Yuanmingyuan was occupied. From the next day, the officers and men began to rob and destroy crazily. In order to force the Qing government to accept peace conditions as soon as possible, British Minister Erkin and British Commander Grant ordered Lieutenant General Mitchell to lead more than 3,500 invading troops to Yuanmingyuan in June+65,4381October+August, 5438, and set them on fire. The fire lasted for three days and nights.
After Tongzhi:
During the Tongzhi period (1862 ~ 1874), the Tongzhi emperor prepared to restore the Yuanmingyuan for the Empress Dowager Cixi to live in. Later, due to financial difficulties, it was forced to stop work and rebuild other buildings. 1900, Eight-Nation Alliance invaded Beijing, and the Yuanmingyuan was destroyed again. After the demise of the Qing Dynasty, some warlords, politicians and bureaucrats stole the building materials of Yuanmingyuan, and the site of Yuanmingyuan was further destroyed.
People's Republic of China (PRC) period:
After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), the state attached great importance to the protection of Yuanmingyuan site. 1979, Yuanmingyuan site was listed as a key cultural relics protection unit in Beijing. After that, the repair work of Yuanmingyuan site gradually began. Now it has become the Yuanmingyuan Ruins Park.
[Edit this paragraph] Construction situation
Historical background:
Manchu people have lived in Heilongjiang Valley in northeast China for generations. /kloc-In the middle of the 7th century, it invaded North China on a large scale, completely overthrew the Ming Dynasty, entered Beijing from the northeast as the capital, seized the national political power, and established the last feudal ruling dynasty in history-the Qing Dynasty. Because the Qing rulers lived a nomadic life in the northeast before entering the customs, with snow-covered forests in winter and cool climate in summer. After entering the customs, they didn't adapt to the dry and hot climate in Beijing in midsummer. Although the Forbidden City is resplendent and magnificent, the emperors of the Qing Dynasty found it dull and dreary. Especially in the early years of Kangxi, after the fire broke out in the Forbidden City, a high palace wall was built to prevent fire and riots. The courtyards in the palace set each other off and became interesting. The water in the stream was so gentle that it almost became stagnant water. At that time, the imperial city was once known as the "red wall, green tile and black sewer". This made the emperors a little tired of the palace life surrounded by high walls, so they began to build gardens in the early years of Kangxi, which lasted for more than 200 years.
The influence of topographical features and buildings of past dynasties on the construction of Yuanmingyuan;
In the western suburbs of Beijing, the endless Xishan Xiufeng: Yuquan Mountain, Wanshou Mountain, Wanquanzhuang, Beihai and other landforms, artesian springs can be seen everywhere, and they converge into large and small lakes and ponds in low-lying places. Yuquan landscape flows into Kunming Lake from west to east, becoming the largest water surface in the western suburbs. Large areas of paddy fields have been cultivated here, forming a natural scenic spot. As early as Liao Dynasty, the feudal emperors chose this place to build Yuquan Mountain Palace. In the Ming dynasty, the natural scenery here attracted more tourists, so some dignitaries occupied the countryside to build villas, and large areas of land were occupied by pieces. During the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty, Hou Liwei, the closest relative of the Ming Dynasty, built a lot of buildings here, first of all, the Tsinghua campus, which is known as the "first garden in Beijing" (so it is located outside the western wall of Peking University). Later, Mi led the lake to garden outside the east wall of Tsinghua campus, and managed the elegant and beautiful "spoon garden", which means "Haidian spoon". In the open countryside, pavilions and lakes and mountains complement each other and become a famous garden gathering place in the suburbs of Beijing. In the Qing dynasty, the emperor also took a fancy to the western suburbs, an excellent gardening place. Start building gardens on a large scale.
The implementation of Yuanmingyuan construction;
Yuanmingyuan is located in the north of Guajiatun, about one mile away from Changchun Garden, that is, in the north of today's Peking University and west of Tsinghua University. The Yuanmingyuan in the Kangxi era has water surfaces such as Qianhu and Houhu, and gardens such as "Peony Pavilion" and "Natural Picture Scroll". When Yuanmingyuan was a feudal garden, its scale could not exceed that of the emperor's Changchun Garden, so there were not many scenic spots and its reputation was not great, which was far less than that of Changchun Garden. But later, with the master's accession to the throne, the prosperity of the Qing Dynasty came. After more than 60 years of continuous expansion, the most magnificent royal garden in China's history was finally built.
Lei Jinyu, the chief designer of Yuanmingyuan, was attracted by Kangxi when he built the Forbidden City, but in actual construction, most of them were the opinions of the emperor, and Kangxi, Yongzheng and Qianlong personally guided him, so Lei Jinyu was extremely happy. But it was destroyed by Xianfeng.
[Edit this paragraph] Garden structure
The Yuanmingyuan in history consists of Yuanmingyuan, Changchun Garden and Qichun Garden (Wanchun Garden). Three gardens are adjacent to each other, commonly known as Yuanmingyuan. * * * covers an area of more than 5,200 mu (about 350 hectares), which is nearly 1000 mu larger than the whole Summer Palace. It was a large royal palace built and operated by the feudal emperors of the Qing Dynasty in 150 years. Emperors Yongzheng, Qianlong, Jiaqing, Daoguang, Xianfeng, etc. all lived in Yuanmingyuan for many years, and held court meetings here to handle political affairs. Together with the Forbidden City, they were the political center of the country at that time and were called "imperial gardens" by the Qing emperor. There are more than 600 plaques hanging alone.
Yuanmingyuan:
It was mainly built in the last years of Kangxi and Yongzheng, and by the end of Yongzheng, the landscape group had spread all over the park for 3 thousand mu. During the Qianlong period, the park was built and renovated many times. The main landscape groups in the park include the famous "Forty Scenes of Yuanmingyuan" (i.e. aboveboard, diligent and virtuous, Jiuzhou Qingyan, hazy moonlight, natural picture scroll, Bitong Academy, Ciyunpu Lake, upper and lower skylight, apricot blossom spring pavilion, frank as Gu Hanjin, Changchun Xianting, Wanfang Anhe, Wuling Spring scenery, long mountains and waters, long moon and dark earth, and eternal kindness). Siyi Bookstore, Fanghu Scenic Area, Bathroom, Pinghu Qiuyue, Pengdao Yaotai, Xiushan Mansion, Juedong, Qin Jing Qin Ming, Han Xu Langjian, Boda Dagong, Zuoshichaoliu, Quyuan Fenglian, Shendong), as well as Zibishan Mansion, Algae Garden, Ruofan Pavilion, Wenyuan Pavilion and other major garden buildings at that time, there were about 600 plaques, which was the highest among royal gardens at home and abroad.
Wan Chunyuan:
Earlier, it was originally a mansion given by Yun Xiang, Prince of QIA. It was built in the last years of Kangxi, and was later given to Fu Heng, a great scholar. In the thirty-fifth year of Qianlong (1770), it was officially incorporated into the royal garden and named Qichun Garden. The scope at that time did not include its northwest. In the fourth and sixteenth years of Jiaqing, there were two gardens in the west. One was Xishuang Village, which became a prince, and the other was Zhuang Jing and Princess Han Hui Garden. After large-scale repair, reconstruction and addition, the garden began to have a scale of 1000 mu and became one of the main gardens of the Qing emperor. At this time, Yuanming Sanyuan is in its heyday. Jiaqing first wrote the poem "Thirty Scenes of Spring Garden", and then more than twenty scenes were created one after another. At that time, the famous landscape groups were Fuchuntang, Qingxiazhai, Hanqiuguan, Shengdongshi, Siyi Bookstore, Chunzezhai, Fenglinzhou, Weizaotang, Zhonghetang, Bixiang, Chikuling, Xiyushan Building, Yanyulou, Hanhui Building, Chengxintang and Weizaotang. There are more than 100 garden buildings with plaques. Qichunyuan Palace Gate was built in the 14th year of Jiaqing (1809). Because it was built more than half a century later than the Grand Palace Gate of Yuanmingyuan and the Second Palace Gate of Changchun Garden, it is also called the "New Palace Gate" and has been in use ever since. Since the early years of Daoguang, Fuchuntang area of Huayuan East Road has been rebuilt as a place to support the Empress Dowager. But the scenery of Yuanxi Road has always been the garden residence of Daoguang and Xianfeng emperors. After the destruction of 1860 Park, it was renamed Wanchun Garden when it tried to rebuild during the Tongzhi period.
Composition about Yuanmingyuan:
1. Visit Yuanmingyuan site
The weather is sunny, the sky is blue and the wind is cool. My family and I came to Beijing for the second time, but it was the first time to come back to Fuhai Park, which was opened at the site of Yuanmingyuan.
Yuanmingyuan, a rare garden building that overwhelmed crowds and shocked the world in the past, has now become a dilapidated and scarred ruin among green trees. As long as you go there to have a look, it will ignite the flame of your hatred for imperialism and inspire your love for the socialist motherland.
I still remember that when I came to the gate of Yuanmingyuan, the first thing I saw was the majestic lion at the gate. They are scarred but still majestic, as if ready to fight to the death with the enemy who dares to attack and devour them. Further inside, I saw green grass growing on the ruins, and colorful flowers blooming on the loose walls on both sides of the road, full of infinite vitality. This is really "wildfire has never exhausted them, and they are tall again in the spring breeze"! When I walked to the old site, I saw a stone horse standing there, glaring at the distance. It seems to curse the imperialist aggressors, who took away my China treasure, killed my Chinese sons and daughters and destroyed my China garden.
Although the invaders burned down our beautiful Yuanmingyuan, they could not destroy the indomitable spirit of the Chinese nation. Although this place is still a devastated post-disaster site, a beautiful Fuhai Park has been built there, becoming the second Yuanmingyuan.
Keep going, my eyes are shining. Ah, Fuhai is so beautiful! The lake is around the island, and the clear water is among the mountains. There are many pavilions in the center of the island, which are elegant and beautiful. The lake is crystal clear, like a crystal stone; The lake is calm, like a bright mirror; The lake is green, like a flawless jade. The lake reflects the blue sky, like a gorgeous blue scarf, and the mountains, pavilions, bridges and trees in the water are like small patterns on the scarf. The mountains are like a big tray, filled with the beautiful jade of the lake. The island is like a shining pearl embedded in the middle of jade, and the pine trees on the mountain are like steel soldiers protecting trays, jade and pearls. Those small bridges are like ribbons on jadeite jade, connecting the mountains. The breeze blew, and the lake was covered with fish scales and flickering. The sun shines on it, golden and dazzling. The lake reflects the strange stone jungle, and the mountains with birds and flowers and pines stand upright around the lake and water island, with pleasant scenery, surpassing pearls. Here, the lake reflects the mountains, the mountains are surrounded by water, and the lakes and mountains are beautiful.
Ah! Yuanmingyuan, your scenery is so charming. You are the crystallization of the wisdom of the working people, and you are witnesses to the crimes of the invaders. You will always inspire the people of China to work hard for the rejuvenation of China.
2. Thoughts on reading The Destruction of Yuanmingyuan
Today, I read the article "Yuanmingyuan was destroyed", and I was both sad and angry.
The article "The Destruction of Yuanmingyuan" mainly describes the splendid landscape of Yuanmingyuan and its destruction, exposes the barbaric crimes of imperialism, and expresses the author's love for the motherland's culture and hatred for the invaders.
After reading the article, I know that Yuanmingyuan is the floorboard of Yuanming, Wanchun and Changchun. Founded in 1709, it took 150 years to build one after another. The Qing Dynasty invested all the material resources of the whole country, gathered countless exquisite craftsmen, filled lakes and piled mountains, planted exotic flowers and trees, gathered 40 scenic spots at home and abroad, built 145 large buildings, and stored countless art treasures and books and cultural relics. Among these buildings, in addition to the quadrangles with Chinese style, there are also western-style buildings such as Haiyan Hall and Garden Cinema in Changchun Garden, which is known as the "Garden of Ten Thousand Gardens". 1900, Eight-Nation Alliance went to Beijing, burned and looted, and Empress Dowager Cixi fled to xi 'an with Emperor Guangxu. Eight Banners soldiers, bandits and local ruffians took advantage of the fire to rob nearly 100 buildings that remained in the park and were basically restored, all of which were demolished one after another, completely destroying Yuanming buildings and ancient and famous trees. Since then, the cultural relics of Yuanmingyuan have been plundered by bureaucrats, warlords and profiteers for a long time, and even destroyed by government authorities in a planned way. The dignitaries of Beiyang government, including some people responsible for the protection of Yuanmingyuan site, relied on their power to transport stone carvings and Taihu stones from Yuanmingyuan to repair their gardens. The invaders not only took away precious historical relics, but also turned them into ashes without mercy.
I really feel sorry for this wonderful, colorful and beautiful garden like a fairyland on earth! In order not to repeat this humiliating history, we should study hard, work hard and learn all kinds of skills. After Shenzhou 5, we should become a reserve force to develop and launch more rockets to make our country stronger!
Our country is inviolable and our people are no longer insulted!