I. Overview of Agriculture in Nan 'an District
Nan 'an District covers an area of 260 square kilometers and governs 7 streets, 7 towns and 69 administrative villages. The agricultural population in the whole region is109,000, the rural labor force is 65,000, and the existing cultivated land area is 52,200 mu. Nan 'an District insists on implementing the talent knowledge updating project of basic agricultural service system, and conducts 3-5 days of on-site professional skills training for large professional households and all farmers with training needs in the region every year. At the same time, rural surplus labor transfer training, training more than 2200 people every year, successfully achieving re-employment. At present, the agriculture in the whole region has initially formed three pillar industries: flowers and trees (high-quality fruits), ornamental fish and ecological leisure agriculture.
Second, the survey methods and farmers involved in the survey
According to the requirements, a survey was conducted by sampling in four towns, namely Changshengqiao Town, Yinglong Town, Yangguang Town and Xiakou Town, which have a relatively large proportion of agriculture. After selecting three towns, namely Changshengqiao Town, Xiakou Town and Yinglong Town, the specific survey objects were selected by sampling to villages and farmers. Choose 3 villages in each town and 9 farmers in each village, totaling 8 1 household. The survey was conducted by means of household questionnaire, villagers' discussion and village cadres' summary statement.
(1) Participate in the age structure survey of farmers: There are 54 farmers in this survey, accounting for 66.67%; There are 27 women, accounting for 33.33%. The farmers surveyed are mainly engaged in agriculture at present. Among them, the youngest is 2 1 year, the oldest is 65 years old, and there are 18 people under 35 years old, accounting for 21.97%; 53 people aged 36 to 60, accounting for 65.07%; 665438+ 10 years old or above, accounting for 12.96%. The results show that there is a serious loss of young and middle-aged rural labor force at present, and the labor force staying in rural areas for agricultural production is generally older.
(2) Participating in the survey of farmers' cultivated land structure: Participating in the survey of farmers' cultivated land area 160 mu, with a per capita of 0.48 mu, of which the cultivated land area of grain crops accounts for 17.88% (self-production and self-use), the orchard area of flowers and trees accounts for 70. 15%, and the aquaculture water area accounts for1kloc.
(3) Participating in the survey of farmers' income structure: Among the farmers and their family members who participated in the survey, 30% went out to work all the year round, and 60% had participated in short-term work in the local area. The average income of migrant workers accounts for 40% of the total family income, and some families have a higher proportion, reaching about 70%. Judging from the number of migrant workers, migrant workers (including perennial and short-term) account for 46% of the total labor force. In 2005, the per capita net income of farmers who participated in the survey was 3434 yuan, of which the planting income was 100 1.69 yuan (mainly cash crops such as fruit trees, flowers and trees), accounting for 29.17%; Aquaculture income is 680.97 yuan, accounting for19.83%; Non-agricultural income 175 1.34 yuan, accounting for 5 1%. The survey shows that in the areas with a large proportion of agriculture in our region, the main way to increase farmers' income has changed from the primary industry to the secondary and tertiary industries, and the primary industry has changed from the traditional grain crops to the cash crops.
(4) Survey on farmers' education and training: The average years of education of farmers who participated in the survey were only 6.84 years, including 57 people with junior high school education or below, accounting for 70.54%; There are 24 people with high school education or above, accounting for 29.46%. In recent five years, 6 1 person has participated in the short-term training of agricultural practical science and technology popularization, accounting for 75.3%; 20 people did not participate, accounting for 24.7%; The average training days for participants are 3 days. There are 76 people who want to increase their family income through training, accounting for 94%; 6 1 person wanted to improve their employment skills through training, accounting for 75%; There are 48 people who want to improve their production technology through training, accounting for 59%; There are 8 people who "join in the fun" without obvious training purpose, accounting for 9.8%. Through training or publicity, farmers' understanding of the five major policies of the state, such as agricultural tax reduction and exemption, improved seed subsidies, direct grain subsidies, agricultural machinery subsidies and comprehensive agricultural subsidies, reached 100%, 8 1%, 93%, 48% and 70% respectively. According to the survey, 70% of farmers' commonly used agricultural technologies and agricultural policies came from the promotion of agricultural departments (agricultural technology centers), which shows that agricultural departments were still the main channels for farmers to accept agricultural science and technology in Ming Dynasty.
Third, the main characteristics of farmers' expectation skills education and training
The survey shows that the current expectations of farmers in our region for education and training have the following characteristics:
(a) Skills training and academic education in non-agricultural industries are more attractive to young people.
Among farmers under the age of 35, 75% are willing to participate in urban employment skills training, and 48% are willing to participate in junior college and technical secondary school education. This shows that farmers in developed metropolitan areas have a certain understanding of the process of urbanization, knowing that land acquisition compensation is only a temporary relief of life difficulties, and employment is the fundamental way to increase income and improve their lives, so they generally hope to have employment skills after becoming citizens. The majors I hope to study are mainly architecture, decoration, maintenance, catering, housekeeping, property management, computer operation and so on.
(b) Training in aquaculture technology and product sales skills is more practical for farmers who focus on one industry.
Farmers who are mainly engaged in one industry over 40 years old, 80% are willing to participate in breeding and marketing skills training. According to the survey, 46%, 37% and 17% of people over 40 years old expect to participate in the training of planting techniques of flowers and trees (high-quality fruits), vegetables and miscellaneous grains respectively. 29%, 65,438+08% and 65,438+05% of the people expect to participate in the technical training of raising pigs, fish and chickens respectively. Among other trainings, agricultural product processing training accounts for18%; Agricultural products storage accounts for 20%; 15% is expected to participate in the technical training of agricultural machinery use and maintenance. The survey also shows that 87% of farmers want to participate in agricultural product marketing skills training and have agricultural product marketing skills, which reflects that the idea of "self-production and self-marketing" still exists among relatively old farmers in rural areas, and their understanding and participation in professional cooperative organizations is not enough.
(c) The cost is low, and short-term training near the place of residence is more popular.
The survey found that 46% of farmers are willing to pay less than 10 yuan, 17% are willing to pay less than 20% to 50 yuan, and 9% want to participate in free training, which shows that farmers generally prefer low-cost training fees. 28% farmers choose villages as training places; 20% farmers choose towns as training places; 43% farmers choose District Agricultural Broadcasting School or Agricultural Technology Center as training places; 9% farmers choose cities or other departments as training places, indicating that most farmers want to train nearby. In terms of training time, 26% people expect the training time to be 1 day; 42% people expect the training time to be 2-3 days; 65,438+08% expect the training time to be 4 to 7 days; 14% people expect training for more than 7 days, indicating that most farmers prefer short-term training.
Four, the main problems existing in the current education and training of farmers
At present, the way of rural economic development and farmers' income increase in our region depends more on working, doing business and developing sightseeing and leisure agriculture than traditional aquaculture. At present, the industrial pattern of "one village, one product" in rural areas has not been fully formed. At the same time, due to the low quality of rural labor force, lack of professional skills and narrow employment, the income of migrant workers is generally not high and cannot be fully guaranteed. The risk of doing business is relatively large, and the development scale of one household is limited; The development of sightseeing and leisure agriculture is limited by land use, capital, infrastructure and other factors, and the general grade is not high, and the benefits are difficult to last. Combined with the overall planning of our region and the development trend of urbanization, relatively speaking, improving farmers' employment skills and ensuring rural economy and farmers' income increase is the investment mode with the lowest cost and the greatest comprehensive benefit. The survey shows that there are the following problems in carrying out large-scale training in rural areas:
Training institutions need to be improved.
At present, the departments responsible for farmers' education and training mainly include district and town governments, agriculture, education, science and technology, and labor. They not only lack the necessary policy, funds and public opinion support, but also the management department is not suitable for the allocation of resources and lacks a clear implementation subject. Most of the existing farmers' professional and technical skills training practice places in the whole region rely on large-scale farmers' bases or enterprise management workshops. The large-scale farmers' bases are limited and scattered, and the breeding varieties are relatively concentrated, lacking comprehensiveness; Considering the enterprise's own interests, the training is purposeful and professional, and there are practical difficulties in large-scale, multi-caliber and multi-directional training.
(b) The concept of training needs to be changed.
Mainly in two aspects. First, the town and village levels have not given full play to the organization and guidance of farmers' technical skills. Some cadres think that it is enough for farmers to have jobs without complaining or making trouble, but they don't pay enough attention to organizing farmers to participate in education and training, and publicity and education are not in place; Second, there are errors in farmers' own understanding. A considerable number of farmers are waiting for land acquisition for urban development and construction, thinking that the government will arrange to solve the employment problem after land acquisition. Their enthusiasm for training and improving employment skills is not high, their learning purpose is not obvious, and their learning effect is not good. At the same time, some farmers have the idea of quick success and instant benefit. According to the training survey, it takes 25 hours (4 days) to train a practical technology and 50 hours (8 days) to train an employment skill. However, some farmers hope to master a technology through two to three days of skills training. Even experts only ask "how to increase production and reduce costs" or directly teach "secrets" when giving lectures in on-site training, and are not interested in the basic technology and management knowledge they should have.
Five, suggestions for the current farmers' training work
According to the survey, we believe that to build a new socialist countryside, we must realize "production development and rich life"
The research report on farmers' training in Nan 'an District, the key words are Nan 'an District, research report, farmers, training and work. "At present, the employment of rural surplus labor force is of great significance. In this regard, the following suggestions are made:
(A) market-oriented, improve the practicality and pertinence of training.
First, we should start from before the transfer of farmers and do a good job in pre-job training. This kind of training should be aimed at rural 18-40-year-old young farmers, with market practical skills as the main content, orientation and order training as the main way, and with the ultimate goal of improving the employment rate of job transfer. According to the needs of society and farmers, we should set up majors, determine the academic system according to professional needs, teach students in accordance with their aptitude, and choose training methods according to the training content. The second is to increase the export employment rate and strive to build a training brand. Training functional departments and training units should establish brand awareness and quality awareness, formulate training plans, scientifically set up training majors, combine short-term training with academic education, combine centralized training with decentralized training, combine on-demand training with order training, and take the road of training first and then exporting to promote a virtuous circle of labor export. Third, starting from the needs of enterprise development, do a good job training. Guide employers to fully understand the significance of improving the quality of employees to the development of enterprises, and then attach importance to the on-the-job training of migrant workers as much as technological innovation. If you don't have your own conditions, you can entrust the vocational training department to train on your behalf. Fourth, do a good job in industrial training aimed at popularizing practical agricultural technologies. This kind of training should focus on middle-aged and elderly farmers in rural areas. In view of these people's older age, lower education level and heavier family burden, the training position will be moved forward, with practical technologies such as crop planting, animal husbandry, pest control, agricultural product processing and agricultural machinery maintenance as the main contents, and face-to-face and hands-on training will be carried out.
(2) Integrating educational resources and strengthening the training system.
Farmers' technical skills training is a systematic project with wide coverage and many training groups. It is necessary to integrate the existing educational resources in our city, form a joint force, and carry out technical skills training for farmers. At present, there are 1 designated training institutions in our district, all of which are non-profit social training institutions and belong to the district employment bureau, except for some large-scale fixed-point breeding households and enterprise training bases. 1 family for-profit social training institution, affiliated to the Municipal Public Security Bureau; 1 Family education and training institution, subordinate to the District Education Commission; Family social education institutions include private, partnership and joint-stock institutions. There are a large number of trainees in rural areas, but what is lacking is training resources; However, teaching units have sufficient training resources, but what they lack is the problem of cultivating students. First, strengthen the overall planning of the government, further deepen the reform of the vocational education system, break the boundaries between departments and types of vocational schools, break the old thinking of establishing schools before training, make great efforts to integrate and utilize social training resources, avoid redundant construction of training infrastructure, increase unnecessary capital investment, realize unified planning and management, and achieve overall planning, overall policies, overall running schools and overall resources, and truly realize resources. * It is suggested that the government set up a leading body to take charge of this work. The second is to make full use of the news media and do a good job in the organic combination of publicity and education and scientific and technological training. According to the seasonal changes of agricultural production, radio and television stations broadcast new technologies that farmers urgently need at any time.
(3) Raise funds from various sources and increase investment in training.
To carry out farmers' technical skills training, funds are the guarantee. The "2003-20 10 National Training Plan for Migrant Workers" issued by the State Council clearly pointed out: the central and local governments at all levels should increase their support for farmers' skills training, arrange special funds in financial expenditure to support the training of migrant workers, implement the investment mechanism shared by the government, employers and farmers, and transfer training subsidy funds for rural surplus labor force to be earmarked for special purposes to improve the efficiency of use. According to the actual situation, it is suggested to adopt the principle of three points to raise funds. First, the transfer of rural surplus labor training project funds; Second, special financial funds; Third, the trainees who participated in the training should pay a part appropriately, and gradually form an input mechanism of government support, employer funding, fee reduction and exemption for training units, and farmers should bear a part of the costs appropriately.