First of all, Confucianism: representative figures: Confucius, Mencius and Xunzi. Works: Confucius, Mencius and Xunzi.

Confucianism is an important thought in the Warring States period. Confucius in the Spring and Autumn Period, as a person who learned from the six arts and was good at giving, advocated forbearance, advocated a just and moderate line, attached importance to moral and professional ethics education, and attached importance to humanistic quality.

Confucianism emphasizes the role of education and re-education, and light punishment is the only way for national security and people's prosperity and happiness. Stands for "education for all", being the ruler and the ruled in education, and making the whole country a benign person.

Politically, they even advocate ruling the country by courtesy, and moral people call for the restoration of "Zhou Li", which is the ideal way to realize the expected politics. By the Warring States period, Confucianism was divided into eight factions, the most important of which was Mencius and Xunzi.

Representatives of Taoism: Laozi and Zhuangzi. Works: Tao Te Ching and Zhuangzi.

Taoism is an important school in the Warring States period, also known as one of the "Taoists". In the late Spring and Autumn Period, this school took my "Tao" theory as its theoretical basis and used "Tao" to explain the nature, origin, composition and change of the universe. We believe that heaven does nothing, all things are natural, chemical and biological, and deny that ghosts and gods dominate everything. We advocate imitating nature. Let's advocate quietism and maintain women's rigidity and softness. The political ideal is "a small country with few people" and "governing by doing nothing". There are four famous schools of Taoism: Zhuangzi School, Yang Zhu School, Song Yin School and Huang Lao School.

Mohism: People's Representative: Mozi. Works: Mo

Mohism is an important school in the Warring States period and one of the founders of Mohism.

In addition, the school's concept of "love and mutual benefit" is based on the theory that you regard your neighbor as your own fraternity and love your neighbor as yourself. Universal love can achieve the goal of "mutual benefit". Shang Xian's political views are still related to non-attack; Advocating to strengthen economic thinking, the statue made in one day is a ghost. At the same time, the proposed "non-life insurance claims" emphasizes the strength of its own business.

The tight organization of Mohism, most of its members come from the lower classes. According to legend, everyone can go to the fire dance knife to motivate themselves. In the case of only talking about national defense, "Mohism dialectically engages in martial arts, which is called" Mo "; The leader called it "a huge child". Discipline, according to legend, "Mohism, the murderer dies, the crime of harming others" (Spring and Autumn Annals).

Mozi's death is divided into three factions. By the end of the Warring States period, it was divided into two parts: one part was epistemology, logic, mathematics, optics, mechanics and other disciplines, with emphasis on Mohism (also known as "late Mohism"), and the other part was transformed into a forest ranger society in Qin and Han Dynasties.

Legalists: representatives: Han Fei, Li Si. Works: Han Feizi

Legalist school is one of the important schools in the Warring States period, which advocates that the rule of law is "not intimate, not particularly humble and not illegal", so it is called legalist school. In the Spring and Autumn Period, Guan was the pioneer of legalist thought. During the Warring States Period, Kui, Shang Yang, Shen Buhai and Shen Dao founded the Legalist School. By the end of the Warring States Period, Han Fei's "Fa", "Shinto" and Shen Buhai's "Shu" were the epitome of Legalist theory.

This faction advocates economic waste, values agriculture over commerce, and rewards agriculture and war; Located in the county, the feudal monarchy was abolished and the harsh political ideas were excluded; Ideological education advocates prohibiting philosophers, legalists and teachers. Their unified theory provided the theoretical basis and action strategy for the establishment of the autocratic monarchy system.

There are 200 years in the history of the Han Dynasty, and 17 Legalist letters account for nearly half of this book, the most important of which is Shang Jun Shu Han Fei.

Masters: Representatives: Teng, Hui Shi, Gong Sunlong, Huan Group. Works: Citizen Sun Zilong

Master is one of the important schools in the Warring States period, engaged in academic activities (in fact, it is) with debate (name and concept) as the main body, and was later called master. It is called "debate", "tea market" or "famous sentence (form)" Hui Shi and GongSunLong are representative figures.

Yin and Yang Family: Representative: Zou Yan.

Yin-Yang School is an important school named after the Warring States Period, which popularized the theory of Yin-Yang and used it to explain social talents. When this school was founded, it was run by Zou Yanqi, a representative of the ruling class derived from the ancient astronomical calendar.

In the theory of Yin and Yang, Yin and Yang are the advantages and disadvantages of two opposites and transformations, which can be used to explain the change of the development law of things. The five elements of all theories are composed of the five elements of wood, fire, earth, gold and water, among which the origin and change of the universe can be explained by the two laws of reciprocity and QIA. Zou Yan's overall victory was divided into two stages. The five elements and their attributes were interpreted as "five virtues" to record "five virtues". The establishment of the new unified dynasty provided a theoretical basis for the chronicler Wang Zhao to abolish the law.

According to Hanshu, 20 orders working in this school have been lost. At the end of the warring States period, some people said it was a natural history book. In some articles, there are natural history materials such as Guan, Chunqiu and Biography of Huainan.

Seven verticals and seven horizontals: People's Representatives: Su Qin and Zhang Yi. Words adopted by the "Warring States" countries.

During the Warring States Period, China exercised the strategy of lobbying governors and advisers to engage in political and diplomatic activities. Be listed as one of the philosophers. The main representatives are Su Qin and Yi Cheung.

During the Warring States period, the north and the south were vertical, the east and the west were connected, and even crossed. They advocated, Zhao, Qi, Chu and Zhang Yi, and broke the vertical and horizontal, serving the six countries respectively, so they were named as military strategists. Their activities are of great significance to the political and military structure in the Warring States period.

The activities of the "belligerents" are well documented. According to Hanshu, there are sixteen positions for strategists.

Miscellaneous: Representative: Lu Puwei

Saints are a comprehensive school in the Warring States period. Administrative harmony is nothing more than "or France, which is the consistent synthesis of everything on the road of 100" (Han Shu. Literature and Art and Revaluation Notes). Qin Ji is edited by the editor, and Lu Chunqiu is a typical masterpiece.

Nine, the farm,

Farm was one of the important schools in the Warring States Period. It is so called because it emphasizes agricultural production. These are the words of ancient agricultural production management officials. They think that agriculture is the first priority in all work. "Mencius. In Shen Nong Shi Shuo, Xu Yixin devoted himself to human determination, and proposed that sages should become human beings, conform to the laws of raising, eating and eating (dim sum meals), and the social and political performance of the farm was ideal. The Party's agricultural production technology and experience are also recorded and summarized. Agriculture in the Spring and Autumn Annals >,< Any Way>& lt Debate on Land & gt& lt Review System and other items are considered as important materials for studying farmers in the pre-Qin period.

10. Novelists,

Novelist, 10 days before the Qin dynasty, one is to collect folklore parameters to check local customs. "History of Han Art and Literature" says: "Novelists flow, Gai Yiwen Street, Tan Li, English, and it is said that philosophers are also."

Introduction to philosophers

Philosopher, the founder of Confucianism, stands out among philosophers because of inheriting the cultural orthodoxy of three generations in the Central Plains. It is believed that Confucianism is not only prominent as a philosopher, but also has become the core content of traditional culture, formed the national spirit and produced an unparalleled mainstream in China. In fact, we can say that Confucianism is not a Confucian academic or school in the usual sense, but the cultural essence of the Chinese nation and the embodiment of China's intrinsic value. Has it penetrated into the root of the traditional culture of every capillary, and has every region had a great influence? China culture. Who believes that China's soil, sects, foreign cultures and foreign religions can't avoid the traces of Confucian culture? Today, not only that. The culture of the Confucian world has also had a permanent impact (as we know, Japan and the "Four Little Dragons" advocate Confucianism because they want to basically realize modernization, and the crisis of faith and moral decline brought about by modernization should be corrected by taking measures. The so-called "Southeast Asian Cultural Circle" is basically a cultural model with Confucianism as the main body. Its social civilization, progress and historical development in Southeast Asia are powerful driving forces, and Confucian ethics is entering western countries.

To classify hundred schools of thought, Sima Tan listed six "targeted sixes" and said, "It is convenient for mass communication." The world is consistent. Through different ways, "the husband of Yin and Yang, the way of Confucianism and Mohism, the rule of law, morality and service" (preface to Taishigong * * *) is roughly divided into ten new thinkers of Liu Hanshu. Confucianism, Taoism, Yin and Yang, Dharma, Mohism, Vertical and Horizontal, Miscellaneous, Agriculture, Fiction, Novelist, the so-called "nine streams 10.

Thinkers are the general name of political schools, because they are different, and most of them are the basic purpose of the monarch's political strategy. Confucianism advocates Dehua County, China; Taoism advocates inaction, Legalism advocates that the heart must be developed, and Mohism advocates universal love, which remains unchanged to this day; A famous advocate of the image of Yan Bing. After the Han Dynasty, Mohism and its famous secret method became an independent technical discipline, the mysterious alchemy, and the evolution farm of Yin and Yang. Later, the influence of unified dynasty politics was only Confucianism, Taoism and law.

The thoughts of many philosophers have left profound enlightenment to future generations. Confucian "rule by virtue" and "don't do to others what you don't want others to do" and "forgive", Mencius' ancient democratic thought; Dialectics of Taoism; Mohist scientific thought and legalist materialist thought: the military thoughts of military commanders are still shining today. It is famous for its sophistry, and it also initiated the historical field of China's philosophical logic. We can and should be inspired by the vitality of Confucianism; Cultivate your patriotism with a mirror and the national spirit of Confucian loyalty to the monarch; In view of the fact that "the Confucian spirit of the judicial system is beneficial", it reveals the correct attitude of Confucian benevolence spirit towards material interests and cultivates their noble sentiment of loving the people; Starting from the Confucian concept of honesty, cultivate your self-esteem and independent personality; "Personal desire" and "nature"; Legalism abolishes public and private affairs, and Mohism "loves all" and Taoism "Shang Xian" and "Jie".

Classics are collectively called Four Books and Five Classics, a Confucian classic of China. Four books, The Analects of Confucius and Mencius, University and Modesty; Fifth, it refers to the book of songs, books, the book of rites, the Book of Changes, the Spring and Autumn Period, or poetry for short. In fact, there should be six classics and music in book, ceremony, change and spring and autumn, which are collectively called "poetry, book, ceremony, music, business and spring and autumn", but he died in the war at the end of Qin Dynasty and was only five years old. After Classic, the bibliography of Neo-Confucianism in the Southern Song Dynasty is a must for scholars and students.

Confucianism:

Taoism:

Mohist school:

Legalist school:

Master:

Natural history:

Strategist:

Eclectic:

Farm:

Novelist:

Military strategist:

Doctor: