Joseph Rudyardkipling (18651February 3 1936 18) is an English novelist and poet. His main works include poetry anthology Ballad of Barracks, Seven Seas, novel anthology Life Rebellion and Animal Story The Book of the Jungle. Kipling won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1907 for his work "Gold". He was only 42 years old and was the youngest Nobel Prize in Literature winner so far. Reason for winning the prize: "The works of this world-famous writer are famous for their meticulous observation, unique imagination, vigorous spirit and excellent narration".

Chinese name: Joseph Rudyard Kipling.

Martin Luther Kipling

Nationality: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

Nationality: Britain.

Place of birth: Mumbai

Date of birth:186565438+February 3 1.

Date of death: 1936 65438+ 10/8.

Occupation: writer

Graduate school: United Service College.

Faith: Christianity

Main achievements: 1907 Nobel Prize in Literature.

Representative works: Barracks Ballad Seven Seas The Jungle Book Tiger! Tiger! 》。

all one's life

Joseph Rudyard Kipling (1865— 1936) is an English novelist and poet. He was born in Mumbai, a big city in India. His father was a sculpture professor at the British Art School in Mumbai, and later served as the principal and museum director of Lahore Art School. Many of his relatives are painters, and his family environment has played an important role in cultivating his painting hobby and artistic accomplishment. Kipling was sent to England at the age of six and lived in a foster home for five years. Later, he wrote the terrible scene there as Black Sheep Bae (1888). 1877, Kipling entered the "Joint Service College", a school that trained overseas military talents for Britain. The conditions were difficult, and the situation there was later written into the company (1899). In addition to learning military knowledge here, he also likes to read poems by Tennyson and Swinmin and start writing poems. 188 1 year, without his knowledge, his parents published his works of this period, entitled Lyrics for Students. 1882 17 years old returned to India after graduating from high school. His father found him a job in Lahore, and served as the deputy editor of the Military and Political Daily in Lahore. He keenly observed Indian customs, and wrote essays and poems about what he saw and heard, which were published in the newspaper where he worked. 1In September, 884, Kipling published his first short story, The Door of Sorrow, and since then he has published poems and short stories. From 65438 to 0888, he published seven compelling collections of short stories, including Ordinary Stories in the Mountains, Three Soldiers and The Story of the Gadsby Family. The works with a strong romantic color were fresh and natural, which once made the British readers feel refreshed at that time.

1889 went to Britain to be a special correspondent for civil affairs and military news. He set out by boat, passing through China, Japan and the United States, and experienced a journey of "conquering the world". He wrote many notes on the way and collected them in the anthology from sea to sea. This made him one of the most outstanding contemporary prose writers within a year. Kipling's creation reached its peak from the 1990s to the early 20th century. His poems, Ballad of the Barracks (1892) and Seven Seas (1896), eulogized the British expeditions in foreign countries with heroic and humorous style, and won the title of "Imperial Poet" for poets. 1892 After getting married, she moved to America. During his stay in the United States, he published The Lost Light, The Brave Captain (1897) and the classic works Jin, The Jungle Book and The Jungle Book, which are considered as children's books. After that, eight stories from Mao Mu in the last two novels and A Story from Mao Mu in the Protected Forest published by 1893 were extracted from the three novels, and then compiled into The Stories from Mao Mu by 1933. The Jungle Collection tells a story about the wild animals in the Indian virgin forest. In the story, a brave female wolf rescued Xiao Mo Goulette from the tiger's mouth and raised him. From then on, Xiao Mo Greer lived in the wild forest with wild animals. When he grew up, he killed a fierce tiger. The author has written some stories about animals, but they are full of hints about human life. Gold is the writer's last work with India as the theme, and it is recognized by critics as Kipling's best novel, with strong national color.

1902 returned to England and settled in Sussex. This place provided the background for his later works, such as Parker on Puke Mountain (1906) and Award and Fairy (19 10). In his later years, Kipling experienced new changes in his creation due to the loss of his son and the pain of illness. Many of his works involve war trauma, morbid psychology, madness and death. The works of this period include a collection of short stories, Various People (19 17) and IOUs and Creditors (1926). Later, he stayed in South Africa for a long time, associating with Cecil Rhodes, the king of diamonds, and strengthening his imperialist belief that the white man's mission was to educate pagan blacks. Being generally regarded as an imperialist aggressor, his reputation as a serious writer declined after the First World War. Later, it enjoyed a high reputation. T.S. Eliot wants to restore Kipling's reputation in English poetry, but his status as a poet will not be very high. 1936 65438+ 10/8 Kipling died in London, and the British government and people from all walks of life held a grand state funeral for him in Westminster Abbey. One of his unfinished autobiographies, Talking about myself, was published behind him.

representative works

Collection of poems: doggerel by organs, barrack ballads, Seven Seas, etc.

Collection of short stories: The Story of the Mountain, Three Soldiers, Resistance of Life, The Jungle Book, Mogoli the Wolf Child, etc.

Novels: Lost Light, Gold, etc.

Introduction of works

The book of the jungle (1894) and the book of the jungle (1895).

This is Kipling's two stories about forest animals, the contents of which are interrelated. Later editions will combine the two books into one publication and give them the name "The Book of the Jungle". These two books * * * contain 15 stories that can be independent and interrelated in content. Geographically, these stories take place in vast areas, from the wolf's den in India to the seal habitat in the Bering Sea, from temples in the Himalayas to gardens in Britain. The book is full of many talking animals with exaggerated shapes and different personalities, and all of them are anthropomorphic, such as Barrow, a sleepy brown bear, Khan, a grumpy tiger, and Bhagwala, a panther. These animals all have names. Eight of the 15 stories are about Ingrid, an Indian child who was raised as a wolf child. The name Yingli means "Little Frog". In the first story, when he first appeared, he was just a naked little brown doll who just could walk. He came to the wolf's den and lived a magical life among wolves. Bajira, the brave panther, was his friend, and Barrow, the brown bear, taught him the law of the jungle. He clashed with monkeys in Kaya's hunting, and in Tiger, Tiger! He clashed with Tiger Hill Khan, but he survived. The last story, Running Spring, Ingrid is almost 17 years old. Because of his wisdom and strength, he was respected by everyone and became the master of the jungle. The other seven stories in these two books are all about animals. The only exception is The Miracle of Brumbagat, which tells the story of an upper-class man who sacrifices his wealth and position to pursue an ascetic life. Cotic tells the story of a white sea leopard who saved thousands of seal companions from seal hunters. There is a poem at the beginning and end of this 15 story, in which Kipling points out or develops the main points of his story. In this book, Kipling galloped his imagination and created many unforgettable animal images, thus becoming a master who showed human nature through animal nature. And this work has become an immortal work in the world children's literature.

Brave Captain (1897)

The Brave Captain is a novel about the ocean written by Kipling in his heyday, which has been favored by ocean story lovers since its publication. It reflects the spirit of men fighting for survival in the adventure of offshore fishing in the era before the popularization of steamboats at the end of 19, and also reflects the process of a dude being transformed in the harsh marine environment.

The hero of the story, Harvey Cheyne15 years old, is well-off and spoiled. Once he went to Europe by boat and was thrown into the sea by a huge wave. Fortunately, he was rescued by a fisherman and sent to a two-masted longitudinal sail fishing boat "Here we are". Disco Troupeaux, the owner and captain of this ship, didn't welcome the boy, but told him that he would be responsible for his room and board, plus $65,438+00 per month, but he had to work until the ship arrived at Gloucester Pier in September. It was mid-May. Harvey insisted on sending him to new york at once and promised that his father would pay for the trip. However, the captain doubted Harvey's claim that his father was a millionaire, refused to change his sailing plan and risked his income in this fishing season. Harvey began to be rude. The captain immediately punched him on the nose and taught him manners. The captain's son Dan soon became the victim's friend. Because he was glad that there was a man about his age on board. Harvey's stories about tall buildings, private cars and parties strongly attracted him. He thinks Harvey can't make up all the details of the life of the rich.

Harvey began to adapt to life on the ship, and his navigation education began. The crew member Ron Jack is responsible for teaching him the names of all kinds of ropes and equipment. Harvey learns fast for two reasons. First of all, he is a clever boy. Second, when he answers wrong, the sailor always lashes him hard with one end of the rope. He also learned to put gondolas, marinate cod and watch from the steering wheel. Even the captain admitted that Harvey would be a good worker before he arrived in Gloucester. Gradually, Harvey began to get used to life at sea, and he also got pleasure from work and rest. He likes to listen to eight other staff chatting and telling interesting stories about the sea. The people on board came from almost all over the world. These people are also interested in Harvey because Harvey is different from anyone they know. What delighted Harvey most was that the sailors began to accept him as a worker and become one of them according to his performance. They don't think he is the heir of a millionaire. Only Dan and the black chef on the boat believed Harvey's story. The crew were surprised by Harvey's cultural knowledge, and the captain began to teach Harvey some sailing knowledge.

At the beginning of September, the "Here We Come" joined other ships and plunged into the climax of cod fishing in a reef area. Fishermen are busy fishing 24 hours a day, because it is not only an honor to be the first to fill the cabin and return to Hong Kong, but also the first fish to return to Hong Kong can fetch the highest price. This year, Here We Are won the championship again.

As soon as the ship docked at Gloucester Pier, Harvey sent a telegram to his father, telling him that he didn't drown and lived well. His father, the millionaire Mr Cheyne, called back and said that he would come by private car as soon as possible. This surprised the captain and other crew members-Harvey used to tell the truth. Only Dan and the black chef are not surprised.

Mr. Shane and Harvey's mother were ecstatic to see their son, and they were even happier when they saw that life on the boat had turned their son from a playboy into a self-reliant young man. Harvey learned how to make a living by his own hands, and how to judge a person by his character instead of all his money. When Mr Cheyne was a child, he was poor and made a big business, so he changed his son greatly. Later, Harvey became an outstanding heir to Cheyne's career.

Gold (190 1)

Jin is the most important work in Kublin's novels. The hero is kimble O 'Hara, nicknamed Kim. He is an orphan of the Irish regiment of British troops stationed in India, and he has been wandering the streets of Lahore since he was a child.

One day, a Tibetan Lama came to Lahore, looking for a holy river that could wash away all sins. King was attracted by his mysterious and adventurous life and offered to be his apprentice. That night, a horse dealer named Mahboob Ali gave Kim a secret letter and asked him to take it to a British officer in Mbala. Kimchi didn't know that the horse dealer was a British intelligence agent. He handed over the letter as required and learned that the letter he brought with him would make 8000 soldiers go to war.

On the way to find the holy river, the old Lama and Jin met an old lady and eight followers in an ox cart. They joined the ranks of the old lady. At dusk, they saw a group of soldiers camping. It turns out that these soldiers belong to the Irish legion to which Kim's father belongs. The pastor of this regiment learned about Kim's life through the documents in the amulet hanging around his neck. The officers decided to send Kim to school. Jin had to break up with the old Lama. King pretended to be a prophet and told priests and soldiers what he had heard. They all laughed at him, but the next day his prediction came true and 8000 soldiers were sent to the north to suppress the uprising. Kim stayed in the barracks. Later, King was adopted by his father's old colleague, British Colonel Clayton. On the one hand, he goes to school; on the other hand, he is asked to do intelligence work. Kim got money for school from the old Lama. During the summer vacation, he traveled with Mahbubo Ali, a horse dealer, and acted as a coachman. He overheard a conversation between two people, who plotted to kill the horse dealer, thus saving his life. In Simla, he also received the training of intelligence personnel, and he began to devote himself to the so-called "big cause" of British intelligence. He studied in school for three years, and then put on the clothes of street children according to the instructions of the intelligence department to find the old Lama and look for the holy river with him. In fact, he was doing intelligence work. Kim got the password from an Indian gentleman who turned out to be an intelligence officer.

While traveling around India, Kim and the old Lama once again met the old lady they met on the road three years ago. Later, Kim was surprised to see the Indian gentleman. He told King that two of the kings in the five northern places had been bribed, and the Russians had sent spies into India through the Wang Shouwei Pass. Two foreign spies must be arrested. He asked Kim to help him. Therefore, Jin suggested that the old Lama go to the Himalayas so that he could follow the Indian gentleman to complete his mission.

In the storm, an Indian gentleman met two foreigners and found some precious letters in their baskets, including those written by the rebellious king of the earth. So he offered to be their guide. Two days later, he took them to the place where Jin and the old Lama camped. Indian gentlemen carefully created a chaos, and the coolies who moved luggage took the opportunity to take away the foreigners' luggage. The old Lama asked Kim to go to Shamlai village. Kim searched all the luggage taken away by the coolies there, hid the letters and notebooks in his body and threw away all the rest.

A few days later, Jin and the old Lama set off again. They finally reached the old lady who had made friends with them twice. The old lady saw Kim haggard and told him to go to bed. After Kim hid the papers, she slept for several days. When he woke up, he heard that the Indian gentleman had arrived and handed him the document. The Indian gentleman told him that the horse dealer was here. They assured Kim Jong Il that he had accomplished his task brilliantly in this "great cause". The old Lama doesn't know about Kim's activities. But he was very happy, because Jin finally led him to find the holy river he had been looking for on the old lady's land-a clear stream.

Writing style

Because Kipling lived in an era when a European colonial country was madly expanding to other countries, some of his works were also accused by some people as obvious imperialism and racism. For a long time, people have different views on him, which are extremely contradictory. The literary images in his works are often not only loyal to patriotism and stick to tradition, but also representatives of barbarism and aggression. However, since the 20th century, with the departure of the colonial era, Kipling has been more and more respected by people for its superb literariness and complexity.

The influence of World War I

Living in that specific era from the end of 65438 to the beginning of the 20th century, Kipling personally experienced the violent expansion of European civilized countries to the world, and also inevitably experienced the ensuing World War I ... During this period, Kipling suffered the greatest pain in his life. His eldest son, John, died in the Battle of Luce in 19 15. To this end, Kipling wrote regretfully, "If anyone asks us why we died, tell them because our father lied." Tellthem, because our father died. The reason for this sentence may be that Kipling made a lot of efforts to get recognition for his poor eyesight when he sent his son to join the army. In order to make up for the trauma in his heart, Kipling joined the Funeral Committee (now Funeral Committee) in Fabian Imperial War, which was responsible for the construction of cemeteries for the victims of the British war. Kipling's greatest contribution to this project was to choose a biblical "TheirNameLiveForevermore" for this project, which was engraved on the monuments of several large war cemeteries, and he also recorded the history of the Irish Guard where his son was. Later, with the popularity of automobiles, Kipling became a driving reporter for the British News, and enthusiastically wrote about his journey in Britain and abroad. 1922, because the work of the engineer was mentioned many times in his works, he attended the graduation ceremony of the fresh graduates majoring in civil engineering at the request of the professor of civil engineering at the University of Toronto. This ceremony was named by Kipling as "The Ceremony of Calling Engineers". 2 1 century, students majoring in civil engineering in some universities in Canada and even the United States will be given an engineering ring to commemorate Kipling. In the same year, Kipling became honorary dean of St Andrews University until 1925. 1On May 6th, 935, Kipling gave a speech at the Royal Society of St George, warning the threat of German Nazis to Britain.

win a prize

1907, with his "observation, novelty of imagination, boldness of thinking and outstanding narrative ability", he finally won the Nobel Prize in Literature of that year. Kipling went to Stockholm to receive the prize, but unfortunately, this year's usual grand ceremony was shrouded in a gloomy atmosphere. The ceremony was extremely simple, only a few people attended, and there was no applause and applause during the whole award process. The reason is that a few days before the award, King Oscar II of Sweden died. Kipling went into the palace to meet the new king. King Gustaf V looked tired and depressed, and only greeted him once or twice. There was a dead silence inside and outside the palace. Later, Kipling called this ceremony a suffocating "celebration" in his autobiography "Talking about myself".

However, in stark contrast to this bleak award ceremony, children from primary schools organized a children's team temporarily and came to Kipling Hotel to pay tribute to the winner who contributed many charming fairy tales to the children. One of the little girls made a very fluent "eulogy" in English. Performed a chorus song for him. All this made Kipling feel very happy and gratified.

fruit

Kipling wrote 8 poems, 4 novels, 2 1 a collection of short stories and historical stories, and a large number of essays, essays and travel notes. His works are concise and exotic, especially short stories. Mark Twain once warmly praised Kipling's works and said, "I know Kipling's books. They never turned pale to me. They keep colorful colors. They are always fresh. "Because of Kipling's" observation ability, novel imagination, bold thinking and outstanding narrative ability ",other works include poetry collections: organ doggerel, barracks ballad and Seven Seas; Collection of short stories: The Story of the Mountain, Three Soldiers, Life's Resistance, The Jungle Book; Novels: Lost Light, Gold, etc.

Wanshizhang

Many old editions of Kipling's works have a left-handed swastika (_) on the cover. After the 1930s, in order to avoid being confused with the cross (_) used by the right Nazi party of the German Nazi Party, Kipling ordered the cancellation of all the swastikas used by the Nazi party in his works to prevent people from mistaking him for supporting the Nazi Party. In fact, _ has nothing to do with the Nazis, but is taken from the religious symbols of ancient India praying for health and good luck. 1935, Kipling made a famous speech, warning the Nazi threat in advance.

evaluate

"When evaluating Mr. Kipling, we were not curious enough or confident enough," T.S. Eliot wrote in 19 19. Andrew Lessiter pointed out in his recently published biography about Kipling's life that Rudyard Kipling's influence on the "Different Voices" in Eliot's The Waste Land was obvious. However, although Eliot admired Kipling's poems, he obviously didn't like Kipling's personality-Kipling was still famous at that time-he was the most harmful and aggressive symbol of imperialism. Eliot even regarded the influence of Kipling's works as an important factor in the birth of the First World War.

Eighty years later, after reading Lessiter's works, people's views and feelings about Kipling are still roughly the same as Eliot's-many, perhaps most, of Kipling's works are still attractive. Strangely, they are not limited by time, but as a person, or at least he has become the most conservative and stubborn imperialist who is still skeptical. As Lessiter said with less confidence, "He is really this type of person, and more interestingly, he is not."

Lessiter is the sixth Kipling biographer after the biography of Harry Rickett published last year 1 month. Lessiter's biography is far better than Rickett's, but it is full of too many facts and details. The too compact layout is exhausting and difficult to read. Nevertheless, Kipling's life and events are clearer and more vivid than any previous biographies of Kipling (including those of Angus Wilso and Martin Seymour-Smith), and it should be considered more unpleasant.

Kipling catered to the racial discrimination of his time. In his early twenties, Kipling worked as a journalist in Lahore, where his British parents lived. He once wrote that he felt "ridiculous" to see "the son of an oriental with brown legs" get a master's degree. However, his early short story "A Simple Story from the Mountain" (P 1ainTalesfromtheHills) describes the gender relationship between Indians and Europeans with a positive attitude. When he was young, he himself seemed to have regular sexual adventures in India-"having an affair in the garden from time to time". According to a typical diary, he also smoked narcotics made in India. The first edition of the novel King tells the story of an old Irish woman who runs an opium den in Lahore.

The success of A Simple Story from the Mountain made him rank among the British literary circles. After living in London, he found an agent, a.p.watt. Watt told him that if he wrote novels, he would become rich. In fact, it wasn't long before he received thousands of dollars from America. Lessiter revealed that the acquisition and investment of wealth became the main motivation for Kipling and his married American woman Kelly. Once he left India, his novels became more full of commercial flavor, and the obvious inflammatory edge of a simple story from the mountains became dull. For example, Lessiter thinks that JungleBooks written by Kipling in the late 1920s has a traditional theme-"Young people and Mowgli, the beast, are told to obey the rational and ingrained maxims followed by their parents", which is exactly what "an adult with a sense of reading responsibility should warn any young people". Even Kipling's school novel StalkyCo. There is no real intention to subvert the government system; The Head Teacher (based on Kipling's real-life boss) is an almost divine source of wisdom.

Of particular interest is Kipling's novel The Gold. This book was written in 1900, at the age of 35, after several years. This novel-Lessiter is right-is full of sympathy and vividly reveals the patience, obedience and mysticism of the orientals. These characteristics are embodied in the lifelike Lama, which is an opposite appeal to western militarism and behavior. Lessiter believes that the book "King" shows that Kipling "is at the peak of his most subversive thoughts, implanting his not strange ideas into the minds of the characters in the novel, affirming the benefits of cultural and intellectual diversity, advocating the right to observe things from different angles, and calling on artists to have the freedom to adhere to their spiritual patron saint, and if necessary, holding opposite views."

The same belief also appeared in the collection of short stories "A Fair Story". For example, in this book, driven by the well-known insatiable curiosity, the elephant's children rejected the wisdom accepted by their elders and took great risks (visiting crocodiles), leaving a new mark beneficial to their species-this story is called "How the elephant got its trunk". Kipling also revealed these liberal ideas when he frankly restated British history. puckofbook ' shill( 1906)。 This book conveys an idea that is still meaningless today: in the whole history of Britain, it is the uninterrupted wave of foreign invasion that has made Britain accumulate great wealth and become powerful. The first settlers rose up, but later they accepted foreigners and benefited a lot.

However, when creating these excellent works with tolerant thoughts, Kipling, who is already a public figure, poured out his racial discrimination nonsense in his letter. "I congratulate you on getting this disease there," he wrote to a friend in South Africa in 1903, when a bubonic plague broke out in the Indian community in Johannesburg. "Like his father, Rudyard Kipling believed that the South African Indians foretold trouble and unrest."

Kipling has been a member of the Aid Association since his youth. He actually thought that the outbreak of World War I was due to moral degradation, which could have been prevented by aid.

He accused the Jewish revolution in Russia, but he also spread doubts about Einstein's theory of relativity, because Einstein was "undoubtedly a Hebrew".

Kipling's son John accomplished nothing in this situation. In August of his17th birthday, 19 14, accompanied by his father, John walked into the recruitment office and soon died in the trenches because of extreme pain. His father said indifferently, "Many people stand with us. Anyway, we will always raise a soldier." Compared with Rudyard Kipling's Close-up Biography of Rick (close-up), which highlights Kipling's grief over his son's death, Lessiter's biography does not seem to focus on writing emotions, but more like a chronicle of facts-it is such a Kipling who calmly mourns before us.

As expected, Kipling's later years (he lived to 1936) were shrouded in disappointment and his mood was quite low. He blamed it on an undiagnosed physical illness, but if Henry James were alive, he would know the truth. 190 1 year, shortly after reading "The Gold", James returned to England, trying to get Kipling back on track: "Put aside public affairs, this is a mob occasion, and go back to your canvas and paint box. Everything else is a lie. " Ask the Lama. "

1979, Jin of Shanghai Literature and Art Publishing House found the manuscript of the Institute of Foreign Languages of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences. We gave him a set of foreign short stories in two months, and soon published a collection of foreign modernist works and a summary of four major literary works. Because no one has worked for more than 10 years, his work enthusiasm is extremely high. Everyone supports whatever he wants and takes out, and the efficiency is unexpectedly high.

Kim took out a set of books that won the Nobel Prize in Literature Prize. When we discussed the topic together, we thought that every Nobel Prize in Literature winner should choose a book to publish, especially the book of the earliest winner as the first volume, among which Kipling was the first British writer to win the Nobel Prize in Literature.

But it didn't take long for Shanghai Literature and Art Publishing House to separate several publishing houses, such as translated works, to "file a lawsuit" with Shanghai Literature and Art Publishing House, because Shanghai literature and art generally publish books written by China people, and translated works should be published as translated works, so Nobel Prize in Literature series should be published as translated works.

In this way, the plan of Nobel Prize in Literature series ran aground.

Soon, Liu from Lijiang Publishing House came to us and asked for the translation of Nobel Prize in Literature's works. We discussed this topic one by one. Kipling's masterpiece is actually a novel named Jin, but the protagonist Jin works for the intelligence department and is suspected to be a spy. Such a novel was not suitable for translation at that time. So I mainly translate his short stories.

Translation is by no means accomplished overnight. It takes me three times as much effort to translate Kipling's novels as to translate other works. Kipling's novels about Indian jungles are like a strange world to me. Many languages in the book belong to Indian dialects, which you may not find in many dictionaries and materials.

Translate his novels.