Basic meaning editing
Environmental factors refer to the factors that can interact with the environment in an organization's activities, products or services, including factors that cause actual and potential, adverse and favorable environmental impacts. [2] We live in the environment, and various factors in the environment affect our lives. The main factors related to it are time and space.
Environmental factors include family environment, living environment, occupational environment and economic factors. Environmental factors such as buildings, offices and furniture will also transmit information. A special office, a celebrity calligraphy and painting, a famous suit, an expensive diamond, a Rolex watch and a Mercedes-Benz car may remind visitors that the person in charge of our company is a successful person and it is reliable to deal with such people. Therefore, we should pay full attention to the information conveyed by environmental factors in communication.
Recognition method editing
From: ISO 1400 1 Preliminary EIA training materials.
(1) Steps to identify environmental factors
The process of selecting an organization (activity, product or service)
Determine the environmental factors that accompany the process.
Determine the environmental impact
② Classification of environmental factors
L discharge or treatment of pollutants such as water, gas, sound and slag.
L consumption of energy, resources and raw materials
L environmental issues and requirements of interested parties
L others
③ Basis for determining environmental factors
L objectively has or may have an environmental impact.
L laws, regulations and requirements are clearly defined.
L positive or negative
When requested by interested parties.
L others
⑤ Classification of methods for identifying environmental factors
Material balance algorithm
L product life cycle analysis method
L questionnaire survey
L expert consultation
L field investigation and interview
L brainstorming
L access to documents and records
L measurement
L level comparison-internal comparison, comparison with the same industry or other industries
Vertical comparison-the comparison between the present and the past of the organization
Each of the above methods has its advantages and disadvantages. Various methods need to be combined in the specific implementation of identification, and some methods will be introduced below:
Questionnaire evaluation
-Factor identification
Questionnaire review is to obtain information about environmental factors through a series of questions prepared in advance, on-site inspection and conversation with personnel. The design of the questionnaire should follow the principles of comprehensiveness and the combination of qualitative and quantitative. The content of the questionnaire should cover all environmental factors, products and related upstream and downstream environmental issues in the organization's activities as far as possible. Different departments in an organization can use the same design questionnaire. Although this is not targeted to some extent, it is not practical to design a survey paper for a department. Questions in a typical questionnaire may include the following:
L what air pollutants are produced? What is the concentration and total amount of pollutants?
L what water pollutants are produced? What is the concentration and total amount of pollutants?
L What toxic and harmful chemicals are used? What is the quantity?
How to consider environmental issues in product design?
What emergency? What preventive measures have been taken?
L What is the consumption of water, electricity, coal and oil? What is the result compared with the same industry and previous years?
L what environmental protection equipment are there? What is the maintenance status?
L What toxic and harmful solid wastes are produced? How to deal with it?
What is the main noise source? Is the factory boundary up to standard?
Do the residents have any complaints? Have you done any research?
The above is only a part of the questionnaire survey, and institutions can formulate a complete questionnaire outline according to the actual situation.
On-site review (1)
-Observation, interview and identification of environmental factors
On-the-spot observation and interview are the most effective methods to identify the environmental factors on the spot quickly and directly. These environmental factors may have significant environmental impacts, or have potential significant environmental impacts, and some of them have environmental risks. For example:
A large number of traces of waste engine oil flowing out of the factory were observed;
Ask the on-site staff and answer "No toxic substances are used here", but toxic substances are found in the corner of the site;
Employees don't know whether the organization has an environmental management system, but the organization does have some environmental systems;
Found black smoke from the chimney of the boiler room;
Hear the harsh noise from the factory building;
All kinds of wastes in the garbage dump are mixed together, including metal, oilcloth cotton cloth, chemical packaging bottles, a large number of packaging boxes, domestic garbage and so on.
On-the-spot interview and observation can also reveal other current situations of the organization's environmental management, such as defects in environmental awareness, training, information exchange and operation control, and on the other hand, find some opportunities for the organization to enhance its competitiveness. If it is a preliminary environmental review, the reviewer can also make some effective suggestions to the site manager on the establishment or operation of the future system.
On-site review (2)
-Collect written documents and identify environmental factors.
There are valuable environmental management information and various documents in general organizations, and inspectors should carefully review these documents and materials. Documents and materials to be noted include:
L pollutant discharge permit, license and authorization;
L waste treatment, transportation records and cost information;
L monitoring and analysis records;
Operating rules and procedures of the facility;
L past site use investigation and review;
Records of exchanges with law enforcement authorities;
L internal and external complaint records;
L maintain records and site planning;
L safety parameters of toxic and harmful chemicals;
L Material use and production process records and accident reports;
L Water, discharge and sewage charges;
L. prices of energy, resources and accessories;
Evaluation criteria editor
On the basis of systematically identifying all the environmental factors of the organization, it is necessary to evaluate and determine the important environmental factors according to their impact on the environment, so that the organization can give priority to them when formulating environmental policies and objectives. However, due to the level of scientific and technological development and the limitations of human understanding of environmental issues, environmental issues that are relatively "important" now may become "unimportant" in a few years. Therefore, there is no absolute evaluation standard for important environmental factors. For a specific organization, there should be a relatively stable evaluation standard and method in a certain period of time. The basis of general assessment is the possibility, degree, scope, occurrence probability and duration of environmental impact, as well as the requirements of environmental laws and regulations. In business, there are technical difficulties and economic endurance to change the environmental impact, the risks arising from environmental problems of the organization, the public image of the organization and the interests of relevant parties. In the specific evaluation, the above environmental impacts should be integrated and the idea of "continuous improvement" should be embodied.
Editor of environmental factors of alcoholism
In recent years, the number of drinkers in China has been on the rise. As early as five years ago, the number of drinkers in China has exceeded 500 million, and there are 4 million cases related to alcoholism every year, of which at least 65,438+10,000 people die. According to the report of the World Health Organization (WHO), in 20 12 years, the number of people who died of accidents or diseases due to excessive drinking was about 3.3 million, which was more than the number of people who died of tuberculosis, violence and AIDS, accounting for 5.9% of the total number of deaths, equivalent to an average of one person who died of drinking every ten seconds. It can be seen that the social problems caused by alcoholism are increasingly prominent, which has brought many negative effects to individuals, families and society.
home environment
The proportion of drinkers in various social groups is as follows: industry and commerce are the highest, accounting for 63.9%; Farmers account for 45.9%; Workers 43.1%; Intellectuals are the lowest, accounting for 22.4%. Among different educational levels, junior high school has the highest educational level, ***420%, among the divorced or widowed population, drinkers account for 64.9%, industrial and commercial operators account for the highest proportion, accounting for 47. 1%, and intellectuals account for the lowest proportion, accounting for 25.6%. In a family that has drinking habits or is not opposed to drinking, its children and relatives are often more likely to accept drinking, because drinking in such a family is regarded as a matter of course and often takes pleasure in it. What's more, in such families, some encourage children to drink. Therefore, the proportion of children drinking in this family is much higher than that of ordinary families.
There are also some self-drinkers who, for different reasons, strictly prohibit their children from drinking, but the result is often that their children become potential drinkers. Among alcoholics, about 60% have a family history of alcoholism. From a genetic point of view, children from families with drinking habits have higher tolerance for alcohol, are more likely to accept alcohol, and eventually become alcoholics.
living environment
The survey found that drinking has obvious geographical distribution characteristics. For example, in the northeast, Inner Mongolia, Xinjiang and other cold regions, drinking is one of the important means for people to resist the cold. Daxinganling is the place with the lowest temperature in the country, and the Oroqen people living here have the highest proportion of drinking in the country. Some scholars have made a demographic survey of alcohol dependence on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, and found that the incidence of alcohol dependence increased significantly in counties with an altitude of 2500-200 meters. These counties are located in cold and oxygen-deficient areas, and people often drink alcohol to keep out the cold. Due to the influence of national customs, it is a etiquette to treat people with binge drinking. When drinking, the way is monotonous, mainly alcohol, supplemented by diet, which leads to high alcohol concentration in the body. In addition, there is a relative lack of culture and entertainment in plateau areas, and people often drink to entertain themselves and seek excitement, which easily leads to alcoholism and alcohol dependence. Where wine is abundant, the consumption of wine is often higher than other regions. For example, France is rich in world famous wines, and the per capita consumption of French wines ranks first in the world; Shaoxing rice wine in Zhejiang has been famous all over the world since ancient times, and the consumption of Zhejiang rice wine ranks first in the country.
occupational environment
The survey shows that different occupations have different effects on alcohol consumption. The first is the wine industry, with the highest proportion of people drinking wine; Then there are farmers, coal mines, geology, oil fields, field work and heavy manual workers, and their drinking ratio is also very high. Such patients generally believe that drinking alcohol can dispel wind and remove dampness, relax muscles and promote blood circulation, calm and hypnotize, heal sores and relieve pain, and relieve fatigue. Therefore, drinking becomes a habit and eventually forms alcohol dependence. The evidence is that Islam forbids drinking, so there are few alcoholics in Islamic society. In recent years, with the smooth progress of reform and opening up, a new professional group has become the "dark horse" of alcohol consumption-industrial and commercial operators. In the survey, the proportion of drinking in this occupation is as high as 63.9%, which has exceeded the proportion of drinking by farmers and heavy manual workers.
economic factor
Undoubtedly, economic factors play an important role in the formation of alcohol dependence. A set of survey data in Japan illustrates this problem well. Before World War II, Japan's per capita alcohol consumption was equivalent to 2.3 liters of pure alcohol; After the end of World War II, Japan's economy was depressed, and the people were struggling. The per capita alcohol consumption dropped to 0.43 liters. By 1955, with the economic recovery, the per capita drinking volume returned to the level before World War II. With the rapid development of Japan's economy, by the 1980s, Japan's per capita alcohol consumption was close to that of Europe and America, reaching 65 liters 1989. As far as China is concerned, before the reform and opening up, people could only meet the most basic living consumption, and the consumption of alcohol was very low. After 1980, with the development of economy, the consumption of alcohol began to increase. According to statistics, during the 26 years from 1952 to 1978, the average annual increase of alcohol consumption was only 53%. During the seven years from 1982 to 1989, the average annual consumption of alcohol increased to 13.3%. From 1990- 1995, the average annual consumption increased to 13. 1%. After 2000, the per capita consumption of pure alcohol in China has been around 6 liters per year, which is close to the level of western developed countries.