First, the ancestor of Sanwei Line is China's Sanxian. Sam sun was introduced to Japan via Okinawa on 1560. Through the transformation of Japanese artists, Sanxian became Sanweixian (line). At first, during the reign of Lu Chang (1560s), Japanese Sanxian was transformed into China Sanxian imported from Ryukyu. In Japan, the first person to play this instrument with a drumstick was a blind man who played the pipa. Later, when they discovered that this instrument could be used in any melody and rhythm, it quickly attracted the attention of musicians and became the driving force for the vigorous development of Japanese pop music. So Sanwei Line began to use puppet show (doll net glass), which became an important tool for musicians to make a living at that time. Sanweixian has been deeply loved by the people since its birth. With the collapse of aristocratic society and the prosperity of common people's culture, Sanweixian has been called "the king of Japanese musical instruments" with Qin. It is widely used in all kinds of folk music in Japan (called three lines in the field of local songs and Zheng music), but as musical instruments, it is divided into three categories: thin, medium and thick. Its appearance and skills are almost the same, but there are obvious differences in the fine structure. The thick rod will make strong and loud music, and the thin rod will make very delicate music. Up to now, it has become a representative accompaniment instrument in Japanese dance and opera. As many as 30 people's Legato Chorus "Long Songs" shows the extraordinary position of Sanweixian in Japanese life. There are few kinds of three flavors, and the most famous one is "Tianjin is light and three flavors are fresh". Hemlock shamisen originated in Hemlock Prefecture in northern Honshu, Japan, which is now Aomori Prefecture. The earliest Sanwei stringed instrument was used by blind street performers and called "Fangxiang Sanwei String". Because no one paid attention to this musical instrument called "Fragrant Sanweixian" at that time, its exact source and history are not recorded now. I only heard that this hemlock three-flavor string was born in the middle of19th century in a village called Jin Mu Shenyuan in the north of hemlock, and its founder. Tianjin Sanweixian is different from other Sanweixian stringed instruments. Sanweixian is just some accompaniment instruments such as folk songs, but it has gradually developed into a solo instrument. Because of its greatest feature, players can improvise like jazz. In addition, the characteristic of Tianjin Sanweixian is improvisation, which is close to percussion instruments and has a fast beat. It can also be used as percussion instruments, because players can hit the piano body with plucked strings. Tianjin light shamisen is bigger and thicker than thick shamisen, with strong sound quality and full of courage. The famous Tianjin light three-dimensional string players are Hiromitsu Agatsuma and Yoshida brothers. Secondly, shakuhachi is a traditional Japanese woodwind instrument, which was introduced from China in the Tang Dynasty. The shakuhachi is a vertical musical instrument, named for its length of one foot and eight inches. China ancient national musical instrument also has the instrument of "shakuhachi", but now it is very rare except the southern sound of southern Fujian. Shakuhachi is a kind of flute, the history of which can be traced back to the bone flute 9000 years ago. The seven-hole bone flute unearthed from Jiahu cultural site is the earliest wind instrument in the world. At first, the name of the flute was polyester; It was not until the Tang Dynasty that shakuhachi appeared, and later it spread to Japan, becoming one of the representative instruments of Japanese classical music. So far, only Minnan Nanyin music is still the main musical instrument in China. The formation time of Japanese shakuhachi was the Edo period. The Japanese Buddhism Popularization School was originally an instrument for playing Buddhist music, and the performers were all nihilistic monks of the Popularization School. It began to spread widely after Meiji era. In the Tokugawa era, shakuhachi was widely played by a group of monks. Playing shakuhachi should be combined with the spirit of Zen to achieve the effect of epiphany, which is called blowing Zen. Therefore, in the process of playing, whether inhaling or blowing to release sound through musical instruments, we should interpret it with the greatest spirit. 1 is named "shakuhachi" because its length is mostly one foot eight inches, but in fact, its length is not uniform due to various types. In addition to the most commonly used one foot eight inches, the next most commonly used one foot six inches (this is the kind used in the famous book "Sea of Spring"). Made of bamboo roots. When playing, blow through the hole of the upper "song mouth" and press the hole with both hands to make various musical sounds. 4 on the front and 1 finger hole on the back. 2. Genre and main genres of works are Dushanxi and Qinguxi. The notation of these two schools is slightly different. In the Middle Ages, songs mainly adapted from Zheng and Di Ge, mostly played with the Sanwei Line of Zheng and Di Ge, became a trilogy ensemble. Later, I wrote a song specially for shakuhachi, which became "This Song". In addition to solo, there are many forms such as duet. After the Meiji era, after absorbing the elements of western music, he wrote and played a large number of modern songs. His famous songs include Six Pieces (with Zheng, composed by Eight Bridges), Song of Thousand Birds (with Zheng, composed by Ji Ze), Sea of Spring (modern music) and so on. 3. Pitch and recording range are slightly wider than 2 octaves. Commonly used music scores use Japanese katakana and Chinese characters to express pitch, and have various playing marks, which are written directly instead of horizontally. For the commonly used one-foot-eight-inch pipes, the western scales of D, F, G and A are recorded as "ロ, ツ, レ and チ" respectively in Japanese katakana. Dushanliu uses ハ, and Qinguliu uses リ to record the c sound. Third, the thirteen-string guzheng (Guzheng) The thirteen-string guzheng is a large-scale guzheng with 13 strings. Play with the first three fingers of your right hand in a kneeling position, with the piano body flat in front of the player. The word Zheng was first seen in Historical Records compiled by Sima Qian, and Li Si said in "The Book of Departing Guests": "It's true that one person hits the urn, buckles the string, plays the zither, plays the musical instrument and sings." Is playing pottery, playing the piano, dancing, is a real Qin Le. Although this form of music came from abroad, it was also absorbed by Qin Shihuang, so Reese refuted that it was wrong to use Ke Qing in politics. Accordingly, before the establishment of the State of Qin (now Shaanxi and Gansu) and in the literature records, Zheng had been circulated in Qin area as early as the Western Zhou Dynasty, with a history of 2800 years. Because Zheng was first popular in Qin dynasty, it was also called Zheng in history. (Editor's Note: The foreign country mentioned by Li Si is a country other than Qin State, not a foreign country in the present sense. Ying Shao in the Eastern Han Dynasty said in the Romance of Customs: I would like to make it according to Li Yueji: "One piano with five strings". Accordingly, the original Zheng is five strings. During the Three Kingdoms period, the guzheng completed the change from bamboo to wood. Due to the widening and lengthening of the piano body, a twelve-stringed piano (Three Kingdoms Shu Wei) appeared. After more than 800 years of circulation, it was not until the Sui Dynasty that a string was added to become a thirteen-string Zheng. For more than 300 years in the Tang Dynasty, guzheng was very popular, with twelve strings and thirteen strings coexisting for a long time, which were used for elegant music and popular music respectively. China's Tang Zheng system was introduced to Japan in the first half of the 7th century. A large number of "Tang envoys" sent by Japan came to Chang 'an, China, to study and inspect China culture and the thirteen-string system in ancient China, the holder of Nara era in Japan. At first, it was used to play the elegant music of the royal court. In the following 1000 years, Zheng gradually became the main instrument of Japanese national music. Modern Japanese Zheng basically follows the standards of the Tang Dynasty, and its cultural brand is in the same strain as the spirit of the Tang Dynasty. Since the Taisho period, Japanese Zheng has also made some innovations, including twenty-string Zheng suitable for playing modern music. Over the years, the elegant and melodious guzheng music has been favored by people. Even today, this classical and harmonious sound is still fascinating. In recent years, guzheng and western musical instruments have blended with each other, opening up a new field of music without losing the original aristocratic style. The Japanese zither spectrum is the same as that of China in Tang Dynasty, and the same as that of Si Er, which spread in Lingnan, China. The tune of Twenty-four Scores is consistent with that of the Tang Guzheng. Twenty-four-stringed musical notation was produced after the demise of the Southern Dynasties, which is a simplification of the thirteen-stringed musical notation in ancient China. In the History of Oriental Music, Japan's Uexiong Tanabe once suggested that the zither was introduced to Qin from the west at the end of the Warring States Period, but it was not accepted by the world. 4. Taigu Taigu originated in China (just like Scottish bagpipes, its substantial origin is in China), but Taigu Taigu is now a representative Japanese musical instrument. The shape of the drum is big and small, like a beer barrel. The drum body is covered with mature cowhide on both sides of beech (high-grade) or sub-beech (low-grade), and the diameter varies from 30 cm to 1 m or more, and it also appears wider when Taigu is hot. In Japanese culture, Taigu is closely related to its development, and the purpose of using Taigu in ancient Japan is to drive away diseases/demons. Similarly, Taigu is also used as Taigu to meet the gods, and there are shadows of Taigu in court, war and musical dramas. In Japanese religion, Taigu is the music of Buddha. Not many people like to listen to this instrument alone, and drums are mostly used for accompaniment. Is accompanied by people's shouts and shouts. For example, Chinese calligraphy, which is active in the field of percussion, is not only an important unit of rhythm, but also an indispensable factor to express musical feelings. It is also often used to announce things or in song and dance performances and festivals, such as Taikoo Festival and Hakata Taikoo Festival. Hakata Taikoo Festival is the largest homestay festival in Kyushu, Japan. On May 3rd and 4th every year, "dongtaku" means Sunday in Dutch. There is a "shrimp drum" in Hokkaido, Japan. Generally, in summer, it is foggy everywhere, just like dreaming. They hope to get rid of the fog and spend a happy and energetic summer through the majestic drums and cheerful laughter. 5. Japanese Pipa (Pipa Music) originated in Persia (now in Iran, located in the southwest of Iran Plateau. It was introduced to Japan through India and China in Nara era. The length of pipa is about 60 cm to 106 cm. 1, the five-string pipa originated in India. Pipa, which was used in China in the Tang Dynasty, was still used in the early period of Ping 'an after it was introduced to Japan. The "mother-of-pearl rosewood five-stringed pipa" preserved in Zhengcang Hospital is the most famous. Pipa is one of the elegant musical instruments in Japan. Originated in today's Iran, it was introduced to Japan through the Silk Road and China in Nara era, and was used as the main instrument in instrumental ensemble of Yayue. With four strings and four columns, it is 1 10C cm long, which is the largest of all kinds of pipa in Japan. The dial is 20 cm long. Originally called Pipa, in order to distinguish it from Samo Pipa, Pipa and Pingjia Pipa, which were later developed by folk music, the pipa used by Yayue was also called Le Pipa. When playing, take a kneeling position and hold it on your knees. Its shape is similar to that of Fujian Nanyin Pipa, with pear shape, narrow neck and flat abdomen, four strings and four columns. There are two symmetrical half-moon holes on the web (panel), which are called half-moon. In the center of the webbed near the hand, there is a place covered with leather about 10 ~ 12 cm long, which is called face plucking or skin plucking, that is, playing with a plucker. This kind of dial is often painted with exquisite patterns, and in ancient times it was added with elegant nicknames, such as "Castle Peak", "Mysterious Elephant" and "Paste Horse". The paintings on the dial are mostly related to elegance. The upper neck of music pipa is called deer neck, which is made of pear wood or Sang Mu. The lobster tail at the upper end is boxwood or white sandalwood, which is changed into palm, rosewood or cherry wood. The four pillars (grades) on the neck are made of Japanese cypress or cypress. The armor (backboard) of the piano body (piano body) is made of palm, rosewood or Sang Mu (cherry or beech is also used in modern times). The net (board) is made of chestnut wood. A (backboard) is called straight armor if it is the whole board, which is the top grade; If two or three boards are put together, it is called peeling and inferior quality. There is a circular hole hidden under the compound hand, called the hidden moon, also called the sound hole. The dial is boxwood, relatively small and thin, and the lower end is gradually thinner than the upper end. These four strings are made of spun silk. From left to right, from coarse to fine, they are called the first string, the second string, the third string and the fourth string respectively. 3, create a front pipa, create a purple pipa Meiji in the 1920s, by Bode's orange Zhi Ding (No virtual Weng). Originated from the blind monk pipa in front of the building, it generally refers to Samoan pipa and Sanwei Line. There are four strings, five strings and five columns. Used for appreciation or family entertainment. Its prototype is a four-stringed pipa. It is smaller than Samoan pipa, with a total length of about 83 cm, a long neck, a slightly shorter groove and five columns. It is characterized in that the inner nail is made of hardwood such as rosewood and flower palm. And the net is made of a particularly flat sycamore board, which is embedded in the rock (the groove on the side) (this is the method used to soften the tone). Later, the five-string pipa was developed, which was formed by using Samoyed pipa techniques and some of my own ideas, and was slightly larger than the four-string pipa. The four-string pipa has a slightly shorter elastic column than Samoan pipa, and the five-string pipa has almost the same elastic column as Samoan pipa. The rope is made of silk. The first string of the four-string pipa is thick, the second string is medium, and the third and fourth strings are the thinnest. The five-string pipa is similar to Samoyed Pipa, and gradually tapers from the first string to the fifth string. The plectrum is boxwood, similar to the plectrum of Sanwei line. That is, the front end of the plectrum is relatively wide, the plectrum width of four-stringed lute is about 12 cm, and that of five-stringed lute is about 15 cm. 4. The accompaniment instrument of Pingjia Pipa Pingqu. Similar to music pipa but smaller in size; Four strings; Use "dial" to call. Just for appreciation. The shape is the same as that of the music pipa, but smaller than that of the music pipa, with a total length of less than 67 cm. There are five columns, which are slightly higher than those of the music pipa (the first column of the five columns is hardly used, so some people only use four columns when they take it down). The plectrum is slightly larger than the plectrum of the music pipa, and its front end is somewhat open (in the past, its opening range reached 10 cm or more). 5. Samoyed Pipa Samoyed Pipa is the most popular among them. The musical instrument is smaller than the music pipa, with a total length of about one meter, four strings and four columns, and the columns are tall and big; Play with a fan pick. At the end of the shogunate, Ikeda Jinbei combined street style and samurai style, and became the decency of Samoan pipa. In the Meiji era, Jin Xin of Nagata, Tokyo founded Jin Liuxin, which has its own unique brocade pipa. Golden Pipa is similar to Shama Pipa, but it has five strings and five columns. The production materials are all made of Sang Mu. /kloc-In the mid-6th century, Shimadzu Gissing, the monarch of Satsuma in southern Japan, specially composed music for his songs and stories to encourage the samurai and his vassals. Now Shama Pipa has five strings, the fourth and fifth strings have the same pitch, and the tuning depends on the player's range, which is mainly used to play melody. Generally speaking, the player presses the strings between five strings which are far apart with his left hand and plucks the strings with his right hand. Genre can be divided into decent, virtuous and so on. During the Warring States Period, Shimadzu Tadao, a great warlord of Samo (the ancient country name, the southernmost tip of Kyushu today), ordered the blind monk Nobuyuki Shouchangyuan to create a number of pipa playing and singing works with moral content in order to educate the children of samurai. Since then, pipa has become more popular in this area, and its genre has become Samoan Pipa. After the Meiji Restoration, Samoan pipa was introduced to Tokyo, and gradually developed and spread to the whole country, because most of the backbone of the anti-foreign movement was Samoan warriors, and many Samoan warriors entered the central government for politics. This genre is characterized by its emphasis on content and the coexistence of elegance and tragedy. Satsuma Pipa is mainly rap, and the music only plays the role of accompaniment. It is not independent music, similar to China's drum or pingtan, but the difference is that drum or pingtan is a kind of folk art, mainly to provide entertainment for everyone, while Satsuma Pipa is a serious music used for sacrifice, which is generally played in temples, with war and history as the main content, and there is absolutely no love story, and its timbre is passionate and clear, maintaining the Japanese popular tradition. 6. The blind monk pipa and the barren god pipa are specially used for the blind. Play with the reading of Buddhist scriptures such as Ground Nerve, Guanyin Sutra and Prajna Heart Sutra. Used to worship the kitchen god (land god) and other prayers. Blind monks who play the blind monk pipa can be divided into blind monks before construction, blind monks after fattening and blind monks in Satsuma according to their different places of residence. These three are different in music and musical instruments. The shape of the blind monk pipa is very similar to that of the music pipa, which is slightly smaller as a whole, with a total length of about 82 cm and a relatively small trunk width, giving people a slender feeling. So it is also called short bamboo pipa-shaped like bamboo leaves. In addition, there is a moon-shaped hole in the middle of the net. The blind monk in front of the building and the blind monk behind the fat building are round and crescent, which means the sun and the moon. The lining is palm or mulberry, and the net is paulownia. Four strings and five columns, taller than the columns of the music pipa, and slightly larger than the music pipa. In addition, there is a long belt between the lower end of the pipa trunk and the upper end of the neck, and many beads are strung on the belt. When the blind monk goes out with the pipa, this belt is used as a strap; When you sit down and pray, use it as a Buddha bead. 7. Brocade: This kind of pipa is for appreciation. It is similar in shape to Shama Pipa, but similar to Zhu Qian Pipa is that it has five pillars. There are four strings and five strings. The four-stringed brocade pipa is mostly beginners, and the plectrum is slightly smaller than Samoan pipa. In short, because the golden pipa evolved from the Samoan pipa, it has the properties of both Samoan and Pipa.