Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security released the statistical bulletin on the development of human resources and social security in 20 15 on May 30th, showing that by the end of 20 15, there were 7167,000 civil servants nationwide.
I. Basic information
Chinese name: civil servant, national civil servant
Foreign Name: Civil Servant
Job attribute: national public official
Main responsibilities: managing economic, social and national public resources.
Type of work: leadership and non-leadership.
Employment channels: examination, transfer and employment.
The highest level: central and state organs
Bottom layer: township organs
Second, the basic information
The word "civilservant" is translated from the foreign language "civil servant or civilservice". English originally meant "civil servant" and "civil servant". Some people translate it as "servant of the Queen", some as "civil servant" or "civil service system", and some as "civil servant". Maybe this translation is more in line with the original intention. The United States is called "government employee"; Japan was called "civil servant" before World War II, and changed its name to "civil servant" after the war; France is directly called "civil servant"; The Federal Republic of Germany is called a "federal civil servant" or a "federal official". In today's world, many developed countries and some developing countries have followed the example of Britain and the United States and established their own civil service system, calling people who engage in official activities in the government "civil servants."
Third, the historical origin.
The civil service system of western countries imitates that of Britain. It is generally believed that China is the first country in the world to admit public officials through examinations. During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, China set officials and soldiers to select civil servants and military attaché s, and then there was the imperial examination system.
Folding the period of free capitalism
For a long time after the bourgeois revolution (until the end of 19), the government's management function was very limited, mainly to maintain social order and act as a "night watchman". The appointment of public officials is still dominated by the appointment system. In the monarchy, the official position is given by the king and appointed or inherited by the nobility; In * * * countries, it is appointed by the president and other chief executives. After the establishment of the modern bourgeois party system, party politics manipulated the distribution of state power, and government officials were constantly replaced with the change of the ruling party. Donating official positions and sharing stolen goods by political parties have led to a lot of corruption. In this context, the management of national public officials has not yet formed a scientific norm and corresponding system.
Establishment of folding civil servant system
/kloc-in the last 30 years of the 0/9th century, driven by two scientific and technological revolutions and industrial revolution, industrial production developed rapidly and capitalism entered the monopoly stage. The era of "parliamentary supremacy" has ended, followed by "administrative tyranny" With the rapid enhancement of national administrative functions, it is urgent to reform the appointment system of public office and improve administrative efficiency. 1At the end of the 9th century and the beginning of the 20th century, several major western countries successively established civil service systems.
/kloc-At the beginning of the 9th century, Britain established Hurley Burroughs School of Administration in India to train and train Indian administrative officials. 1853, the articles of association of the East India Company expired, and it applied to the British Parliament for a new article of association. The British Parliament appointed a three-person team headed by Baron Macaulay to investigate, and Macaulay submitted a report on the experience of selecting materials for public economic investigation at Hurley Burroughs School of Administration, namely Macaulay Report. Soon after, Charles Humphrey Trevelyan and Stanford Northcott, executive deputy officials of the Ministry of Finance, put forward the famous Northcott-Humphrey Trevelyan report in 1854. For the first time, the report refers to government officials as "civil servants" in the form of official documents (plural collective nouns; Civil servants, singular nouns). 1854 10, Britain's defeat in the Crimean War between Britain and Russia forced the Pa Max Don cabinet to issue the Order in Council on the recruitment of civil servants by the King's Government on May 26th of the following year, instructing the British government to set up a three-member civil service commission to independently preside over the civil service recruitment examination without interference from parties. 1859, the British Parliament promulgated the Civil Servant Retirement Act, which defined the scope of civil servants. 1870 The Privy Council Act reaffirmed the principle of open competition in selecting civil servants, marking the establishment of modern British civil service system.