In this mode, after signing the risk management contract with the insurance company, the risk management unit analyzes the risk assessment report, puts forward the risk management plan and outline, and then sends a project management team headed by the risk management project manager to intervene in the design stage for risk management. The core of the work is to comprehensively manage and supervise the quality and safety of the project quality insurance target, with the goal of improving the project quality, reducing risks and losses. Combining pre-control with process monitoring closely can grasp the source of risk and manage the risks of all parties involved in the project fairly and independently.
The methods and means of risk management are the core content of construction project risk management and the key point to break through the original management system, which are embodied in the following three stages.
1. 1 design stage
On the premise of strict design and drawing review, the technical risk of the project is reduced through the means of process change control.
(1) Strengthen design risk identification and risk pre-control. Risk management began to intervene after the design scheme was determined, and the design scheme was identified by expert investigation and other risk identification methods, and then the risk assessment was carried out. According to the evaluation results, risk guidance and pre-control are carried out in the stages of preliminary design, construction drawing design and construction drawing review, so as to be targeted and improve the quality of designed products.
(2) Strengthen the use function and constructability of the designed products. On the basis of ensuring that the designed products meet the mandatory specifications, and further considering the particularity of the design work and the local climate and construction conditions, the emphasis on the use function and constructability of the designed products will be raised to a new height.
(3) Give full play to the technical advantages of experts to ensure the application of "four new" technologies. Take advantage of the strong expert technology of the risk management unit, strictly control the application of these four new technologies: "new technology, new material, new technology and new structure" to ensure the quality and safety of the project.
1.2 construction stage
Based on pre-control, focusing on process monitoring, and taking common faults as a means to reduce project quality risks.
(1) Establish a list of risk sources, determine risk control countermeasures and measures, and realize pre-control. The establishment of risk source list has played a positive role for owners, construction units and risk management units, which can determine risk control countermeasures as early as possible and take corresponding risk management measures to realize active and effective pre-control.
(2) Establish a digital risk control platform and implement dynamic risk management. Combined with the specific situation of on-site construction and the image management of digital site, effective risk monitoring methods are formulated, and the construction site and related risk factors are controlled and managed scientifically, comprehensively and in the whole process according to the risk characteristic values and alarm values of the main risk levels of various professional subdivisional projects.
(3) Strengthen factor management and control risk incentives. Through the effective control of people, machines, materials, construction technology and construction environment, we start with qualification examination, access control, process template guidance, quality common fault treatment and so on.
(4) Strengthen process control and improve the tracking control platform for key working procedures and important parts. Dynamic control shall be implemented in the whole construction process, and tracking control measures such as standing by for key working procedures and important parts of the project shall be taken to strictly control the quality.
(5) Detection is fair and scientific. Scientific inspection methods are adopted to realize the evaluation of engineering quality with data; Give full play to the impartiality, independence and scientificity of testing institutions to ensure the internal quality of the project.
(6) Strengthen safety education and scheme audit, and improve the safety supervision system. Through publicity, lectures, observation and other relatively intuitive education methods, do a good job in safety education for front-line workers and improve their perceptual knowledge and risk awareness of safety issues. Do a good job in auditing special safety plans and technical measures to ensure the effective operation of the safety management system.
(7) Strengthen the tracking control and emergency drills of major hazard sources and improve the emergency mechanism. The control of major hazards is inseparable from the formulation of emergency plans, and process control through tracking control and emergency drills is conducive to reducing risk accidents.
1.3 Operation warranty phase
(1) Formulate the risk control work plan for the defect liability period and 10 liability period, and urge relevant units to provide manuals for the use and maintenance of buildings and machinery and equipment, and do a good job in facility management to avoid quality problems caused by improper use.
(2) Organize experts to inspect the completed state of the building, the state after one-year warranty period, and the use state every other year thereafter, issue an inspection and evaluation report (subject to the claim scope), and solicit users' opinions in the form of questionnaire survey when necessary.
(3) Supervise the rectification and implementation of the final project and quality problems, and reasonably avoid the risk of defect liability.
2 the transformation of the three relationships under the risk management mode
The basic method to implement the risk management system of construction projects is to transfer and control risks. In this process, the relationship between stakeholders of construction projects will change three times.
2. 1 changed the relationship between the owner and the insurer.
Under the original engineering insurance system, it is a negative attitude for insurers to only pay attention to claims afterwards. Now * * * investors and insurers are concerned about the subject matter of insurance, and their responsibilities and obligations are clearly defined in the process control; Both sides * * * take ensuring the engineering quality as the bottom line and minimizing the waste of social resources as the common goal, which is conducive to reducing the government's risk responsibility in construction projects and has a positive role in promoting the protection of social interests. * * * As a party to the insurance contract, the investor bears risks and responsibilities, which is conducive to coordinating the conflict of interests between the survey, design and construction units and the owner units and improving the efficiency of project management. The implementation of whole-process risk management has further improved the risk awareness and management level of all parties involved in construction projects, actively and effectively promoted the development of construction projects in China, and adapted to the needs of foreign engineering consulting companies after China's entry into WTO. The insurer's active participation in the whole process management of engineering construction means that the insurer must strengthen its experience and insurance strength in the field of engineering insurance, which will objectively improve the insurer's insurance management level and efficiency.
2.2 Changed the relationship between supervision and entrustment.
The disadvantages of the existing regulatory entrustment relationship are as follows:
(1) lacks impartiality and independence. As the supervision is entrusted by the owner and virtually controlled by the owner, it lacks effective supervision over the irregular behavior of the owner, independence and impartiality, and cannot become a truly fair and independent third party, so it is impossible to actively and effectively carry out supervision work, and the supervision and management of the project construction process is only superficial and formal, thus reducing the quality of the construction project, creating a bad impression on the owner and promoting the vicious circle of supervision work.
Many owners have to entrust supervision to supervise and manage the construction process because of the requirements of national laws and regulations, but they are unwilling to delegate power after entrusting supervision. Investment, schedule and design are all unilateral decisions of the owner, which makes the supervision work only the quality supervision of the construction process, thus causing the supervision to be unworthy of its name and reducing its work function and level. Since the supervisor has no decision-making power on schedule and investment, when the owner and contractor unilaterally pursue the control objectives of schedule and investment, according to the balance relationship between investment, schedule and quality, the quality requirements will inevitably be lowered, which is beyond the supervision's control, resulting in low quality of construction projects.
(2) Congenital deficiency, irreparable. Under the current building laws and regulations, the scope of supervision is limited to the construction stage, and it is impossible to participate in the whole life cycle management of the project. Not only is there little service during the warranty period, but he can't intervene in the design stage and can't control it in advance. The design stage plays a very important role in the quality, investment and progress of the whole project. If he can't get involved in the design stage in advance, it will be very difficult to control the risk in the construction stage.
(3) Safety management lacks financial guarantee and safety regulations cannot be implemented. Because the funds for safety management are often unavailable, the supervisor can't supervise the safety management, which increases the probability of safety accidents and indirectly puts pressure on the owners and the government.
The advantages of entrusting the risk management department to an insurance company are impartiality and independence. Entrusted by the insurer, the risk management unit conducts risk management with the insurance subject matter as the target. As a third party independent of the owner, the contractor and the design and survey unit, the risk management unit is truly fair and independent, effectively improves the quality of the project, frees the government from the supervision of the quality and safety of the entity project, reduces the pressure on the government, and is conducive to safeguarding the safety interests of the public. The second is to promote the optimal realization of control objectives. The content of risk management takes quality and safety as the core, and risk management must be carried out in accordance with the principles of high standards and strict requirements. At the same time, however, risk management units should also inherit the excellent tradition of "combining supervision with assistance", provide value-added services by optimizing technical solutions and other means, and pursue the optimal realization of the four goals of quality, safety, investment and progress. Third, the management requires a higher level. Insurance companies pay attention to 10 liability insurance, hoping to control and reduce risks and reduce claims, which requires risk management units to do higher, stronger and more detailed quality and safety management.
2.3 The entrustment relationship of testing institutions has been changed.
The disadvantages of the existing entrustment relationship of testing institutions are as follows:
(1) The testing organization entrusted by the construction unit lacks impartiality and independence, and changes the testing data for the benefit of the construction unit without authorization, which has caused great damage to the project quality.
(2) Testing work is only responsible for incoming samples, which reduces the responsibility of testing institutions and increases the risk of construction projects.
(3) The witness sampling of materials by the supervision company is a mere formality, and it can't really supervise and control the materials effectively, thus losing the role of third-party testing.
The advantages of the mechanism that the risk management unit entrusts the testing organization are as follows: first, the material testing organization is independent of the construction unit and is responsible for the interests of the whole project, and the submitted testing report is truly fair and independent. Second, material testing is one of the service contents of risk management units and a quality management method. Material testing institutions must be responsible for the site, eliminating the risk of entrusted testing, thus reducing the engineering risk and improving the engineering quality. Third, through the implementation of the responsibility of material testing institutions, the risk responsibility awareness and service level of testing institutions have been improved.
3 the role and significance of risk management
(1) All-round risk control in the whole process. Carrying out the whole process management concept can not only organically integrate all separated links in the existing quality management system, but also identify and evaluate risks at an early stage, so as to control quality and safety risks in time and allocate management resources more effectively.
(2) Strengthen design risk management and reduce engineering and technical risks from the source. Data show that as many as 40% of quality problems are caused by the design process or design reasons, so risk control in the design stage is very important. Although the current drawing review has made fruitful contributions in ensuring the design quality and restraining the unreasonable behavior of the owners and design contractors, there are also the following disputes and limitations: First, the drawing review company is entrusted by the government and has the attribute of government behavior, and at the same time it has to operate in a market-oriented way, so its institutional contradictions are difficult to straighten out. Second, the rectification list met with human feelings. Third, the owner does not know enough about the necessity and seriousness of drawing review. Fourth, the time limit for drawing review is unreasonable. Fifthly, as a part of the quality control system, drawing review cannot treat the project quality risk from the perspective of the overall operation of the project, which makes the risk process control lack continuity. By carrying out the risk management system of construction projects and bringing the construction drawing review into the risk management system, it is beneficial to ensure its impartiality and independence, get rid of the interference of owners and design contractors, and improve the quality control of design products.
(3) Pay attention to the identification, analysis and evaluation of construction risks, and emphasize pre-control. Whether pre-control is done well or not plays a vital role in the whole construction quality. Through the pre-judgment, early warning and pre-control of construction risks, the risk management can be well-known and targeted, which is conducive to the more reasonable and efficient allocation of supervision resources. (4) Ensuring the impartiality and independence of the third party, changing the relationship between supervision and entrustment, and ensuring the impartiality and independence of risk management will help to increase.
The intensity and depth of on-site supervision ensure the realization of social security interests.
(5) Strengthen the service during the operation warranty period and reduce the risks caused by improper use of the project. Through the quality inspection during the warranty period, the use of the project can be grasped in time, and the risk control and solutions can be put forward in a targeted manner, which greatly reduces the risks of insurers and owners.
4 existing problems and improvement measures
4. Problems arising from1
In the process of risk management, the risk management unit manages and supervises the project participants such as owners, contractors and suppliers according to the risk management outline, which has achieved good results in the pilot project, but there are also many problems, which can be summarized as follows:
(1) Responsibility sharing in risk management is not clear, and laws and regulations do not clearly stipulate the responsibilities of owners, designers, constructors and suppliers. This has brought great difficulties to the work of risk management department.
(2) Although the operation mode of the risk management unit is very different from the original supervision mode, it still can't get rid of the practice under the original supervision system in many aspects, and there are still heavy supervision traces.
(3) The organization of the risk management unit is still mostly implemented according to the organization of the original supervision unit, and its personnel are mainly the original supervisors, lacking experienced risk management assessment and analysis personnel. Moreover, the lack of personnel with engineering insurance-related knowledge reduces the operability and enforceability of risk management.
4.2 Improvement measures
Facing the problems of risk management in the implementation of engineering quality insurance system, further measures need to be taken to solve them step by step. We should start from the following aspects:
(1) Establish the corresponding construction engineering quality insurance laws and regulations system. By determining the supporting implementation measures of the owner's property insurance and the liability insurance of all construction parties (survey, design, construction and risk management units) in the quality insurance of construction projects, the legal responsibilities of all construction parties can be clearly defined and implemented, so as to better carry out risk management.
(2) Establish the qualification identification and supervision mechanism of risk management units. Because of the importance of the work nature of risk management units, it is very important to recognize and supervise the qualifications of risk management units. We should establish a qualification accreditation method for risk management units, so that risk management units can continuously improve their technical capabilities and improve and perfect their risk management systems.
(3) Integrate resources, establish risk management departments and equip them with sufficient human resources for risk management. Introduce talents such as drawing approval agencies, design units and insurance companies. Combined with the technical strength of the existing supervision company, the corresponding human resources are fully integrated, and the relevant knowledge of engineering insurance is trained and accumulated, so that the supervision unit can smoothly transform into a risk management unit and effectively improve the market position of the risk management unit.
(4) Strengthen risk management and constantly make up for the deficiencies in practical work. In view of the shortcomings in risk management, it is necessary to further strengthen management, optimize schemes, implement and strengthen risk management measures, give full play to the role of risk management information platform, improve the level of risk management personnel, and constantly improve and perfect risk management.
5 concluding remarks
Engineering insurance and risk management system play a very important role in improving China's building management level and perfecting the building management system. Great progress has also been made in the implementation of risk management in pilot projects, which has been well received by all parties. However, because it has just started, the operation mode of risk management is gradually being explored, and some problems have also appeared, and the shortcomings are inevitable. Only by constantly reforming and strengthening risk management can we continuously improve the engineering quality insurance and risk management system. I hope this paper can provide some new ideas for the risk management of the current construction industry, and also help the reform of the supervision industry.
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