Appreciation of Mind Map in the Second Volume of Seventh Grade History: Summary of Knowledge Points in the Second Volume of Seventh Grade History (1)
Lesson 1 The Prosperous Sui Dynasty
I. North-South reunification
1, the establishment of the Sui Dynasty
Time: 58 1 year Founder: Sui Wendi Sui Wendi Capital: Chang 'an.
2. Unification of Sui Dynasty
Time: 589.
Second,? Ruled by the emperor?
Ruling measures of Emperor Wen of Sui Dynasty:
① Reform the system, ② Develop production, ③ Attach importance to government.
During the reign of Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty, the country was unified and stable, the people's burden was light and the economy was prosperous. What is the history of Emperor Wen's rule? Ruled by the emperor? .
Third, the Grand Canal in Sui Dynasty.
1, with Luo Yang as the center, Zhuo Jun in the north and Yuhang in the south, with a total length of more than 2,000 kilometers.
2. The purpose of excavation: ① strengthening the north-south traffic ② consolidating the rule of the Sui Dynasty over the whole country.
3. Significance: It has greatly promoted economic exchanges between North and South.
Lesson two? Zhenguan rule?
First, the establishment of the Tang Dynasty.
Time: 6 18 Founding Emperor: Tang Gaozu Li Yuan Capital: Chang 'an.
Second, the rule of Zhenguan.
1, focusing on summing up historical experience and lessons and attaching importance to the people's strength;
2. Pay attention to developing production and reducing people's burden;
3. Advocating frugality;
4. Appoint talented, modest and easy-to-teach people.
During the period of Emperor Taizong, the politics was relatively clear, the economy developed rapidly, there was a scene of prosperity, and the national strength gradually became stronger. Historically, the rule at that time was called? Zhenguan rule? .
Third, Wu Zetian.
Wu Zetian is the only female emperor in the history of China.
In history, the rule of Wu Zetian was called? Ryan Kaiyuan, Hong Zhi Guan Zhen?
Lesson 3 Kaiyuan Shi Sheng
First, the rule of Kaiyuan
Tang Xuanzong's performance;
(1) appointing talents (Yao Chong) (2) attaching importance to official management (3) advocating thrift.
Second, the prosperity of the prosperous economy.
1 agriculture
(1) Development of Farming Technology: Seedling Transplant Cultivation
(2) the development of tea production
The world's first monograph on tea, Tea Classic, appeared in the Tang Dynasty. Author Lu Yu was called by later generations. Tea god? .
(3) Improvement of farm tools: Qu Yuan plough and gondola car.
2, handicraft industry
(1) Silk industry
(2) Ceramic industry: Yue kiln celadon, Xing kiln white porcelain and Tang tricolor.
3. Business
(1) Famous metropolises: Chang 'an, Luoyang, Yangzhou and Chengdu.
(2) Chang 'an, Tang Dou is the center of ethnic exchanges and an international metropolis.
The fourth lesson is the establishment of the imperial examination system
First, the birth and perfection of the imperial examination system
figure
contribution
Sui Wendi
We began to select officials through subject examinations.
Birth stage
emperor
The official establishment of Jinshi, the official birth of the imperial examination system.
Emperor Taizong
Expand the scale of Chinese studies and increase the number of examinees.
perfect stage
Wu Zetian
Jia Gongkao and Wu Ju.
Emperor Xuanzong of Tang dynasty
Poetry and Fu became the main examination content of Jinshi.
Second, the influence of the imperial examination system.
1, the employment system has been improved, and talented scholars have the opportunity to work in governments at all levels.
2. It promotes the development of education.
3. Promoted the development of literature and art. ..
Lesson five? And the same family?
First, Songzan Gambu and Princess Wencheng
1, Tibetan customs and habits
① Living area: Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.
(2) Production: nomads, and some make a living by farming.
(3) Advocate the meritorious military service and be proud of death.
2. Princess Wencheng entered Tubo
What is the significance of the relationship between Princess Wencheng and Songzan Gambu?
(1) has maintained peace and enhanced friendship.
② The economic and cultural exchanges between the two sides are closer.
3. Princess Jincheng entered Tibet.
Second, the ethnic minorities around the Tang Dynasty.
nation
effective area
Relationship with Tang Dynasty
Today's Hezu ancestors.
Tufan
northwest
He Shen is a family: Songzan Gambo and Princess Wencheng, and Kridê Zukzain married Princess Jincheng.
right
Huihe
northwest
Tang Xuanzong named Perot as a bone strength? Huairen Khan? .
Uygur
Mohe
northeast
Emperor Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty sealed Dawei? King of Bohai county? ,? Cheshuzu? .
Manchu
Nanzhao
southwestward
Tang Xuanzong named Piluge as? Yunnan king? .
Yi and Bai nationalities
Lesson 6 Friendly Exchange with Foreign Countries
I. Friendly exchanges with foreign countries
Major foreign friendship cities: Chang 'an, Luoyang, Guangzhou and Yangzhou.
Second, the friendly exchanges between the Tang Dynasty and Japan.
Du Dongjian Jianzhen 1
2. Tang Wenhua's influence on Japan: political system, writing, architecture, coins, customs, etc.
Second, Xuanzang's Journey to the West
Destination: Tianzhu (ancient India)
Achievements: The Tale of the Western Regions of Datang has become an important classic for studying the history and Buddhism of Central Asia, Indian Peninsula and Xinjiang.
Lesson 7 and Lesson 8 Brilliant Sui and Tang Cultures
First, superb architectural level.
Zhao Zhouqiao 1
Designer: Li Chun of Sui Dynasty
Zhao Zhouqiao is the oldest stone arch bridge in the world.
Chang 'an in Tang Dynasty was the largest city in the world at that time.
Second, the invention of block printing.
1, in Sui and Tang Dynasties, woodblock printing was invented.
2. Diamond Sutra
The earliest printed matter with exact date in existence in the world.
Third, the eternal glory of poetry
poet
magnum opus
trait
Lipper
The early development of Baidicheng and the difficulties in Shu.
Bold and imaginative.
Immortal poet
Du Fu
? Three officials and three points?
Reflect social reality.
Poet saint
Bai Juyi
Qin Zhongyin and New Yuefu
Easy to understand, reflecting social reality.
4. Brilliant calligraphy and painting
1, calligraphy
Calligraphy style
calligrapher
magnum opus
Yan style
Yan Zhenqing
Yanmiao monument
Liu style
liu zongyuan
Mysterious pagoda monument
Step 2 paint
Yan liben
Don't read the picture
Wu Daozi
Born of Gautama Buddha.
Draw a saint
Five, the art treasure house Mogao Grottoes
One of the greatest art treasures in the world.
Vi. Grand and festive music and dance
Famous songs and dances include "Music of the King of Qin Breaking the Array" praising Emperor Taizong, and "Colorful Feathers" written by Emperor Taizong.
Lesson 9 the era of coexistence of state power
First, the establishment of the Northern Song Dynasty.
(1) Northern Song Dynasty was founded: Zhao Kuangyin Chen Qiao mutiny in 960.
(2) Dismantling the military power with a glass of wine: Dismantling the military power of the unified army generals by hosting a banquet and strengthening centralization.
2. Peace War between Northern Song Dynasty and Liao Dynasty
In Song Zhenzong, the alliance between Liao and Song was the withdrawal of Liao troops, and Song gave Liao ancient coins.
Second, the confrontation between Jin and the Southern Song Dynasty.
1, Yue Fei resists gold
2. In the Southern Song Dynasty, Jin became a vassal and gave him gold coins. The two sides draw a dividing line from Huaihe River to Dasanguan. The confrontation between Song and Jin Dynasties took shape.
state power
Build a country
clotting time
constructors
capital
Liao Dynasty/Liaohe/Laoning Province/Liaoyuan/Taishi
Qidan
1Early 20th century
Liao Taizu Abaoji
Shangjing
Northern Song Dynasty
Han (ha)
In 960,
Zhao Kuangyin, Song Taizu
Tokyo (now Kaifeng)
XiXia
xi xia language
165438+ Early 20th century
Li Yuanhao
Xingqing
golden
Nüzhen
1Early 2nd century
Jin Taizu Agoudas
Huining moved to Zhongdu.
Southern Song Dynasty
Han (ha)
1 127
Zhao Gou, Song Gaozong
Lin 'an (now Hangzhou)
Seven Grade History Volume II Knowledge Point Induction (2)
The shift of economic center of gravity to the south
First, the development of agriculture in South China
1, the performance of agricultural development in Jiangnan:
(1) Introduction of Crop Varieties (Zhancheng Rice)
(2) The grain output, mainly rice, has greatly increased. Su Hu has matured and the world is full of? )
(3) Promote the cultivation of cash crops such as tea and cotton (cotton: from Guangdong, Guangxi and Fujian to the Yangtze River basin)
2. What are the reasons for the rapid development of agriculture in Jiangnan?
(1) Economic factors: A large number of people from the Central Plains moved to the south, which increased the labor force in the south and brought advanced technology and production experience;
(2) Natural factors: the climate in the north and south became cold in the Song Dynasty, and the south was relatively suitable for crop growth; The natural conditions in the south are still very good.
(3) Political factors: There are fewer wars in the south, which provides a relatively stable social environment for economic development.
Second, the prosperity of handicrafts in South China.
1, the improvement of the level of silk industry (Sichuan silk industry? Number one in the world? )
2. The rise of cotton industry (Hainan Island develops to the southeast coast)
3. The achievements of porcelain industry (ice crack porcelain in Geyao; Porcelain Capital: Jingdezhen)
4. The development of shipbuilding industry (shipbuilding industry in Song Dynasty became the first in the world at that time; Guangzhou and Quanzhou have developed shipbuilding industries)
Third, the prosperity of southern commerce.
1. Development of commercial cities in South China (commercial cities: Kaifeng and Hangzhou)
After Hangzhou was changed to Lin 'an, the capital, its prosperity far exceeded Kaifeng in the Northern Song Dynasty.
2. Development of overseas trade
(1) World-famous large commercial ports: Guangzhou and Quanzhou;
(2) China's merchant ships are as close as North Korea and Japan, as far as Arabian Peninsula and the east coast of Africa;
(2) Set up the Municipal Shipping Office (the organization that manages overseas trade).
3. Changes in the monetary system (the earliest paper money in the world appeared in Sichuan: jiaozi)
The social outlook of the song dynasty.
First, changes in customs such as food, clothing, housing and transportation.
Clothing: advocating frugality in the early Song Dynasty; Workers often wear short clothes with small sleeves; The bad habit of women's foot binding gradually spread.
Food: pasta is the main food in the north, and rice is the main food in the south; In the Northern Song Dynasty, mutton was the most meat, and in the Southern Song Dynasty, fish was the most.
Live in: hut, tile house, mansion.
Line: ox cart, donkey cart; Sit in a sedan chair and ride a donkey and mule.
Second, lively tiles and happy festivals
1, Wazi: a place for entertainment and business.
Festivals: Spring Festival, Lantern Festival, Dragon Boat Festival and Mid-Autumn Festival.
The Rise of Mongolia and the Establishment of Yuan Dynasty
First,? A generation of tianjiao? Unify Mongolia
1, Mongolia on horseback
2, a generation of Tianjiao Genghis Khan
1206, Mongolian nobles elected Temujin as Khan and honored him as Genghis Khan, and Mongolia was founded. Since then, the Mongolian grassland has ended its long-term melee and achieved unity.
Second, Kublai Khan established the Yuan Dynasty.
1, the establishment of the Yuan Dynasty
Time: 127 1 Capital: Founding Emperor of Dadu: Kublai Khan of Yuan Shizu.
2. The Yuan Dynasty destroyed the Southern Song Dynasty, and Wen Tianxiang resisted the Yuan Dynasty.
Three. Politics and Economy in Yuan Dynasty
1, the main measures to restore and develop agriculture in Yuan Shizu.
2. Frequent exchanges between China and foreign countries
Kyle Polo was a famous emissary of the Yuan Dynasty.
5, the establishment of the provincial system
The Mongolian empire is unprecedentedly vast. In order to implement effective rule, the Yuan Dynasty established a provincial system.
Central China: Central Province,
Fourthly, the development of ethnic integration and the formation of Hui nationality.
Brilliant Song and Yuan culture
I. Invention of movable type printing, application of compass and gunpowder
1, the invention of movable type printing
(1) During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, people in China invented block printing.
(2) Bi Sheng invented movable type printing in the Northern Song Dynasty;
(3) In the 5th century, movable type printing appeared in Europe, about 400 years later than in China.
2. Application of compass
(1) During the Warring States Period, Sina, the world's earliest guider, was made.
(2) In the Northern Song Dynasty, the compass began to be used for navigation;
(3) During the Southern Song Dynasty, compasses were widely used in navigation;
(4) The compass spread from Arabia to Europe.
3, the application of gunpowder
(1) The formula of gunpowder was recorded in the middle Tang Dynasty.
(2) At the end of the Tang Dynasty, gunpowder began to be used in the military.
(3) During the Song and Yuan Dynasties, gunpowder weapons were widely used in wars.
(4) 13 and14th century, gunpowder and gunpowder weapons were introduced to Arabia and Europe.
Second, historical achievements.
History as a Mirror? In view of the past, I have the resources to manage the road. ?
History? Two Sima?
historian
age
work
Stylistic rules and layout
Narrative scope
Sima Qian
Western Han Dynasty (206 BC-25 AD)
history
Biography history
From Huangdi to Emperor Wudi of Han Dynasty
Sima guang
Northern Song Dynasty
Comprehensive Mirror to Aid in Government
Chronological history
Warring States to Five Dynasties
Third, Song Ci
The representative figures of Song Ci are:
composer of ci poems
representative works
style
Elegant school
Li Qingzhao
Euphemism in style, sincere in feelings, good at using spoken English, fresh and natural.
(usually poetry) a free and powerful style
Su Shi
"Niannu jiao? Chibi nostalgia "
Passionate and heroic.
Xin Qiji
4. Yuanqu
(1) consists of zaju and Sanqu.
(2) Best playwright: Guan Hanqing, whose masterpiece is Dou Eyuan.
Step 5 paint
(1) Song Dynasty painting, especially the creation of landscape painting, flower-and-bird painting and genre painting.
② Li's name, what's his name? Song painting comes first? .
(3) Zhang Zeduan's Riverside Scene at Qingming Festival depicts the scenery along the Bianhe River in Tokyo in the Northern Song Dynasty.
(4) Zhao Mengfu's paintings, people? God product?
6. Calligraphy
Song Sijia: Su Shi, Huang Tingjian, Mi Fei, Cai Xiang.
Strengthen the monarchical power of the Ming Dynasty
First, the establishment of the Ming Dynasty.
Time: 1368 Capital: Yingtian Founding Emperor: Ming Taizu Zhu Yuanzhang
/kloc-in the autumn of 0/368, the Ming army captured Dadu, ending the rule of the Yuan Dynasty in the whole country.
2, the spy rule
Royal Guards was founded in Hongwu period, presided over by the emperor himself, and was responsible for defending the emperor's safety, spying on the words and deeds of officials and people, and being free from legal constraints, they could be arrested directly.
3. Stereotyped Literati Writing
Scope of proposition: Four Books and Five Classics.
Requirements for answering questions: Answer the questions according to the prescribed viewpoints, and no personal opinions are allowed.
Style:? Eight-part essay? .
Third, the battle of Jingnan and moving the capital to Beijing.
1, the packet of Ming Taizu.
2. Emperor Wen Jian cut off the vassals.
3. The Battle of Jingnan
The ancestor of Ming dynasty strengthened the monarchy.
(1) 142 1 year, moved the capital to Beijing, which strengthened the central government's control over the north;
(2) the policy of vassal separation;
(3) Add the Secret Service East Factory.
Sino-foreign exchanges and conflicts
First, Zheng He's voyages to the West
1, a summary of Zheng He's voyages to the West
figure
Zheng He
time
1405? 1433
frequency
7 times
number of people
More than 27,000 people
Number of ships
More than 200 ships
Reach range
More than 30 countries and regions in Asia and Africa have reached the Red Sea coast and the east coast of Africa as far as possible.
equipment
Compass needle
2. Conditions for Zheng He's voyages to the West
(1) The prosperity of national power in the early Ming Dynasty;
(2) The widespread use of compasses;
(3) Zheng He's personal spirit and the spirit of daring to explore;
(4) The development of shipbuilding technology in Ming Dynasty.
The purpose of Zheng He's voyage to the West is to strengthen the contact with overseas countries.
4. The significance of Zheng He's voyage to the West: it promoted the economic exchanges and friendly relations between China and Asian and African countries.
Second, Qi Jiguang resisted Japan.
At the end of Yuan Dynasty and the beginning of Ming Dynasty, Japanese samurai, businessmen and pirates often harassed the coastal areas of China. Coastal residents call it? Enemy? .
1, the enemy harassed the coast of China.
2. Qi Jiguang fought against Japan.
Why did Qi Jiguang succeed in resisting Japan?
(1) Qi Jiguang's anti-Japanese struggle is a just cause against foreign aggression, and it has won the support of the broad masses of the people.
(2) The Qigujun led by Qi Jiguang is brave and disciplined.
Third, Portugal seized the right of abode in Macao.
1 and16th century, European colonists began to invade;
2. 1533, Portugal seized the right of abode in Macao;
3. Long-term residence after1557, but Macao's sovereignty belongs to China;
On February 20th, the China government resumed the exercise of sovereignty over Macao.