(A) the way to rescue the burned wounded
On-site rescue is the starting point of rescuing burn patients, which is very important. Its method can be summarized as five words: destruction, inspection, prevention, packaging and sending. Namely: put out: put out the fire on the wounded, make them leave the heat source as soon as possible, and shorten the burn time.
Examination: Check the wounded's breathing, heartbeat, poisoning, craniocerebral injury, chest and abdomen visceral injury and respiratory tract burn. Prevention: prevent shock, suffocation and wound contamination. Bag: Wrap the wound with clean clothes to prevent re-contamination. At the scene, except for chemical burns, which can be washed continuously with a large amount of flowing water, the wound surface is generally not treated, and the blisters are not broken as much as possible to protect the skin surface. Send: leave the scene quickly and send the seriously burned wounded to the hospital.
(2) the method of rescuing high temperature heatstroke victims.
When dealing with the victims of high temperature heatstroke in mine fire accidents, we must adjust measures to local conditions and rescue them in time. That is, quickly transfer it to a cool, ventilated and safe roadway, untie clothes, take off rubber boots, and let it lie flat without looking up. Cooling: Wipe the wound with cold water or 50% alcohol until the skin turns red, blood vessels dilate and heat dissipation is promoted. It can also be blown at the mouth of the ram or soaked in the cold water ditch of the roadway to cool down. Replenish water and inorganic salts. For the wounded who can drink water, drink enough cold salt water and other drinks. When dealing with patients with respiratory and circulatory failure. Generally, if there are difficulties at the scene, they should be quickly transferred to the ground hospital under the careful care of the on-site personnel.
(3) Methods of rescuing the poisoned and suffocated wounded.
When rescuing people in distress in a toxic and harmful environment, rescuers should wear self-rescuers, and the rescued wounded should immediately carry self-rescuers to the disaster area for rescue. Transport the wounded to a safe place with fresh air, and immediately check the heartbeat, pulse, breathing and pupil of the wounded to keep warm. At the same time, untie the neckline and relax the belt. If there are sundries, sputum, false teeth or respiratory obstruction in the mouth, the dirt should be removed to make the respiratory tract unobstructed. In the case of carbon monoxide poisoning, the poisoned person did not stop breathing, or his heart was still beating although his breathing stopped. Rub his skin immediately, and give artificial respiration immediately after rubbing his skin. If the heart stops beating, external cardiac compression should be performed quickly and artificial respiration should be performed at the same time. If you suffocate by gas or CO2, the situation is not serious, and you will wake up after a rest in fresh air. If asphyxia lasts for a long time, artificial respiration should be performed after skin friction.
(4) Rescue methods in case of underground roof caving and buried pressure.
In emergency rescue and disaster relief, when people buried by coal gangue due to roof caving and spalling are found, they should be rescued according to the following steps: The main task of dealing with roof caving accidents is to take all measures to break through the roof caving area and rescue people in distress. Find out the situation, location, number of people and buried pressure of the two sides of the roof at the scene of the accident. Take measures to strengthen the support, ensure that they will not fall behind again in the rescue, and carefully remove the coal and rock from the people in distress and rescue them. If the coal and rocks are too big to move, you can use tools such as jacks to rescue the wounded. Never pick up people with picks or hammers. The rescued wounded should be immediately carried to a safe place and properly rescued according to the injury: for those with minor injuries and bleeding, stop bleeding and bandage first; If there are no medical staff at the scene, the seriously injured or fractured personnel should be transferred to the hospital in time, and the fracture should be temporarily fixed, and then transferred after careful treatment. The wounded who lost consciousness and stopped breathing for a short time should be given oxygen inhalation and artificial respiration in time.
(5) methods to rescue people who get an electric shock
To rescue those who get an electric shock, you must be calm and quick, and you should also beware of getting an electric shock yourself. The method is: cut off or pick up the power supply on the person who gets an electric shock and turn off the switch. Use a wooden stick or insulator to open the cable on the electrocuted person. Never cut the cable with an axe or other tools. When conditions permit, ambulance personnel should first put on insulating gloves and insulating rubber boots. After disconnecting the power supply, the electric shock personnel should immediately carry them to fresh air, lie flat and unbutton their buttons, and give first aid such as artificial respiration and heart compression. Be patient and aware of prevention when giving first aid? Fake death? Phenomenon.
(six) the principle of rescuing drowning people
When a water inrush accident occurs underground, people cannot escape because of the urgent water potential and strong impulse, so they will be washed away and flooded by the water. Sometimes people work near a water warehouse or well, and accidentally slip and fall, which can also cause drowning. When drowning, a large amount of water is poured into the lungs and stomach from the nose and mouth, causing suffocation, stopping breathing and heartbeat. When someone is found drowning underground, the drowning person should be fished out of the water as soon as possible, and his teeth should be pried open as quickly as possible to remove the cinder and dirt blocked in his mouth, and his tongue should be pulled out to make the respiratory tract unblocked. The rescuer takes a semi-kneeling posture, puts the belly of the drowning person on his knees, droops his head, and constantly presses his back to control the water poured into his stomach. You can also hold the waist of the drowning person so that his back is up and his head is drooping, so that the water can be controlled from the abdomen of the drowning person. You can also pick up the drowning person, put the abdomen on the shoulder of the emergency person, run quickly or shrug your shoulders constantly, so as to keep the drowning person from losing control. After controlling the water in the drowning person's stomach, if the heartbeat has stopped, give artificial respiration immediately. And it must last until it is really invalid. During the whole rescue process, special attention should be paid to keeping the drowning person warm. If conditions permit, oxygen can be given to the wounded.
When the following reasons are encountered. Call should not, push? For the wounded who have stopped breathing and heartbeat, the first aid measures of cardiopulmonary resuscitation must be implemented quickly in the shortest time.
1, underground coal roadway, rock roadway, roof caving, collapse, spalling and other buried injuries.
2. Blood loss or traumatic shock caused by severe trauma to organs or limbs.
3. Accidents such as electric shock or drowning.
4, coal dust, gas, powder explosion after coal dust, rock powder and hot air caused respiratory obstruction.
5, burns, especially respiratory burns.
6, carbon monoxide and other harmful gas poisoning.
7. Acute diseases such as cerebral hemorrhage and myocardial infarction.
(7) Recovery method:
Effective within 4-5 minutes after cardiac arrest (cardiopulmonary resuscitation).
Four minutes can save 50%.
4-6 minutes can only save 10%.
After more than 6 minutes, 4% is hopeful.
There is little possibility of survival beyond 10 minutes.
Release the wounded quickly and leave the scene of the injury. Carry it to a safe place with fresh air and strong roof. Take off the wounded man's helmet, unbutton his clothes and lie on his back on the flat ground. Shake or call the wounded to find out whether their consciousness exists. Observe whether there is breathing movement in the chest. Touch the pulse of carotid artery or femoral artery. If the mouth or respiratory tract is blocked, remove it with your fingers. If there is no spontaneous breathing, mouth-to-mouth resuscitation should be started immediately. The method is as follows: let the patient lie on his back, the first-aid person kneels on the patient's side, lift the patient's neck straight, and make his head lean back as far as possible. The rescuer holds the injured person's jaw with one hand, and holds the injured person's nose with the other hand to close the nostril. The rescuer took a deep breath and quickly blew the mouth-to-mouth force into the mouth of the injured patient until his chest swelled. Immediately after blowing, make the patient's head lean to one side, at the same time release the hand holding the nose wing and let it be discharged by the elasticity of the chest, and so on, alternately, 10~ 15 times per minute. After a few minutes, if you see the upper abdomen bulge, you can press the upper abdomen with your hand to release the air pressure. If the pulse of carotid artery or femoral artery disappears, it means that the heartbeat has stopped, and chest compressions should be performed immediately. The method is to let the patient lie on his back on a flat floor or hard board and completely unbutton his belt and buttons. The operator is at the waist or one side of the patient, and his hands overlap at the lower sternum 1/2 of the patient (do not press the xiphoid process under the sternum). The operator's arms are vertical, his upper body leans forward, presses down vertically with the palm root under his own weight, so that his chest sinks 4-5 cm, and then suddenly relaxes his chest and bounces back. Repeat this way, 70- 100 times per minute. Until you touch the carotid artery or femoral artery. For the sick and wounded whose breathing and heartbeat have completely stopped, two emergency personnel should carry out mouth-to-mouth resuscitation and chest compressions at the same time. The ratio is (1: 4). At the same time of cardiopulmonary resuscitation, other personnel should call for help to the health station and dispatching room quickly.
(eight) the basic knowledge of trauma first aid
1, normal adult body temperature 36-37℃;
2. The pulse of normal adults is 60- 100 beats/min, which is even and powerful;
3. Normal adults breathe 16-20 times/minute, and the breathing time is equal;
4. Normal adult blood pressure ranges from140/90mmhg (18.6/12kpa) to 90/60mmhg (12/8kpa).
5. The pupil diameter of normal adults is 2-4mm, which is completely consistent with the circle; The total blood of normal adults accounts for about 7-8% of body weight.