By the end of 2005, there were more than 440 nuclear power units in the world, accounting for about 16% of the global total power generation.
In developed countries, nuclear power has been developed for decades and has become a mature energy source.
China's nuclear industry has a history of more than 40 years. It has established a fairly complete nuclear fuel cycle system from geological exploration and mining to component processing and post-processing. It has built various types of nuclear reactors, has many years of experience in safety management and operation, and has a professional and skilled team.
The construction and operation of nuclear power plants is a complex technology.
China has been able to design, build and operate its own nuclear power plants.
Qinshan Nuclear Power Station was designed and built by China.
In 2007, the total output of nuclear power in China was 62.862 billion kWh, and the on-grid electricity consumption was 59.263 billion kWh, increasing by 65.438+04.6 1% and 65.438+04.39% respectively.
Two10.06 MW units of Tianwan Nuclear Power Station were put into commercial operation in May and August, 2007 respectively. The number of nuclear power operating units in China has reached 1 set, with a total installed capacity of 9.078 million kilowatts.
By the end of 2007, the installed power capacity of China reached 7130,000 kilowatts, and the national power supply and demand continued to maintain an overall balance.
At the same time, with the commissioning of two million kilowatt nuclear power units in Tianwan Nuclear Power Station, the installed capacity of nuclear power in China has reached 8.85 million kilowatts.
In 2007, the installed capacity of hydropower and thermal power in China maintained an increase of more than 10%, reaching1450,000 kilowatts and 554 million kilowatts respectively.
The total installed capacity of wind power grid-connected production doubled to 4.03 million kilowatts.
China has begun to relax its policy of developing nuclear power. For a long time, China officials have always emphasized the "limited" development of the nuclear power industry.
However, since 2003, there has been an overall energy shortage in China.
In this case, the voice of vigorously developing nuclear power industry in China is increasingly strong.
This latest high-level statement on the development of nuclear power is undoubtedly worthy of recognition, because it has established the strategic position of the nuclear power industry, which is not only of positive significance for solving China's long-term energy shortage, but also an ideal way to maintain China's strategic deterrent ability in peacetime, which can be described as "killing two birds with one stone".
Judging from the general trend of nuclear power development, the technical route and strategic route of nuclear power development in China have long been clear and are being implemented. At present, pressurized water reactor is developed, fast neutron reactor is developed in the medium term and fusion reactor is developed in the long term.
Specifically, the thermal neutron reactor nuclear power plant will be developed in the near future; In order to make full use of uranium resources, uranium-plutonium cycle technology is adopted to develop fast breeder nuclear power plants in the medium term; Long-term development of fusion reactor nuclear power plant, so as to basically "forever" solve the contradiction of energy demand.
International nuclear power enterprises take Japan as the center, forming a three-legged situation: Hitachi-GM of Fuji Consortium of Japan, Toshiba-Westinghouse of Mitsui Consortium of Japan, and Mitsubishi Heavy Industries of Japan-Areva of France.
The embryonic form of Japan's monopoly on nuclear power technology and market has emerged, and China's adjustment of energy strategy and accelerated development of nuclear energy applications are bound to be restricted by Japan.
Edit this nuclear power technical scheme.
Throughout the history of nuclear power development, the technical solutions of nuclear power plants can be roughly divided into four generations, namely:
First generation nuclear power plant
The development and construction of nuclear power plants began in the 1950s.
1954, the former Soviet union built an experimental nuclear power plant with an electric power of 5 MW; 1957, a prototype nuclear power plant with an electric power of 90,000 kilowatts was built in the United States, which proved the technical feasibility of using nuclear energy to generate electricity.
Internationally, the above experimental and prototype nuclear power units are called the first generation nuclear power units.
Second Generation Nuclear Power Plant
At the end of 1960s, on the basis of experimental and prototype nuclear power units, nuclear power units such as pressurized water reactor, boiling water reactor, heavy water reactor and graphite water-cooled reactor with an electric power of 300,000 kilowatts were successively built, which further proved the feasibility of nuclear power generation technology and the economy of nuclear power.
In 1970s, the energy crisis triggered by the rising oil price promoted the great development of nuclear power.
At present, most of the more than 400 nuclear power units that have been put into commercial operation in the world were built during this period, and are customarily called the second generation nuclear power units.
Advanced pressurized water reactor
In the 1990s, in order to solve the negative impact of the serious accidents at Three Mile Island and Chernobyl nuclear power plants, and the world nuclear power industry concentrated on preventing and alleviating serious accidents, the United States and Europe successively issued the documents of "User Requirements for Advanced Light Water Reactors", namely "URD Document" and "User Requirements for European Light Water Reactors". That is, the (EUR) document further clarifies the requirements for preventing and alleviating serious accidents, improving safety and reliability, and improving human factors engineering.
Internationally, nuclear power units that meet the URD document or EUR document are usually called the third generation nuclear power units.
The third generation nuclear power unit is required to be built for commercial use before 20 10.
Fourth generation nuclear power plant
From June, 5438 to October, 2000 10, ten countries interested in developing nuclear energy, such as the United States, Britain, Switzerland, South Africa, Japan, France, Canada, Brazil, South Korea and Argentina, jointly formed GIF, which was signed on July, 5438+0, 2006.
According to the idea, the fourth generation nuclear energy scheme will be more superior in terms of safety and economy, with less waste, no need for off-site emergency and inherent ability to prevent nuclear proliferation.
High temperature gas-cooled reactor, molten salt reactor and sodium-cooled fast reactor are the fourth generation reactors.
The first generation nuclear power plant is a prototype reactor, which aims to verify the design technology and commercial development prospects of nuclear power; The second generation nuclear power plant is a commercial reactor with mature technology, and most of the nuclear power plants currently in operation belong to the second generation nuclear power plant; The third generation nuclear power plant meets the requirements of URD or EUR, and its safety and economy are improved compared with the second generation, which is one of the main development directions in the future. The fourth generation nuclear power plant has strengthened the requirements of preventing nuclear proliferation, and is currently in the research and development stage of prototype reactor technology.
Distribution of nuclear power in China
I. Qinshan Nuclear Power Station (CNNC)
Qinshan Nuclear Power Station is located in Haiyan County, Zhejiang Province.
Qinshan phase 1
[1] China CNP300 PWR technology is adopted in the first phase project, with installed capacity of1× 300,000 kilowatts, design life of 30 years and comprehensive localization rate of over 70%. The first tank of nuclear island floor concrete (FCD) was poured in March of 19965438+ year.
After more than ten years of management practice, Premier Zhou Enlai's goal of "mastering technology, accumulating experience, cultivating talents and laying a foundation for the development of nuclear power in China" has been achieved.
Phase I Expansion Project (Fangjiashan Nuclear Power Project)
[2] The first phase expansion project (Fangjiashan Nuclear Power Project) is a domestic million-kilowatt nuclear power project planned and constructed by CNNC in Qinshan area. Located in Fangjiashan, Haiyan County, Zhejiang Province, it is about 600 meters away from the first phase reactor of Qinshan Nuclear Power Station, and the planned capacity of the project is 2× 165438+ 10,000 kilowatts.
On March 4, 2008, the National Development and Reform Commission launched the project in an all-round way.
The preliminary work of Fangjiashan nuclear power project has been officially approved by the National Development and Reform Commission, and its environmental impact assessment report and site safety analysis report have also been reviewed by the Ministry of Environmental Protection.
It is estimated that the negative excavation project of the nuclear island will be completed by the end of July 2008, and the conditions for formal construction will be met by the end of this year.
Fangjiashan expansion project adopts the most mature and widely used second-generation improved PWR nuclear power technology in the world, and the planned construction period is 60 months. It is estimated that its 1 and Unit 2 will be put into operation at the end of 20 13 and 20 14+ 10 respectively.
By then, the total installed capacity of Qinshan Nuclear Power Company will reach 2.3 million kilowatts, and the annual power transmission to East China Power Grid will exceed 654.38+06 billion kWh.
Qinshan Nuclear Power Station currently operates a 300,000 kW PWR nuclear power unit.
After the completion of Fangjiashan expansion project, Qinshan Nuclear Power Station will form a "1+2" cluster operation pattern of 1 300,000 MW units and 21100,000 MW units, and the operation management will also realize a major leap from prototype reactor to commercial reactor.
Qinshan Nuclear Power Phase II Project and its Extension Project
[3] China CNP650 PWR technology is adopted in the second phase and expansion project, with an installed capacity of 2× 650 kW and a design life of 40 years. The comprehensive localization rate is about 55% in the second phase and 70% in the second phase. 1# and 2# units started in June and March respectively. These two units were put into commercial operation in April 2002 and May 2004, respectively, which enabled China to make a great leap from independently building a small prototype reactor nuclear power plant to independently building a large commercial nuclear power plant, laid a solid foundation for China to independently design and build a million kilowatt nuclear power plant, and will play an important role in promoting the development of nuclear power in China, thus boosting the development of the national economy.
The second-phase expansion project (Units 3 and 4) is the first large-scale commercial nuclear power plant in China independently designed, built, managed and operated by China-Qinshan Nuclear Power Phase II Project (1 Unit 2), which was improved on the basis of its design and technology. This is a national key project, and construction started during the 11th Five-Year Plan period.
The construction scale of the project is two 650,000 kW PWR nuclear power units, which are built in the reserved expansion site about 300 meters west of Qinshan Nuclear Power Phase II 1 and Unit 2 in Haiyan County, Zhejiang Province.
Qinshan nuclear power phase II expansion project started on April 28th, 2006. Unit 3 is scheduled to be completed and put into operation in February 20 10, and Unit 4 will strive to put into operation by the end of 20 1 1.
By then, the total installed capacity of Qinshan No.2 Nuclear Power Plant will reach 2.6 million kilowatts, and it can transmit more than 654.38+06 billion kWh of electricity to East China Power Grid every year.
Qinshan Phase III Nuclear Power Plant
[4] Qinshan Phase III (heavy water reactor) nuclear power plant adopts Canada's mature CANDU 6 heavy water reactor technology, with an installed capacity of 2×728 MW, a design life of 40 years and a comprehensive localization rate of about 55%. The reference power plants are Units 3 and 4 of Yuecheng Nuclear Power Station in Korea.
1 unit was first connected to the grid in 2002 1 19, and put into commercial operation on12,31.
Unit 2 was first connected to the grid on June 12, 2003 and put into commercial operation on July 24, 2003.
On September 22, 2005, the project passed the national completion acceptance.
2. Guangdong Daya Bay Nuclear Power Station
Daya Bay Nuclear Power Station adopts French M3 10 PWR technology, with an installed capacity of 2× 984,000 kilowatts, a design life of 40 years and a comprehensive localization rate of less than 10%. The project officially started on August 7th 1987, and the capacity of two stand-alone machines on February 0th and May 6th 1994 was 988.
3. Ling 'ao Nuclear Power Station
Ling 'ao Nuclear Power Station is located in the southeast of Dapeng Peninsula on the west coast of Daya Bay, Guangdong Province.
China CPR 1000 PWR technology was adopted in the first phase of the project, with an installed capacity of 2× 990 kW, a design life of 40 years and a comprehensive localization rate of about 30%. Construction started in May 1997, was fully completed and put into commercial operation in October/2003, and was completed in July 2004.
China's improved CPR 1000 PWR technology is adopted in the second phase project, with an installed capacity of 2× 1 10,000 kW and a design life of 40 years. The comprehensive localization rates of 1 and 2 units are over 50% and 70% respectively. Construction started in February 2005, and two sets are planned to be built in 2065438+.
The third phase of the project adopts China's improved CPR 1000 PWR technology, with an installed capacity of 2× 1 10,000 kW and a design life of 40 years. Construction is expected to start on 20 1 1.
4. Tianwan Nuclear Power Station (CNNC)
Located in Tianwan, Lianyun District, Lianyungang City, Jiangsu Province, the plant area is planned to be 4 million kilowatts of nuclear power units, and there is room for building 2 to 4 more.
The first phase of the project adopts Russian AES-9 1 PWR technology, with an installed capacity of 2× 1.06 million kilowatts, a design life of 40 years and a comprehensive localization rate of about 70%.
/kloc-0 officially started construction (FCD) on June 20th, 999, and the construction period of a single unit is 62 months. It was put into commercial operation in May 2007 and August 2007 respectively.
Units 3 and 4 of the second phase project have started construction, and each unit has a capacity of 654.38+0 million kilowatts.
Units 5 and 6 of the third phase project have started construction, and China No.2 Plus CPR 1000 nuclear power technology has been adopted.
Verb (abbreviation of verb) Hongyanhe nuclear power station
Liaoning Hongyanhe Nuclear Power Station is located in Donggang Town, wafangdian city, Dalian City, Liaoning Province, on the east bank of Liaodong Bay in Bohai Sea at the western end of wafangdian city.
It is planned to build 6 units, using China's improved CPR 1000 PWR technology, with a single unit capacity of 1 10,000 kW, a design life of 40 years and a comprehensive localization rate of about 60%. 1 unit was officially started in August 2007, and was completed and put into commercial operation in 20 12.
Currently under construction. ....
6. Ningde Nuclear Power Station
It is planned to build 6 units, using China's improved CPR 1000 PWR technology, with a single unit capacity of 1 10,000 kW, a design life of 40 years and a comprehensive localization rate of over 75%. 1# unit is FCD in February 2008, and 1 # unit and 2# unit are planned to be 2065438+.
Seven. Yangjiang nuclear power station
In 2004, the Yangjiang nuclear power project in Guangdong Province, which has been prepared for more than 10 years, is also expected to pass the national examination and approval by the end of the year. The first phase of China's largest nuclear power project plans to invest 8 billion US dollars, and plans to build 6 million kilowatt units, which was officially started in 2006.
Currently under construction. ........
Eight, Sanmen nuclear power plant
In July, 2004, the first phase project of sanmen nuclear power plant, located in the south of Zhejiang, was approved by the State Council.
This is the second nuclear power plant approved by Zhejiang Province after Qinshan Nuclear Power Plant, the first nuclear power plant designed and built by China.
Sanmen nuclear power plant covers a total area of 7.4 million cubic meters, and can install 6 1 million kilowatt nuclear power units respectively.
Upon completion, the total installed capacity will reach more than120,000 kilowatts, exceeding the total installed capacity of the Three Gorges Power Station.
With a total investment of 25 billion yuan, the first phase of the project will first build two domestic most advanced 654.38+0 MW PWR technical units.
Sanmen nuclear power plant will play its role at around 20 10 at the earliest.
Nine. Haiyang nuclear power station
The first phase of Haiyang Nuclear Power Station is located in the southeast of Haiyang City, Yantai, Shandong Province, with a total investment of 60 billion yuan, which started at the end of 2007.
At present, the preparatory work for Haiyang nuclear power project has been fully completed, and it is planned that two units of 20 10 in the first phase of the project will be connected to the grid for power generation.
At the same time, the supporting project of the project-pumped storage power station project, will also start construction at the same time as the first phase of the nuclear power plant project.
After the completion of the "two power" project, it will provide 6 million kilowatts of electricity every year.
It is understood that Haiyang Nuclear Power Station will be the largest nuclear power project in China after its completion.
Haiyang nuclear power plant project is a nuclear power project approved by the National Development and Reform Commission and controlled by China Power Investment Group (China Power Investment Corporation).
China Power Investment Group accounts for 40%, China National Nuclear Corporation accounts for 20%, Guodian Group accounts for 20%, Shandong Lu Xin Holdings accounts for 65,438+00%, Huaneng Group accounts for 5%, and Yantai Power Development accounts for 5%.
It is understood that due to the high technical and safety requirements of nuclear power, the construction of nuclear power plants was previously undertaken by enterprises with military background.
Haiyang Nuclear Power Station is located in the southeast seaside of Haiyang City, in Lengjiazhuang, Daxinjia Town, Haiyang City, adjacent to Dongjiazhuang.
Located in Jiaodong Power Load Center, with superior geological conditions, it is one of the best nuclear power sites in China.
The project will be implemented in three stages. Two 100 MW nuclear power units will be built in the first phase.
The feasibility study report of the project shows that the planned capacity of Haiyang nuclear power plant is 6 million kilowatts, and there is room for expansion, with a total installed capacity of 8.7 million kilowatts. After all generators are put into production, the annual power generation is close to 90% of the Three Gorges Power Station.
The first phase of the project will invest 25 billion yuan, and it is planned to build two million kilowatt nuclear power units.
Shandong Rushan Nuclear Power Project plans to build 6 million-class nuclear power units, and 2 million-class nuclear power units will be built in the first phase of the project. In 2006, the preparatory work for the preliminary project was started, and efforts were made to put it into production at the end of the Twelfth Five-Year Plan.
The Commission of Science, Technology and Industry for National Defense revealed at the National Defense Science, Technology and Industry Conference held on June 7, 2008 that in 2008, China will start construction of three nuclear power projects in Ningde, Fujian, Fuqing and Yangjiang, Guangdong.
In addition, there are three nuclear power plants in Taiwan Province Province, China; Contract under construction 1; There are also two planned buildings.
Two nuclear power plants, Qingshan and Guo Sheng in Taiwan Province Province, have been put into operation, with installed capacities of 2×63.6 and 2× 985,000 kilowatts respectively.
X. Xianning nuclear power plant
Tongshan County, Hubei Province, at the junction of Hubei and Jiangxi, has the second largest reservoir in Hubei Province-fushui reservoir.
The reservoir on Fushui River was built in 1964, which has the functions of flood storage, power generation, irrigation, aquaculture, shipping, etc. The annual power generation is1.41.200 million kWh, the dam height is 45 meters, the dam crest width is 6.4 meters, and the dam crest length is 94 1 meter, which is 8.
Such a beautiful place also hides China's first inland nuclear power project-Xianning Nuclear Power Station in Hubei.
165438+1October18th, a reporter from Chengdu Business Daily paid a field visit to this project under construction.
Entering the site of the nuclear power plant in Dageng Village, Dafan Town, Tongshan County, it is a 26-kilometer-long special large-scale transportation highway-nuclear power highway.
The expressway has been built and a bridge across the lake is under construction.
The nuclear power station is located on Lion Mountain, an island in the middle of the lake, which is connected by a bridge.
Xianning nuclear power project started construction in 2009.
On May 15 this year, a package of contract framework agreements, such as conventional island and general contracting of auxiliary systems of nuclear power plant, was signed in Wuhan, and the opening ceremony of Xianning Branch and Xianning Project Department was held by China Guangdong Nuclear Power Group Engineering Co., Ltd.
According to Tongshan County * * * Public Information Network, as of June 4th 165438, the earth and stone works at the main site have been completed 1665438+ 10,000 cubic meters, accounting for 76. 1% of the total.
1 and No.2 nuclear islands have reached the plant-level elevation, and the construction progress will be accelerated according to the goal of four units reaching the plant-level elevation by the end of this year.
It is planned to be completed by the end of this year.
Xianning nuclear power project also marks that China has entered the third generation nuclear power development stage.
It will adopt passive PWR nuclear power technology for the first time, which has attracted the attention of China nuclear power industry.
This nuclear power technology is the only third-generation nuclear power technology finally designed and approved by the US Nuclear Regulatory Commission, and it is the safest and most advanced in the global nuclear power market.
The Xianning nuclear power project with a total investment of more than 60 billion yuan is owned by Hubei Nuclear Power Co., Ltd. and is jointly established by China Guangdong Nuclear Power Group and hubei energy Group (the two parties hold 60% and 40% respectively, with China Guangdong Nuclear Power Group accounting for the majority).
When the company was established in June 2008, it was predicted that after two years of preparation and five and a half years of main project construction, Hubei would use nuclear power for the first time.
XI。 Xingyuan Certification Center Xingyuan Certification Center is a certification institution approved by CNCA. It is the only institution that simultaneously certifies the quality, environment and occupational health and safety management system of nuclear power enterprises.
At present, most nuclear power enterprises in China have been certified.
Through the certification, the safety level of nuclear power in China has been improved.