It is hard to say how many Chinese there are in the world, how many overseas Chinese there are in the Philippines and how many people there are in China. No one can say for sure, and there are no exact figures. Why? For the same reason, the relevant authorities have not officially registered and have no accurate figures.
It used to be said that there were about 50,000 overseas Chinese registered with the Philippine Immigration Bureau every year. Together with the naturalized Chinese, there are about 1.5 million to 2 million Chinese, accounting for about 2% of the total population of the Philippines. However, according to the information recently obtained by Ciqiao Foundation from the Immigration Bureau, there are more than 70,000 overseas Chinese registered in the Immigration Bureau every year. If those who hold travel documents but do not report to the Immigration Bureau all the year round are counted, there may be more than 70,000 overseas Chinese in the Philippines.
In the past 20 years, tens of thousands to hundreds of thousands of China citizens have entered the Philippines. Although some of these people have changed their identities, there are not a few who retain China citizenship. Some of them may not report for duty all year. If you add these people together, it is probably 65,438+10,000.
Due to the lack of official statistics, not only the number of overseas Chinese in the Philippines is uncertain, but also other countries in Southeast Asia have this problem. I went to China to attend a conference and met Mr. Zhang Mingkai, president of Thousand Island Daily in Surabaya. The dialogue involves Indonesian Chinese characters. He told the author that due to well-known reasons, most Chinese in Indonesia have now joined the local nationality, but how many Chinese are there? Indonesia's official statement is 6.5438+million, but according to local Chinese's own estimation, it is far more than this figure, with about 6.5438+0.6 million people. 100000 and160000 differ by 6 million people. Because there are no official statistics, it is difficult to say which one is correct.
In view of the fact that local overseas Chinese have not been officially registered in various places for decades, it is impossible to get an accurate figure. This is the case in the Philippines, Indonesia and other places. The number of Chinese in the world can only be roughly said to be more than 30 million.
At present, the total assets of overseas Chinese are:
The 6th World Conference of Chinese Businessmen will be held in the home country of Chinese Businessmen in September this year. How happy it is for thousands of talented Chinese businessmen at home and abroad to get together. "Chinese businessmen march hand in hand towards the new century, with peaceful development and prosperity." This is not only a grand gathering of global business leaders, but also a grand gathering of the Chinese nation. However, let's introduce the current situation of overseas Chinese businessmen from 12.
Topic 1: How many overseas Chinese are there?
The large-scale overseas migration of China people began in the middle of19th century. According to 1999, there are at least 34.55 million overseas Chinese.
China said that although the history of going abroad is very long, people migrated overseas on a large scale after the middle of the19th century. According to incomplete statistics, from 1840 Opium War to 194 1 Pacific War, the number of people going abroad in China was nearly100000, covering five continents and dozens of countries.
After the Second World War, especially in the past 20 years, with the development of the world economy, the imbalance of regional economic development and the adjustment of immigration policies in the United States, Canada, Australia and other countries, foreign immigrants were welcomed, resulting in a large number of people from developing countries migrating to developed countries; With the new trend of international migration, the population of China in developing countries and regions such as Chinese mainland, Taiwan Province Province, Hongkong and Southeast Asia has also migrated to developed countries. As a result, the population of China has increased rapidly all over the world.
Southeast Asian countries are the most concentrated areas of Chinese ethnic groups. According to the statistics of Taiwan Province Provincial Newspaper, by the end of 1999, the total population of overseas Chinese outside Chinese mainland, Taiwan Province, Hongkong and Macau had reached more than 34.55 million, with the largest distribution in Asia, accounting for 77.63%. Followed by the United States, about 6065438+3000 people, accounting for17.43%; There are more than 968,000 people in Europe, 655,000 people in Oceania and 654.38+032,000 people in Africa.
Among the Asian Chinese population, Singapore accounts for about 80%, Malaysia accounts for about 30%, Thailand accounts for about 10%, and Indonesia and the Philippines account for a small proportion.
In the past 20 years, the population of China in the United States, Canada and Australia has increased rapidly. China has the largest population among American minorities. According to the census data, the Chinese population in the United States has increased from 1.990 to1.600 million, which is double the ratio of 1.980. By the end of 1999, there were 3.06 million Chinese Americans.
China has a population all over the world 168 countries and regions, such as Kuwait, Iraq and Bangladesh in Asia, Nicaragua, Aruba and Uruguay in America, Netherlands, Poland and Luxembourg in Europe, Nauru, Solomon Islands and Saipan in Oceania, Ghana, Tanzania and Mozambique in Africa, and the ends of the earth.
Topic 2: What is "overseas Chinese"?
"Overseas Chinese", "Chinese" and "China people" have different meanings. Generally speaking, there are two kinds of appellations for overseas Chinese: broad and narrow. In a narrow sense, overseas Chinese refer to the population of China outside Chinese mainland, Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan, so there is a mantra of "30 million overseas Chinese".
Western scholars and people in Chinese mainland say that overseas Chinese often refer to all overseas compatriots with Chinese ethnic origin except Chinese mainland, including Hongkong, Macau and Taiwan Province Province, so there are about 57 million people, which is widely discussed.
More than 90% of overseas Chinese have joined the nationality of the host country, so they have become "China people" different from "overseas Chinese" who retain China nationality; Therefore, overseas Chinese are generally called "overseas Chinese". Children born overseas by overseas Chinese are from China, but they often refer to all China people as "China people".
China's older generation of overseas immigrants, including the older generation now, have left their homes, drifted with the tide, made a living overseas and struggled for a living. There are also some mainland businessmen who cross the ocean to do business. There are also many Chinese laborers plundered and sold by colonists.
Its main immigrant areas are Fujian, Guangdong, Zhejiang, Jiangsu and other coastal areas along the river. Some of them rely on the hard work, wisdom and enterprising spirit of China people to start businesses with small capital, gradually accumulate capital and develop China's agricultural, industrial and commercial enterprises all over the world.
Mr. Kwek Hong Png was born on 19 1 in an ordinary peasant family in Lianhua Town, Tongan County, Fujian Province. Because of his poor family, 14 years old, he went south to Nanyang alone with a roll of straw mats to make a living in Singapore. First, I was an apprentice in a hardware store owned by my relatives. He studied hard during the day and insisted on going to night school to make up lessons. Later, he was promoted to the manager of hardware store by his boss, and the store became increasingly prosperous. When he had a certain amount of savings, he invited his three brothers to Singapore to open a small shop called Honglong. After half a century of business development, he has finally become one of the largest Chinese business consortia in Asia today.
After the Second World War, due to political reasons such as the temporary adjustment of the national policy of the host country, some Chinese people in Southeast Asian countries migrated to neighboring countries or the United States, Europe and Australia.
Topic 3: What is a Chinese businessman in the world?
This is the general name of China enterprises and their operators with China characteristics. Generally speaking, "overseas Chinese businessmen" in China only refer to China enterprises and entrepreneurs outside China.
As the name implies, Chinese businessmen in the world refer to those ethnic groups of Chinese who are engaged in various economic activities around the world, and their core part refers to Chinese-funded enterprises with China characteristics and their operators. Generally speaking, world Chinese businessmen also refer to various institutions, groups and people including Chinese economic and non-economic circles.
The World Economic Yearbook of Chinese Businessmen published in Beijing from 65438 to 0995 holds that Chinese Businessmen in the world mainly include three aspects, namely, Chinese Businessmen from Chinese mainland, Hongkong, Macau and Taiwan Province Province, Chinese Businessmen from Southeast Asian countries, and Chinese Businessmen scattered in North America, Australia and all over the world.
By "overseas Chinese businessmen" we mean, of course, Chinese businessmen outside China, or only China enterprises and their operators outside Chinese mainland.
Topic 4: What are the assets of overseas Chinese?
First of all, overseas Chinese capital is not a whole, it is a part of the national capital of each host country. It is estimated that its total economic output is equivalent to a Taiwan Province province or close to a South Korea, and its total assets are about 2.5 trillion US dollars. How much capital or assets do overseas Chinese have? This is an issue that people are bound to be interested in when studying and understanding the economic achievements or strength of overseas Chinese.
A large number of overseas Chinese live in Southeast Asian countries, and the capital and enterprises of overseas Chinese businessmen are also concentrated in Southeast Asian countries. 65438+1In mid-August 1995, the Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade published a 350-page research report on the economic network of overseas Chinese, saying that more than 70% of listed companies in Southeast Asia are controlled by the capital of overseas Chinese businessmen. At the same time, Fujitsu Research Institute in Tokyo surveyed listed companies in five major Asian countries and found that most of their assets were owned by China people.
In addition to the assets statistics of listed companies, thousands of small and medium-sized business enterprises are the main economic cells of Chinese in Asia-Pacific countries and regions, providing more than half of the employment opportunities for local society.
In the past 20 years, overseas Chinese capital has also developed considerably in the United States, Canada, Japan and European countries. China capital from Southeast Asian countries, Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan has flowed into Australia in large quantities, which has also played an important role in Australia's economic growth.
In addition, there are some studies and reports on the total amount of Chinese capital or assets around the world. After entering the 1990s, according to the statistics of The Economist and the Overseas Chinese Research Center of Ohio University, the assets of overseas Chinese outside China at that time were about 1.2 trillion to 2 trillion dollars. According to a report in a newspaper in Taiwan Province Province in September 2000, a study on overseas Chinese estimated that the annual income of overseas Chinese at that time was about 2.65 trillion to 309 million US dollars, and the total economic output was equivalent to that of Taiwan Province Province or close to that of South Korea, with total assets reaching 2.5 trillion US dollars.
Although these estimates are only the results of inference, they can also explain to some extent that overseas Chinese capital has considerable economic strength.
Some researchers believe that overseas Chinese capital is not a whole, so it cannot be calculated as a whole. As early as the 1980s, some Japanese scholars and the media intentionally or unintentionally exaggerated the total amount of capital or assets owned by overseas Chinese. They put forward this view in order to demonstrate that overseas Chinese, especially those in Southeast Asia, are jointly "dominating" the East Asian economy with China, and these Chinese capitals are the foundation and basis of the so-called transnational "Chinese economic circle". Propagandizing this sensational diagnosis is obviously not conducive to the development of national harmony and economic cooperation in the Asia-Pacific region, which deserves our vigilance.
Some researchers have analyzed that overseas Chinese capital consists of two types.
The first category is the local capital accumulated by Chinese. As mentioned earlier, China people who immigrated to other countries in the early days did not carry any capital. Some of them have accumulated today's assets through years of efforts, even generations of efforts. Therefore, their capital accumulation process is consistent with the national capital accumulation process of their country. Especially after 1950s, the former overseas Chinese in Southeast Asian countries gradually became citizens of the host country, and their capital naturally became a part of the national capital of the country.
The second type of China capital originated from the fact that some domestic entrepreneurs in China, including China entrepreneurs from Hongkong and Macau, began to make small investments overseas around the Second World War. Since 1960s, China entrepreneurs from Hongkong, Macau and Taiwan Province Province have increased their overseas investment. The investment of these China people is a kind of capital export. In the receiving country, they are naturally regarded as foreign capital, not the domestic capital of the country. However, joint ventures or wholly-owned enterprises established overseas are all registered in recipient countries, and their GDP is also included in the GDP of recipient countries. They are combined with investment and acceptance of domestic national capital in various forms. Therefore, this part of China's capital has also become an important part of the local national economy.
Dr. Chun of the Overseas Chinese Research Center of China Academy of Social Sciences believes that overseas Chinese are politically loyal to the local society, and economically they are a supplementary part of the local mainstream economy with national characteristics, and they can use ethnic ties for global economic cooperation. Through the analysis of China's capital attribute, we can further study the positive role played by China citizens in the economic development and social progress of various countries, promote the harmony and economic cooperation of all ethnic groups in the world, and promote the common development of the world economy.
Topic 5; What are the characteristics of the World Chinese Website?
The Chinese network formed by ethnic relations can avoid risks and easily seize the market. Its response to market signals and multiple choices is much better than relying solely on international trade and international industrial elimination and transfer.
The economic and trade network of Chinese businessmen in the contemporary world is mainly developed and expanded on the basis of the network of Chinese businessmen in Southeast Asia. The formation of Chinese business network in Southeast Asia reflects the basic characteristics of Chinese business network more intensively. Relying on the ethnic relations of China immigrants, with the development of regional economy and world economy, it has been brought into the national or regional economy and global economy, and spread to the whole world.
China's overseas immigrants in modern times belong to the outflow of weak countries, which developed spontaneously with the purpose of making a living and pursuing a peaceful living space, relying on the traction of family and local relations. They crossed the ocean, one person took one person to a family, the father led the younger brother, and the son passed it on to the grandson, forming a corridor for generations of ethnic immigrants.
Most immigrants from Southeast Asia come from Guangdong, Fujian and Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces, where there are many dialects. After immigrants came to their places of residence, they formed groups with dialects and regions as the main body, and formed business gangs, mainly including Guangdong gangs, Chaozhou gangs, Fujian gangs, Hakka gangs and Hainan gangs, as well as Jin gangs, Huizhou gangs and Ningbo gangs. In addition, clansmen's associations and fellow villagers' associations related by blood and geography have been set up in the gang, so that they can help each other in the same boat. Various immigrant groups are good at doing business, and their business activities are also concentrated in some places and certain products. Rice industry, for example, was manipulated and controlled by chaozhou people in Thailand, Singapore and Malaysia at an early stage. Industrial and material relations between businessmen in China have been developed.
With the prosperity of immigrant business, clans and village halls have become important places for Chinese businessmen to gather. The Chinese Chamber of Commerce has gradually broken through the restrictions of blood and region and developed into an industrial organization of Chinese businessmen. From clan associations with the same surname to clan associations with different surnames, from dialect groups to the Chinese General Chamber of Commerce and the Chinese General Association, the expansion is not because of political unity, but because of the combination of ethnic relations, which constitutes a form of overseas Chinese social gathering place and Chinese business network.
Since the 1950s, with the economic development in Southeast Asia, the scale of Chinese businessmen has been expanding, and the business forms of Chinese businessmen's networks are also diverse. Set up branches and reinvested enterprises under the parent company; Develop joint ventures outside enterprises and establish joint ventures, joint ventures, joint ventures, joint companies, holding companies and multinational companies. The traditional partnership system of Chinese businessmen has developed into a joint-stock system. Especially after the 1970s, the rise of China consortia, based on the traditional partnership system, mixed shares with each other to form a powerful group, which has achieved considerable success in transnational operations.
For Chinese businessmen, the process of China's capital expansion to the world can not only effectively avoid the restrictions of a country's domestic policies on its development in a period of time, or the impact of regional financial crisis, but also spread risks with the help of external networks; But also can occupy the world market in time and effectively.
The response of Chinese business networks around the world to market signals and diversified choices is much better than relying solely on international trade and international industrial elimination and transfer. You can directly participate in the sales of upstream products of new industries and quickly introduce technology for efficient investment and production.
Japanese enterprises seek market priority interests through the Internet, which is why Japanese enterprises can still maintain efficient transportation and transmission even though they cannot compete with American and Japanese enterprises in scale, capital, technology and even services. The global expansion of the world Chinese business network conforms to the development trend of the internationalization of the world economy.
The economic and trade network of Chinese businessmen and its expansion in the world are not mainly reflected by some institutional structure, but based on ethnic ties and interpersonal relationships, and then integrated with various resources such as economy, politics and culture. China commercial network has the characteristics of openness and connectivity.
John Naisbitt, an American futurist, once compared the relationship between enterprises in China to the Internet network of today's computers. It is believed that the shapes and characteristics of these two ridges are very similar. Internet computer network has no unified control center, and any member accessing the network can gain maximum independence and freedom. The value of the network comes from the expansion of the information market. In the Chinese circle, the enterprise network can also be infinitely expanded, and there is no power center. He said: "This is a very intangible, complex and subtle network. China family business is actually a network of clans and fellow villagers, and many small networks are intertwined into a network covering the whole world. " As one of the forms of Chinese business networks, Chinese business associations are increasingly showing the trend of internationalization and economization. Chinese community, Chinese schools and Chinese newspapers have always been called the three pillars of overseas Chinese society. Since 1970s, the economic activities of overseas Chinese have developed rapidly, and the number of overseas Chinese organizations has also increased rapidly. At present, the total number has grown to about 1 1,000, of which there are more than 1 1,000 industrial and commercial organizations.
These colorful Chinese communities all over the world serve the local overseas Chinese, and through them, they constantly expand the ties between Chinese ethnic groups and people all over the world, making positive contributions to the development of economic activities of Chinese businessmen in the world. Since the 1960s, with the expansion of overseas Chinese distribution and the development and internationalization of Chinese economy, Chinese organizations have been established all over the world. At present, there are more than 70 such associations, of which nearly 70% were established after the 1980s. /kloc-in the past 0/0 years, various international clansmen or fellow villagers have been held.
Chaoshan people's Chaozhou dialect international conference, founded in 1980, is held every two years around the world. In 20001October, 165438, the 16th World Hakka Family Congress was held in Longyan City, Fujian Province, the hometown of Hakka. Nearly 100 delegates from 18 countries and regions attended, including more than 1700 overseas delegates. These pro-international gatherings of Chinese ethnic groups have further strengthened the cohesion of Chinese businessmen, strengthened their contacts and exchanges with each other, developed business relations in various regions of the world, especially the economic relations and cultural exchanges between overseas Chinese businessmen and their home countries, and played an important role in international Chinese business organizations, including the World Chinese Business Trade Conference established in April 1963.
The World Chinese Business Conference, jointly sponsored by Singapore General Chamber of Commerce, Hong Kong Chinese General Chamber of Commerce and Thailand Chinese General Chamber of Commerce, has been held every two years in Singapore, Hong Kong, Bangkok, Thailand, Vancouver, Australia and Nanjing, China since 199 1. The World Conference of Chinese Businessmen has pushed the international networking of Chinese Businessmen to a new development stage.