Preventive measures of infectious diseases can be divided into general preventive measures when the epidemic situation has not occurred and epidemic prevention measures after the epidemic situation has occurred.
I. General preventive measures
The general preventive measures before infectious diseases occur mainly include: strengthening the management of the external environment where pathogens may exist (such as "three tubes and one extermination"); Do a good job in planned immunization to protect susceptible people; Through the regular health examination of key populations (such as the regular health examination of employees in kindergartens, restaurants, drinking water and service industries), the pathogen carriers can be found in time; Carry out health education and so on.
In the disaster area, due to the destruction of sanitary facilities, poor environmental sanitation conditions, difficult supply of living materials, the decline of residents' physical resistance, the probability of occurrence and epidemic of various infectious diseases has greatly increased, and general preventive measures should be strengthened. To sum up, there are the following key tasks.
1, strengthen leadership and formulate disaster relief and disease prevention plans. Health and epidemic prevention institutions at all levels should be good government staff, formulate feasible disaster relief and disease prevention plans according to the local disaster situation at that time, quickly restore and strengthen the three-level health and epidemic prevention network, and carry out various epidemic prevention work under the leadership of the government.
2. Do a good job in health education. Make use of various propaganda tools and take various forms to do a good job in disaster relief and disease prevention health education, so that the knowledge of disaster relief and disease prevention is deeply rooted in the hearts of the people, fully mobilize the masses, and actively participate in various disaster relief and disease prevention work.
3. Strengthen health supervision. Strengthen the management and supervision of drinking water hygiene and food hygiene, thoroughly clean up the environment, especially deal with environmental pollutants such as feces, garbage and dirt, and carry out disinfection, insecticidal and rodent control work in an organized manner.
4. Protect vulnerable groups. Vaccinate residents in disaster areas in a targeted manner and strengthen the protection of key populations.
5, strengthen the disease clinical detection system, to ensure the smooth flow of information.
Second, epidemic prevention measures
After the outbreak, according to the epidemic situation and disaster situation, a comprehensive prevention and control plan with outstanding leading measures should be formulated for the "three links" that constitute the epidemic of infectious diseases.
Manage the source of infection
1, infectious disease report
Infectious disease reporting is one of the important systems for the prevention and control of infectious diseases in China, an important measure for the early detection of infectious diseases, and an important responsibility of medical and health workers.
(1) reporter
Medical and health personnel and epidemic prevention personnel who perform their duties are legal reporters, and employees, cadres, residents and other personnel in other industries also have the obligation to report.
(2) Type of report
Reported diseases stipulated in the Law of People's Republic of China (PRC) on the Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases are divided into three categories: A, B and C, with a total of 35 kinds. See the appendix for the names of various diseases.
(III) Time limit for reporting
Patients or suspected patients with Class A infectious diseases should report to county-level health and epidemic prevention institutions within 6 hours in cities and towns and within 12 hours in rural areas; Patients or suspected patients with Class B infectious diseases should be reported within 12 hours; When an outbreak of infectious diseases is found, it should be reported in the fastest way.
2. Measures for patients with infectious diseases, pathogen carriers and close contacts
Patients with infectious diseases and suspected patients should be "four early", that is, "early detection, early diagnosis, early report and early isolation treatment". In addition to patients, pathogen carriers are often important sources of infection, so we should try our best to find them as soon as possible and take corresponding measures to make them harmless, because carriers of various infectious diseases have different importance for spreading diseases and different treatment measures. Please refer to the corresponding parts of various infectious disease prevention measures in this book.
For those who are in close contact with the source of infection and may be infected, emergency vaccination, drug prevention, medical observation, isolation or detention should be taken to prevent them from becoming the source of infection.
3. Measures for the source of animal infection
If it is an animal with economic value (such as livestock and poultry), it should be treated as much as possible. Animals with no economic value (such as mice) should be killed and their bodies should be disposed of.
(2) cut off the route of infection
For many infectious diseases, cutting off the route of transmission is often the primary preventive measure, but the measures taken are different because of the different routes of transmission of various infectious diseases. For example, for intestinal infectious diseases, the focus is on the treatment of pollutants such as feces and environmental disinfection; For respiratory infectious diseases, the focus is on air disinfection, ventilation and personal protection (such as wearing masks); Insect vectors should be mainly used to kill insects and prevent insects; Some infectious diseases (such as schistosomiasis) should be cut off by comprehensive measures because of the complex transmission factors.
(3) Protecting vulnerable groups
Measures to protect susceptible population mainly include vaccination, improving population immunity and giving preventive drugs to high-risk population. See the prevention and treatment of various infectious diseases for details.