1. 1 Selection of strains

In northeast China, auricularia auricula was cultivated in greenhouse in early spring by using three-dimensional hanging bags. There are two reasons for the high sales price of products. One is "listing early", which is the key. Compared with ground planting, it emphasizes the word "early", that is, early warming, early opening, early harvest and early sales. The other is excellent product quality. Therefore, the strains of Auricularia auricula cultivated by three-dimensional bag hanging in greenhouse generally choose middle-early maturing varieties, such as Auricularia auricula 1, Hewei 15, Mu 2008-4, New Century No.4, etc., which are early-maturing, fast-growing, with neat ears, excellent quality, black, thick, monolithic and water-resistant.

1.2 site selection and scaffold structure

The cultivation site should be well ventilated, sunny, clean, with sufficient water, less pollution sources around, no stagnant water, no collapse and flat ground. The three-dimensional bag hanging shed can be built with steel frame structure (divided into galvanized steel pipes and reinforced materials) or wood structure. The span of greenhouse is 8 ~ 12m, and the length depends on the cultivation site and cultivation amount. Generally, it is required that there are doors at both ends of the greenhouse in the north-south direction, and the width of the door is more than 2m, which is conducive to ventilation and humidity reduction in the greenhouse. North-south greenhouses and fungus bags are better exposed to light.

Generally, 70 ~ 80 bags can be hung in a greenhouse of 1m2. The roof height is 2.8~3.5m, and the shoulder height is about1.8 ~ 2.0m. In early spring cultivation, a plastic film should be covered on the roof and the periphery of the greenhouse, and a shading net (shading degree is 85-95%) should be covered on the plastic film to keep warm, moisturize, shade and prevent excessive rainfall. Greenhouse with steel frame structure can be divided into scaffolding integral type and scaffolding split type. Scaffolding integration is to bolt the hanging rope to the main frame of the greenhouse, as shown in figure 1. The shed-frame split type means that the shed is separated from the frame of the tether, and the shed is a shed and the frame is a frame. From the point of view of stability, it is recommended to use the shed of split scaffold to make hanging bags. The steel bar integrated structure frame with shed-type three-dimensional hanging bags requires an investment of 1 ~ 1.5 million yuan per 10,000 bags. The split structure frame of galvanized steel pipe needs to invest 20,000 ~ 25,000 yuan per 10,000 bags.

1.3 Facilities and disinfection in the shed

According to the width of the greenhouse, several cross bars are placed on the frame in the greenhouse to tie the hanging rope. Every two crossbars are a group, and the spacing between crossbars in the group is 25 ~ 750 px, and the spacing between crossbars in each group is generally 60 ~ 60~ 1750px. The length of each set of crossbars depends on the length of the greenhouse. Waterjet pipes are laid up and down the "aisle", and the upper micro-jet pressure atomizing nozzle is passed through every 3000px, and the lower micro-jet belt is placed. After the frame of the three-dimensional hanging bag greenhouse is built, sprinkle a layer of quicklime on the ground to prevent the generation of miscellaneous bacteria. You can lay a layer of grass curtain and sunshade net on the ground to prevent sediment from splashing on the fruiting body when watering, which will affect the product quality. After ground treatment, the greenhouse was sealed and fumigated with mushroom treasure.

1.4 cultivation season

Spring cultivation: the inoculation period of bacterial bags is usually1~ February, or1~ 65438+February of the previous year, the cultivation period is 30 ~ 40 days, the post-ripening period is 15 ~ 25 days, and the plastic film is buckled in late February ~ early March.

Autumn cultivation: the inoculation period of cultivation bags is from March to April, and the cultivation period and post-ripening period of cultivation bags are from May to June. The management of accelerating germination and heading is carried out in the shed from late July to early August, and the harvest is completed from late June to late1late October165438+1early October.

1.5 The technological processes of batching, sterilization, inoculation and spawning in the production of fungus bags are exactly the same as those of local cultivated auricularia auricula.

1.6 Kaifeng management

After the cultured fungus bags are transported into the shed, they are opened by an opener, which is generally "1", "y" or "o" shaped small openings with a diameter of 0.3 ~ 10px and the number of openings is 180 ~ 220. From the test and manufacture, it can be concluded that "1" has a high open chip rate and even has ears. After opening it, stamp the bag in the greenhouse. Generally, it is better to use the height of 4 ~ 5 layers of bags to avoid excessive stack temperature. The greenhouse is covered with a shading net for shading, which requires stray light irradiation. The relative humidity of the air in the greenhouse is increased to about 80% for 5-7 days, so that the mycelium of the fungus bag seals the ear outlet, that is, the ear line is formed, and the bag is hung for ear management.

1.7 package hanging

Tie two (or three) nylon ropes every 20~625px on the frame rail in the shed, and tie a knot at the bottom. Then clip the cut mushroom bag with the mouth facing down on the nylon rope, and then tie the thin iron hook with hooks at both ends (the length should be 125px) on two nylon ropes, so that one bag can be lifted, and the second bag can be supported on the thin iron hook according to the same steps, and so on until it is lifted.

Generally, each group of nylon ropes can hang 8 bags three-dimensionally. When hanging bags, each row should be in the shape of a "needle", with the spacing between bags not less than 20 cm and the spacing between rows not less than 25 cm. The fungus bag is about 30 ~ 30~ 1250px from the ground, which is beneficial to ventilation, preventing abnormal bacteria and improving yield. In order to prevent the fungus bags from shaking with the wind and colliding with each other during ventilation, the bottom of the hanging rope is connected with a rope, so that the fungus bags can shake with the wind no matter how strong the wind is, and will not collide with each other.

1.8 Germination management

Whether in spring or autumn, the temperature control in the greenhouse is the key to success or failure, especially in the case of high density of bacterial bags, to prevent high temperature "burning bacteria", and in the case of high temperature and high humidity, "burning bacteria" bags are easy to cause "green sea" (green mold pollution).

No watering is allowed within 2 ~ 3 days after the bacterial bags are hung. Adjust the temperature with sunshade net and plastic film to keep the temperature at 20 ~ 25℃. Water the ground to keep the relative humidity of the air in the shed at about 80%. After 2-3 days, you can water the fungus bag and spray water intermittently every day to make the humidity reach 90%. It is forbidden to pour heavy water at this stage, mainly to keep moisture and ventilate twice a day for 7- 10 days, and the ear buds will grow into mung beans.

1.9 ear patch growth period management

Auricle differentiated from the edge of fruiting body and gradually extended outward. At this stage, we should gradually increase the amount of watering, increase ventilation and spray water as much as possible. In order to ensure that the ears are black and thick, the growth speed of the ears should be properly controlled. In principle, we should not water when the temperature in the shed exceeds 25℃. In early spring, water should be sprayed intermittently from 3 pm to 9 pm the next day, and water should be sprayed from 5 pm to 7 pm the next day after May to keep the relative humidity of the air at 90 ~ 95%. Take intermittent watering, watering for 30 ~ 40 minutes, stopping water 15 ~ 20 minutes, and repeat for 3 ~ 4 times. According to the temperature situation, the shed film is generally put down when watering, and the shed film and sunshade net are rolled to the top of the shed for ventilation and bag drying when not watering. Under normal circumstances, after spraying water, it is ventilated 3 ~ 4 times a day, when it is hot in the morning and evening, and when the temperature is low at noon. When the temperature is high and the humidity is high, the ventilation can be adjusted by covering the sunshade net and opening the plastic film around the shed to prevent high temperature and humidity.

Fig. 7 ear growth period of auricularia auricula in greenhouse

1. 10 harvesting and tidal management

When the auricularia auricula ear piece is 3 ~ 3~ 125px long and the ear droops, it can be harvested (5 ~ 6 minutes). In general, auricularia auricula cultivated by hanging bags in greenhouses can harvest auricularia auricula in the first wave in the middle and late April and auricularia auricula in the second wave in the first half of May, which is 25 ~ 30 days earlier than full light cultivation. After the auricularia auricula is harvested, the plastic film and sunshade net are rolled to the top of the greenhouse, and the bag is aired for about 5 days, and then the water management is carried out, that is, the "dry, wet and wet" water management. The management of "baking" is the key measure to avoid yellowing of ear pieces. Lack of light, high temperature and rapid growth of ear pieces are the main reasons for the yellowing and thinning of ear pieces. Generally, each bag of Auricularia auricula in the first tide can collect 20 ~ 25g dry ears, which are round, obvious before and after, thick ears and good economic characters of fruiting bodies. The management method of the second tidal ear is basically the same as that of the first tidal ear, and the key technology is high humidity ventilation. Generally, 3 tidal ears can be harvested, and the dry ears are 40-60g/ bag.

1. 1 1 fungus bags are picked on the ground.

If the bag is still hard and white after 2 ~ 3 times of ear picking, it means that the nutrients in the bag have not been completely transformed. At this time, the fungus bag on the lanyard can be lowered to the ground, a "+"or "#" shaped opening can be made at the top with a blade, and then the fungus bag can be densely planted in the shed, and watered 4-5 times in the morning and evening, each time for 1 hour, and stopped for 30 minutes. In this way, more ears of 10- 15g/ bag can be dried.

2 Technology integration measures to improve efficiency

Compared with the [1] [2] of the 1990s, the current technology of hanging bags in sheds has made a great breakthrough, and some immediate measures have been taken to improve efficiency, changing "bagging" into "matching bags" and reducing the pollution rate; The large V-shaped opening [3] [4] is changed into small openings "1", "y" and "o", which improves the quality; The number of openings increased from 10 ~ 12 to 180 ~ 220, which ensured the output. The height of the greenhouse is also increased to 280 ~ 8750 px, which is beneficial to ventilation [5]; The variety has also changed from a big-flowered, chrysanthemum-shaped, multi-ribbed variety to an ear-level, thick, black, single-piece, rootless, less-ribbed or non-ribbed variety. On the premise of this, we should emphasize "grasping early and grasping small" in the spring ear bagging season, and scientifically use grass curtains, sunshade nets, plastic films and sprinkler irrigation facilities to adjust the temperature, humidity and ventilation in the shed, so as to avoid the occurrence of diseases such as "burning bacteria" and Penicillium. Measures such as drying bags and timely harvesting were taken to prevent the occurrence of "flowing ear", "rotten ear", "Huang Sui" and "thin ear".

3 existing problems and application effect analysis

3. Problems in1

3. 1. 1 there is still room for further improvement and perfection in the three-dimensional cultivation of auricularia auricula in shed.

Effective control of temperature and humidity is the key technology of three-dimensional cultivation of auricularia auricula in greenhouse. However, in production, most greenhouses mainly rely on manual use of grass curtains, sunshade nets, plastic films and sprinkler irrigation facilities to adjust the temperature and humidity in the greenhouse, which can not achieve automatic and accurate control. Therefore, the research on intelligent automatic control technology of temperature and humidity growth factors should be strengthened to improve the productivity of facilities. Facility agriculture is the basis of improving rural productivity.

3. 1.2 technology is still the primary factor restricting the development of solid cultivation of auricularia auricula in greenhouse.

There are some technical problems in three-dimensional cultivation of auricularia auricula in greenhouse, such as difficulty in ventilation and indoor temperature and humidity control. Compared with ground cultivation, and the cultivation management requirements are more accurate than ground cultivation. Therefore, the majority of fungus farmers should not blindly follow the trend before fully mastering the three-dimensional cultivation technology of auricularia auricula in greenhouse, so as not to cause unnecessary economic losses. In particular, when guiding and formulating policies, government departments should fully consider the risks of three-dimensional cultivation of auricularia auricula in greenhouses and control the scale. At the same time, it is necessary to increase the training of three-dimensional cultivation of auricularia auricula in greenhouse and improve the rate of science and technology reaching households; Pay attention to the research work of three-dimensional cultivation of edible fungi in greenhouse, and provide technical support for the healthy and sustainable development of edible fungi industry.

3.2 Application effect analysis

20 1 1, the technology was tested and demonstrated in Dachengzi Village, Dongning County, Mudanjiang City. From the initial three greenhouses to more than 400 buildings in 20 12 Heilongjiang province, a prairie fire was set off. At present, although the technical model is still being improved and perfected, it has developed rapidly and has been widely popularized in the whole province, and achieved certain economic benefits. According to incomplete statistics, in 20 13 years, there were 5500 auricularia auricula hanging bags in greenhouses in Heilongjiang province. In Dongning County alone, the total number of ear-hanging plastic greenhouses has reached 3,000, with a total area of 65.438+0.5 million square meters, and the number of hanging bags is nearly 65.438+0.2 billion, which is expected to bring economic income of 480 million yuan to the county. In the national commodity grain base, Fujin City, the first rice county in China, the cultivation of auricularia auricula in rice seedling greenhouse was successful [6], and a new way to improve the comprehensive utilization rate of seedling greenhouse and increase farmers' income was explored.