1, Mulberry: Hometown
2. Li Tao: Students
3. State and Xuanyuan: State
4. Nanguan: prisoners
5. Classmate: Classmate
6. Mist: War
7. Women
8. Four Books: Music
9. Men: Men
Chang 'e: The Moon
1 1, brother: brother
12, history: history
13, husband and wife: husband and wife
14, Ding Bai, Buyi people: people.
15, bent, yellow hair: old man
16, Sang Ma: Farming
17, Support, Care: Children
18, three feet: method
Below the knee: parents.
20. canopy: luck
2 1, letters, letters, notes, Hongyan, Zagreb: letters
22. Temple: imperial court
Second, the author's works
1, eight masters in Tang and Song Dynasties: Han Yu, Liu Zongyuan, Ouyang Xiu, Su Xun, Su Shi, Su Zhe, Wang Anshi and Ceng Gong;
2. Also called? Liu Han? Han Yu and Liu Zongyuan were advocates of the ancient prose movement in the Tang Dynasty.
3. A father and son: Su Xun (Lao Su), Su Shi (Da Su) and Su Zhe (Xiao Su);
4. Bold poets: Su Shi and Xin Qiji, and call them? Su Xin? ; Graceful lyricist: Li Qingzhao (poetess);
5. Du Li: Li Bai and Du Fu. Du Xiaoli: Li Shangyin, Du Mu;
6. Qu Yuan: Who wrote the earliest great poet in China? Chu ci? This new poetic style created the romantic style of China's poetry;
7. Confucius: Qiu Ming, a native of Lu in the Spring and Autumn Period, was named Zhong Ni. He is the founder of Confucianism, known as? Confucius? Mencius is called? Yasheng? , these two are also called? Kong Meng? ;
8. Su Shi praised Wang Wei? There are pictures in poems, and there are poems in paintings. ?
9. Du Fu was a great realistic poet in Tang Dynasty. His poems reflect the social reality extensively and profoundly, and are called? History of poetry? Du Fu was honored for this? Poet saint? Is there a famous one? Three officials? : Tongguan official, Shi Haoguan, Xin 'an official; ? Say goodbye? : newly married, resigned, homeless;
10, China's first biography is Historical Records (also known as Taishi Gongshu), which was written by Sima Qian in the Han Dynasty and called Historical Records by Lu Xun? Historians sing a swan song, Li Sao has no rhyme? There are: 12 biographies, 30 families, 70 biographies, 10 table, 8 books, *** 130 articles;
1 1、? Four histories? : Historical Records, Hanshu, Houhanshu, History of the Three Kingdoms;
12, four masters of Yuanqu: Guan Hanqing, Zheng Guangzu, Bai Pu and Ma Zhiyuan;
13, Strange Tales from a Lonely Studio is the first excellent collection of short stories in classical Chinese in China, written by Pu Songling, a famous novelist in Qing Dynasty. ? Serial? Is that the name of his bookstore? Pool? Is it narrative? Different? Is a strange thing;
14, four great calligraphers: Yan Zhenqing, Liu Gongquan, Ou Yangxun and Zhao Mengfu (f ǔ);
15, the main schools and their representatives in the Warring States Period:
Confucianism: Confucius and Mencius
Legalist: Han Feizi
Taoism: Zhuangzi and Liezi.
Mohist school: Mozi
16, four masters in the Southern Song Dynasty: Lu You, Yang Wanli, Fan Chengda and You Mao.
17, frontier poets: Gao Shi, Cen Can, Wang Changling.
18, Tang Zong: Taizong Li Shimin Song Zu: Song Taizu Zhao Kuangyin Qin Huang: Qin Shihuang Ying Zheng Hanwu: Han Wudi Liu Che.
19. The first pastoral poet in China was Tao Yuanming (Tao Qian) of the Eastern Jin Dynasty. Don't bend over for five dou meters? .
Third, China's literature is the best
The earliest collection of poems was The Book of Songs.
The earliest patriotic poet was Qu Yuan;
The earliest pastoral poet was Tao Yuanming of the Eastern Jin Dynasty.
The earliest and most outstanding frontier poets were Gao Shi and Cen Can in the prosperous Tang Dynasty.
The most outstanding uninhibited poet in ancient times was Su Shi in the Northern Song Dynasty.
The most outstanding poetess in ancient times was Li Qingzhao in the Southern Song Dynasty.
The most famous patriotic poet in ancient times was Xin Qiji in the Southern Song Dynasty.
The greatest romantic poet in ancient times was Li Bai in the Tang Dynasty.
The greatest realistic poet in ancient times was Du Fu in Tang Dynasty.
The patriotic poet who wrote the most poems in ancient times was Lu You in the Southern Song Dynasty.
The most famous novel in ancient times was The Journey to the West in Wu Cheng'en in the Ming Dynasty.
The most famous historical novel in ancient times is The Romance of the Three Kingdoms by Luo Guanzhong in the early Ming Dynasty.
The earliest novel of peasant uprising in ancient times was Shi Naian's Water Margin at the end of Yuan and the beginning of Ming Dynasty.
The greatest realistic novel in ancient times was A Dream of Red Mansions by Cao Xueqin in Qing Dynasty.
The most outstanding satirical novel in ancient times is Wu's Scholars in Qing Dynasty.
The most outstanding collection of classical short stories in ancient China is Pu Songling's Strange Tales from a Lonely Studio in Qing Dynasty.
The earliest recorded prose in ancient times was The Analects of Confucius.
The earliest chronicle work in ancient times was Zuo Zhuan.
The earliest biographical history in ancient times was Historical Records.
The most outstanding inscription in ancient times was Liu Yuxi's Humble Room Inscription in Tang Dynasty.
Fourth, cultural common sense.
1, four outstanding figures in the early Tang Dynasty: Yang Jiong, Lu and Luo;
2. Three Kingdoms: Wei, Shu and Wu;
3、? Four classic works? Dream of Red Mansions, Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Water Margin, Journey to the West;
4、? Four big folklores? : Cowherd and Weaver Girl, butterfly lovers, Meng Jiangnv, Legend of White Snake;
5. Su Shi's prose represents the highest achievement of prose in the Northern Song Dynasty, and his poetry is on an equal footing with Huang Tingjian? Su Huang? ;
6. Ma Zhiyuan's Sanqu masterpiece "Tianjingsha? Qiu Si, known as? Qiu Si's father? ;
7. Cao Xueqin? Read for ten years, add or delete five times? He created the greatest realistic work in China's classical novels, A Dream of Red Mansions (also known as The Story of the Stone), which was widely circulated and loved by people after its publication. There is also a science devoted to this book? Redology? ,? Redology? Now it has become an important topic in the study of world literature;
8. Cold Three Friends: pine, bamboo and plum;
9. Four gentlemen in flowers: plum, orchid, bamboo and chrysanthemum;
10, Four Friends of Literati: Qinqi Painting and Calligraphy;
1 1, Four Treasures of the Study: pen, ink, paper and inkstone;
12, Sikuquanshu: scenery, history, children and history;
13, The Book of Songs? Liu Yi? Refers to: style, elegance, praise (classification), fu, comparison, honor (expression);
14, Tang poetry, Song poetry, Yuanqu, Ming and Qing novels;
15, laurel, top of the list, champion, champion: first;
16, three cardinal guides and five permanent members:? Three classes? : the father is the son, the monarch is the minister, and the husband is the wife; ? P5？ : benevolence, righteousness, courtesy, wisdom and faith;
17、? Four Books and Five Classics? The main classics of Confucianism are: Four Books? Namely, The Analects of Confucius, Mencius, The Doctrine of the Mean and The University; ? Five classics? Refers to poetry, books, rituals, changes, spring and autumn;
18, Huang San: Emperor, Huangdi, Ren Huang or Fuxi, Nuwa, Shennong;
Five Emperors: Huangdi, Zhuan Xu, Di Ku, Tang Yao and Yu Shun.
19, hardware: gold, silver, copper, iron, tin;
20. Five flavors: sour, sweet, bitter, spicy and salty;
2 1, five elements: Jin Mu fire, water and soil;
22、? Eight methods of eternal words? You mean? Never? Chinese characters have eight strokes: point, horizontal, vertical, left, press, fold, hook and lift;
23. Ancient schools were named Yao, Xu and Imperial College. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the highest institution of higher learning was imperial academy.
24. Three religions and nine streams:? Three religions and nine streams? : Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism; ? Jiuxi? : Confucianism, Taoism, Yin and Yang, Legalism, Famous Masters, Mohism, Military Strategist, Miscellaneous Family, Peasant Family;
25. Ancient imperial examinations (Sui Dynasty to Ming and Qing Dynasties):
First, the baby test, also known as? Children's test? Candidates, regardless of their age, are called tong sheng. After passing the examination, they can obtain the qualification of trainee (scholar and "xianggong") in order to take the imperial examination.
B, after the provincial examination, the Ming and Qing dynasties held an examination in the provincial capital every three years, which was attended by Jinshi. The person in the exam is called, and the first person in the exam is called Jie (? ) yuan.
Bing Ji will take the exam. The Ming and Qing Dynasties held the exam every three years in Beijing. Juren from all provinces and imperial academy Jian Zi students can take the exam. 300 students were admitted to Gong Shi, and Huiyuan was the first.
D, palace examination, is the highest level of imperial examination system, the emperor in the palace, to try to admit Gong Shi personally ask, in order to make a merit. Admission is divided into three grades: one grade and three grades, in view of? Jinshi and? Champion, first champion (Dingyuan), second place, third place Tan Hua, collectively? Top three? ; Some dimethyl, given? Jinshi origin? The title of; Several top three, given? With Jinshi origin? The title of.
Verb (abbreviation for verb) poem and person
1, San Gu is frequently used in the world, and he has devoted his heart to two generations. Zhuge Liang
But before he conquered, he died, and since then the heroes have been crying on their coats. Zhuge Liang
3, the real name started, and it is comparable for thousands of years. Zhuge Liang
4, knowing that there are three points in the world, you are still a teacher. Zhuge Liang
5, integrity, keep positive; You are worried about me and angry, writing the glory of history. Sima Qian
6, consider hops grinding needle stone, relying on the sword to hang a bow to help mulberry. Lipper
7. There are thousands of ancient poems, and the bones of great writers are your brushes, in Tianyuan; Proudly speaking, violet laity is immortal. Lipper
8. Weng has been gone for 800 years and his hometown is still drunk; Six or seven miles in the mountains, the pavilion is not alone. Ouyang Xiu
9. After Dongpo sang "The River of No Return", Meiqin mourned and flew south with Hongyan to the Southern Song Dynasty. Xin Qiji
10, the world is pale, and the sage in the poem; Human suffering, pen bottom waves. Du Fu
165438+ Wen Tianxiang
12, holding high white, pure and loyal, and tens of thousands of ancient haters in Guluo River. Qu Yuan
13, lakes and mountains, thousands of people are worried. fan zhongyan
Six, a word storytelling
① Romance of the Three Kingdoms: The words are not very deep and the words are not very vulgar.
② A Dream of Red Mansions: Every word is well-written, and ten years of painstaking efforts are extraordinary. (Cao Xueqin)
③ Meng Qian's pen talk: the coordinates in the history of science and technology in China. (English? Needham)
④ Dragon Entry: Romance of the Three Kingdoms.
⑤ Mirror of the Emperor: Purple Tongzhi Sword
⑥ meaningful rhetoric: Warring States policy.
⑦ Immortal Art of War: Sun Tzu's Art of War
8 Old Corona Odds: Camel Xiangzi.
Seven, the title of the person
(1) Calling character: the name given by my father and elders when I was a child. I took Chinese characters as an adult (male 20, female 15), such as Shen Dehong's Yan Bing and Lu Xun's Cai Yu.
(2) Appellation: generally, it is only used to claim to express a certain interest or express a certain emotion, regardless of age, such as Li Bai's Qinglian layman, Bai Juyi's Xiangshan layman, and Li Qingzhao's Yi 'an layman.
(3) Calling posthumous title: titles added after the death of ancient princes, senior officials and famous scribes, such as Fan Zhongyan calling Zheng Wen and Ouyang Xiu calling Wenzhong.
(4) Birthplace: named after the place where people came, such as Meng Haoran's name is Meng Xiangyang and Liu Zongyuan's name is Liu Hedong.
(5) Official name: named after the official name of the people, such as Du Fu called Du Gongbu.
(6) Official land: named after the place where people are officials. For example, Cen Can: Liu Zongyuan of Cenjiazhou is called Liu Liuzhou.
(7) The titles of ancient emperors to noble heroes (ranks): Gong, Hou, Bo, Zi and Gong (level 5).
Eight, the name of modesty
1, claiming to be: stupid, humble, humble, servant.
The emperor claimed to be lonely and embarrassed.
3. Ancient officials claimed to be: Xiaguan, Last Guan and Xuli.
This scholar calls himself a pupil, a late student, a late student, a poor talent and a corrupt official.
The ancients said that relatives and friends use home or home, such as my father, mother, brother, brother, sister and nephew.
6. Other self-deprecating words:
The elders claimed to be: in this world.
The younger generation claimed to be the next one.
The old man claims to be an old man and an old man.
Women's modesty: concubines
Nine. Respectable address
1, to the emperor: Long live the saint, the son of heaven, the holy driving, your majesty and the king.
2. to the general: under his command
3. Use honorifics in an orderly, respectful and virtuous manner to the other party or relatives of the other party.
Order: Your father (opposite father), your mother (opposite mother), your brother (opposite brother), your son (opposite son), and your love (opposite daughter).
Zun: Used to refer to people and things related to each other.
Respect (the other parent), the public, the monarch and the government (the other father).
Zuntang (the mother of the other party) respects relatives (the relatives of the other party), lives (the orders of the other party), and cares (the meaning of the other party).
Xian: Call them peers or younger generations.
Xianjia (referring to the other party) Xianlang (the other party's son) Xian Di (the other party's brother)
Jen: Call those friends who are older than themselves my good friends. Call a superior person a benevolent person.
4. Call the old man husband. After the Tang Dynasty, my father-in-law was called my father-in-law, also known as Mount Tai. The wife and mother are the mother-in-law, also known as Taishui.
5. Add before the title? First of all? The table is dead and used as a title of respect for a person of high status or an elderly person.
Calling for the dead father: the first exam, the first father.
The name is dead mother: virtuous words, virtuous words.
The dead and the talented: sages.
The late emperor.
6. Jun pays tribute to his ministers: Qing and Ai Qing.
7. For people with noble moral character and superior wisdom? Saint? Show respect? Confucius? For what? Saint? ,? Mencius? For what? Ya sheng du fu? For what? Poet saint? And then what? Saint? Mostly used for emperors, such as? Holy? 、? Divine driving? .
Special appellation
1. Names of common people: Buyi, Limin, Sublime, Ordinary People and Mang.
2. Bo (Meng) Zhong: the ranking order of the elders among the brothers.
Bo (Meng) is the eldest, Zhong is the second, Uncle is the third and Ji is the fourth.
3. Appellations between different friends:
Poor friends: friends you made when your status was low.
Friendship in Jin Lan: Friendly and close friends like brothers.
A friend in need: a friend in need.
Forget the turn of the year: friends of different generations and ages.
Friends of the opposite sex who grew up together.
Cloth friend: a friend who associates as a civilian.
A friend in need: a friend formed when encountering hardships.
4. Age name:
I am three or four years old and eight or nine years old.
Overall angle: eight or nine years old, thirteen or fourteen years old.
Cardamom: Thirteen, fourteen, fifteen, sixteen (figuratively speaking, a person is underage, which is called underage? Cardamom? . )
Weak crown: 20 years old.
Standing: 30.
There is no doubt: 40 years old.
Know destiny: 50 years old.
Flower: 60 years old.
Gu Xi: 70 years old.
Octogenarians: 80 years old, 90 years old.
Period: 100 years old.
XI. Appointment and removal of ancient official positions
1, relocation: transfer, generally refers to promotion; Moving to the left is demotion and transfer.
2. Demotion and remote adjustment.
3. worship: granting official positions.
4. Grant: Grant an official position.
5. Selection and promotion.
6. Except: Withdraw the old post and take a new post.
7. Strike: recall and suspension.
8. Exemption: Exemption from official position.
9. Deprivation or demotion is also used to deprive the throne or prince of his inheritance.
Twelve. Geographical part
1, Yin: Mountain North Water Nanyang: Mountain South Water North
2. Left: East is left, right: West is right.
3. River: Yellow River. Jiang: Yangtze River
4. Five Mountains: Mount Tai (East), Mount Hengshan (South), Mount Huashan (West), Mount Hengshan (North) and Mount Songshan (Middle).
5. Four famous Buddhist mountains: Wutai Mountain, Jiuhua Mountain, Emei Mountain and Putuo Mountain.
6. Liuhe: six directions: heaven, earth, east, south, west and north.
7. Eight Barrens: East, Southeast, South, Southwest, West, Northwest, North and Northeast.
8. Ancient names of China: Kyushu, Shenzhou, Chixian, Huaxia, Jiutu, Zhonghua and Huaxia.
9. Names of important towns, comparing ancient and modern times.
Suzhou: Gusu
Chengdu: Jinguancheng
Nanjing: Jinling, Jianye, Jiankang, Danyang, Jiangning, Baixia and Shicheng.
Yangzhou: Weiyang, Yangcheng, Huaishang, Jiangdu and Guangling.
Beijing: Dadu, Yanjing and Shenjing.
Kaifeng: Daliang, Bianliang and Tokyo.
Zhenjiang: Jingkou.
Hangzhou: Lin 'an, Wulin and Qiantang.
10, nicknames of some cities in China.
Kunming Cheng Chun
Venice in Suzhou, China.
Mountain City and Fog City in Chongqing
Lhasa sunshine city
Guangzhou Huacheng, Yangcheng and Wuyangcheng
Xuzhou pengcheng
1 1, on the Yangtze River? Three stoves? : Chongqing, Wuhan and Nanjing.
Thirteen. Astronomical part
1 The Big Dipper, also known as the Big Dipper, is a symbol of the northern sky. In the morning, there are seven bright stars arranged in a bucket (spoon).
2, leap year, the lunar year divided by 4 or 100 (year number 00 divided by 100), the year that can be divisible is a leap year.
3. Twenty-four solar terms: (see dictionary solar terms Song)
4. Traditional festivals.
Shangyuan, or Lantern Festival, falls on the fifteenth day of the first month.
Cold food, 2 or 3 days before Qingming.
Chongyang, the ninth day of September.
The Dragon Boat Festival on the fifth day of May is to commemorate Qu Yuan.
Mid-Autumn Festival, August 15th.
5. chronology.
(1) A.D. year.
(2) the emperor, year number, four years of spring celebration.
(3) Chronology of heavenly stems and earthly branches: A, B, C, D, E, G, Xin, Ren and Gui.
Dizhi: Zi, Ugly, Yin, Mao, Chen, Si, Wu, Wei, Shen, You, Xu and Hai.
(heavenly stems and earthly branches chronology method):
Heavenly stems: A, B, C, D, E, Ji, G, Xin, Ren and Gui.
(except 10) 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9. , 0, 1, 2, 3
Dizhi: Zi, Ugly, Yin, Mao, Chen, Si, Wu, Wei, Shen, You, Xu and Hai.
(except 12) 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9. , 10, 1 1, 0, 1, 2, 3
Calculation method: the Gregorian calendar year is divided by 10, and the remainder is the order of heavenly stems.
Divide the Gregorian calendar year by 12, and the remainder is the order of earthly branches.
For example: 19 1 1 year, lunar year number, tiangan. When calculating, 19 1 1 year is divided by 10, and the remainder is 1. Check the table? 1? For what? Xin? ; When calculating branches, divide 19 1 1 year by 12, and the remainder is 3. 3? For what? Sea? , then 19 1 1 year? Xinhai? Years, so? Xinhai Revolution? Occurred in 19 1 1 year.
6. Calendar method (not commonly used, omitted).
7. the Japanese method.
Look at the fifteenth or sixteenth day of the first lunar month (the fifteenth day of the first lunar month and the sixteenth day of the first lunar month)
8. chronological law.
Sunrise 5-7
Eating time 7-9
Corner 9- 1 1
Japan-China 1 1- 13
Ritong 13- 15
Time 15- 17
Daily income 17- 19
At night 19-2 1
Rending 2 1-23
23 midnight-1
Ji Ming 1-3