The data shows that at present, the total number of practical talents in rural areas in China exceeds 20 million, including new professional farmers150 thousand. So, what kind of farmers can be called new professional farmers? What is its development status and how to cultivate and support it? Let's see what experts and scholars in the field of agriculture, rural areas and farmers say.
New professional farmers, where is the "new"?
The new professional farmers are the new impetus to promote rural revitalization. Where is the "newness" of the new professional farmers? What is the current situation of training new professional farmers?
Yan, Executive Dean of the National Development and Strategy Institute of Renmin University of China:
New professional farmers refer to modern agricultural employees who actively adapt to the needs of modern agricultural production and industrial development, mainly rely on agriculture and related industries to obtain income, and take farming as their profession.
Basic requirements include:
Have certain cultural and scientific knowledge, master modern agricultural production skills, be rich in independent innovation and entrepreneurial spirit, and have professional quality and social responsibility.
Compared with traditional farmers, new professional farmers are "new" in the following points:
Have advanced concepts of modern agricultural production and management; Have the ability and quality required by modern agriculture; Can get higher income, is the successor and pioneer of new agricultural production.
Main training targets:
At present, the training targets of new professional farmers include not only young and middle-aged farmers, but also large agricultural machinery households, leaders of rural cooperatives, leaders of rural practical talents and modern young farmers.
Party Guo Ying, researcher of Rural Development Institute of China Academy of Social Sciences:
Cultivating new professional farmers is one of the important tasks to realize rural revitalization. Professional farmers are different from small farmers in the traditional sense and have the following characteristics:
Engage in market-oriented production and business activities. The new professional farmers are highly dependent on social division of labor, and they are oriented to the vast market for production and management, rather than self-sufficiency. As the main body of the market, new professional farmers must have the awareness of cost accounting, brand building and market risk, and face the competition not only in the domestic market, but also in the international market.
The business scale is relatively large. Especially in the fields of agricultural products circulation, service and processing, the scale of operation of practitioners is very large, even comparable to that of multinational companies, which is enough to reduce production costs to the level of market competitiveness. Based on the reality of our country, it is reasonable to set the average household management scale of grain production (about 10 mu) as 8 to 15 times of the current one.
Relying on modern agricultural management organization system. From the international experience, in most agricultural production fields, "giant cooperative+professional family farm" is the most competitive agricultural management organization system. On the one hand, this model will improve the competitiveness of cooperatives, on the other hand, it will allow groups to share the benefits of agricultural industrial chain. In developed agricultural countries, it is difficult for ordinary family farm operators to survive without this mechanism.
More and more environmental protection technologies are used in production and management. The proportion of organic agriculture in developed countries generally does not exceed 10%, but most of them attach importance to the utilization of environmental protection technologies to ensure the safe production of bulk agricultural products.
Form a "golden triangle" with the government and agricultural scientific research institutions. Agricultural production and management system, agricultural scientific research institutions and government are the key supporting structures of agricultural modernization, and they form a benign interactive relationship.
Zhang Anlu, Dean of School of Management, Huazhong Agricultural University:
The "newness" of new professional farmers is reflected in the following aspects:
1. New agricultural operators, agricultural specialized service providers and agricultural operators should not only know how to operate, but also provide socialized services for agriculture.
He is the master and disseminator of new agricultural knowledge. Only by mastering biotechnology, computational science and modern management knowledge can we improve the competitiveness of agriculture in the international market.
3. Users and inventors of new technologies, new varieties and new skills cannot achieve economies of scale without arming modern agriculture with new technologies and new equipment, and it is difficult to improve market competitiveness without cultivating and popularizing new excellent varieties.
4. As innovators of new modern agricultural formats, new professional farmers integrate the production, processing and marketing of agricultural products, and integrate the production of characteristic agricultural products with rural eco-tourism, making agriculture a multifunctional new format integrating planting, tourism and education.
Teams need to be formed and face "growing pains"
What are the problems facing the development of new professional farmers at present? How should we get rid of these constraints?
Yan, Executive Dean of the National Development and Strategy Institute of Renmin University of China:
Existing problems:
At present, the development of new professional farmers is facing "growing pains" such as lack of supporting policies, imperfect cultivation system, imperfect supervision mechanism and the need to improve the cultivation effect. There is a lack of strong support in population mobility, household registration policy and land policy. A complete new training system for professional farmers has not been established to meet the training needs of different levels. At the same time, teachers are relatively weak, and the training effect needs to be improved.
Solutions:
In this regard, we should further establish and improve the policy support system and management system for cultivating new professional farmers. It is necessary to standardize the training content, improve the curriculum system, innovate the training mode, and implement batch classified training; Further strengthen the evaluation of cultivation quality and effect, and build a new evaluation system for professional farmers' cultivation; Strengthen the construction of teaching staff.
Party Guo Ying, researcher of Rural Development Institute of China Academy of Social Sciences:
Existing problems:
In agricultural production, small farmers are still the main body. Although many small farmers in the main agricultural producing areas no longer work directly in the fields, they are still land contractors, and the non-circulation of land will limit the improvement of land scale management level; The modernization level of China's agricultural management organization system is still low, and the scale is generally small, which has very limited effect on increasing farmers' income; The level of scientific and technological equipment of farmers in China is generally low, so it is urgent to establish a high-level scientific and technological extension system so that farmers can learn more practical technologies.
Solutions:
First of all, further improve the level of urbanization, reform the urban land planning and management system, improve the urban living form, and facilitate rural residents to move into cities.
Secondly, deepen the reform of rural land system, explore ways to allow mortgage financing of contracted land management rights, reduce the level of land rent, and improve the enthusiasm of agricultural investors to improve land productivity.
Thirdly, vigorously support farmers' cooperatives to achieve cross-administrative development and establish a long-term mechanism for family farms to share the benefits of the entire agricultural industry chain. In particular, it is necessary to guide qualified large-scale agricultural leading enterprises to transform into modern farmers' cooperatives.
Finally, an agricultural science and technology development and extension system with agricultural universities as the main body is established, and the existing agricultural science and technology extension system is included.
Zhang Anlu, Dean of School of Management, Huazhong Agricultural University:
Existing problems:
The comprehensive quality of new professional farmers needs to be improved, especially in basic education, market acumen and innovation consciousness, which is far from the development requirements of modern new formats. Low social recognition and imperfect basic public services and welfare in urban and rural areas; There is a contradiction between the current situation of land property right subdivision, land parcel subdivision and rural organization decentralization and the requirements of scale, centralization, organization and specialization of modern agricultural management.
Solutions:
In order to break through the above bottleneck, it is suggested to establish a diversified training input mechanism combining government, enterprises and society, and increase the training of professional farmers; Increase media coverage of professional farmers, gradually eliminate the obstacles of dual system, and implement equalization of basic social welfare; Accelerate the registration of contracted land and the registration and certification of homestead use right, improve the rural property right transfer market, create basic material conditions for the large-scale operation of new professional farmers, and solve the bottleneck of insufficient funds; Reform the evaluation system of teachers in agricultural colleges, encourage teachers' individualized development, establish three teachers' teams of teaching, scientific research and popularization, and reform the teaching content; Gradually improve rural agricultural technology extension stations, build practical technology, information dissemination, agricultural forecasting and early warning networks, help new professional farmers quickly master new technologies, and effectively guard against various risks.
Whether you can become a new type of professional farmer depends on your ability and quality.
Many netizens reported that compared with existing farmers, college students, veterans and other groups are more likely to take the lead in becoming new professional farmers. What do experts think?
Yan, Executive Dean of the National Development and Strategy Institute of Renmin University of China:
The Opinions on Implementing the Rural Revitalization Strategy puts forward that to implement the rural revitalization strategy, we must break through the talent bottleneck; We should vigorously cultivate new professional farmers; Strengthen the construction of rural professionals; Give play to the supporting role of scientific and technological talents; Encourage all sectors of society to participate in rural construction. As an important task of implementing the rural revitalization strategy, the cultivation of new professional farmers must be aimed at the cultivation of rural farmers, but at the same time, all sectors of society should be encouraged to participate in rural construction, with the focus on cultivation and introduction. College students and veterans have a high level of cultural knowledge, and training them in agricultural professional knowledge and skills can help them quickly enter the role of new professional farmers.
Zhang Anlu, Dean of School of Management, Huazhong Agricultural University:
College students and veterans have their own advantages compared with other groups. They have an innate attachment to their hometown, and the experience of studying and wandering in other places helps to bring good experiences home. But whether they can become new professional farmers depends on whether they have the basic qualities and abilities that new professional farmers should have.
New professional farmers and small farmers are pioneers and drivers.
What is the relationship between new professional farmers and small farmers? In the interest linkage mechanism of "farmers+cooperatives" and "farmers+companies", how to ensure that farmers' interests are not infringed?
Zhang Anlu, Dean of School of Management, Huazhong Agricultural University:
The relationship between man and land, urban-rural structure and rural social form in China determine that large-scale management and decentralized management, small farmers and new professional farmers will coexist for a long time. There is no structural contradiction in the interests of new professional farmers and small farmers, but they can coexist and complement each other.
First of all, the scientific management mode of new professional farmers and the high income it brings can provide demonstration and reference for small farmers.
Secondly, small farmers can make full use of the high-quality professional skills services of new professional farmers to solve the problem of their own labor force and technology shortage in the busy farming season.
Thirdly, small farmers can learn from the refined management of new professional farmers and the planting of characteristic agricultural products to improve production efficiency.
Finally, small farmers can guard against market risks through contracts and agricultural insurance.
Yan, Executive Dean of the National Development and Strategy Institute of Renmin University of China:
The relationship between new professional farmers and small farmers is point and surface, pioneer and drive. Small farmers are the basic unit of agricultural production in China and the stabilizer of economic and social development. At present, the small-scale peasant management mode is still the main organizational form of agricultural production.
The combination of "farmers+cooperatives" and "farmers+companies" mainly revolves around farmers' contracted land, and farmers' fundamental interests are precisely contracted land. The newly revised Rural Land Contract Law clearly puts forward the separation of contracted land ownership, contracting right and management right. Ownership belongs to farmers' collectives, and farmers have the right to contract and operate. They can transfer the management right to cooperatives or companies according to their own wishes, which protects the fundamental interests of farmers' land at the legal level. In this interest linkage mechanism of farmers, cooperatives and companies, the government should stick to the bottom line consciousness, safeguard the fundamental interests of the collective and farmers, prevent capital from encroaching on land in the countryside, guide and organize small farmers to participate in and develop family farms and farmers' professional cooperatives in an orderly manner on the basis of farmers' voluntary participation in cooperatives, improve the interest linkage mechanisms such as land participation, technical cooperation and profit sharing, and build a long-term development mechanism of cooperation, mutual assistance, risk sharing and mutual benefit.