The education system is an organic whole of a country's educational institutions and organizational systems at all levels, and it is the sum total of various norms, rules or regulations required for its normal operation. Including preschool education institutions, school education institutions, amateur education institutions, social education institutions, etc. It also includes the organizational relationship, tasks, organization and management of various institutions. The main body of its establishment is the state, which is the embodiment of the institutionalization of national education policy. The education system is a general model of formal institutions and organizations on which society relies to impart knowledge and cultural heritage and influence individuals' social activities and intellectual growth. It is a social system, which coexists with politics, economy, culture, religion and family system in the social structure.
1, education system
China's education system
As the administrative department of education in the State Council, the Ministry of Education is in charge of the national education work, making overall plans and coordinating the management of the national education work. All municipalities directly under the central government have education committees, all provinces and regions have education departments, and all cities, districts and counties have corresponding education bureaus or education departments.
In order to promote the development of education for all, the government and people of China have made great efforts and made historic achievements. However, due to China's vast territory, large population and low economic level, the development of education for all still faces many difficulties.
2 1 century, China municipal government gave priority to education, put forward the strategic policy of "rejuvenating the country through science and education", continuously deepened the reform of education system, strengthened quality education, and insisted on popularizing nine-year compulsory education and eliminating illiteracy among young people as the top priority of education. "Facing modernization, facing the world and facing the future" is the direction of China's education development and the guide of education reform and construction. While increasing investment in education, governments at all levels encourage non-governmental organizations to run schools in multiple channels and forms.
Stages and stages
Education in China can be roughly divided into the following stages:
preschool education
Refers to the education process that children aged 3-6 receive in kindergartens. * * * There are kindergartens11752 in China, with 900,000 kindergarten teachers and 20,360,200 kindergarten children, and the enrollment rate of school-age children is 43.8%. Kindergartens are generally run by the people. In large and medium-sized cities with developed economies, the needs of children to receive preschool education are basically met. The development of preschool education is advancing from urban to rural areas, and some towns and villages basically popularize preschool education 1 year.
primary education
Refers to the education process of children aged 6- 12 in primary school. There are 456,903 primary schools in China, with 6,340,200 teachers and students1.21.567654.38+0.000, and the enrollment rate of school-age children is 99. 1%. Primary schools are generally managed by local governments, but also by individuals and non-governmental organizations.
secondary education
Refers to the process of receiving education in middle school during the age of 12- 17. Junior high school, ordinary high school, vocational high school and technical secondary school all belong to technical secondary schools. Ordinary middle schools are divided into junior high schools and senior high schools, each with a three-year academic system. Some junior high school graduates go to senior high schools, and some go to vocational high schools and technical secondary schools. There are 93,968 middle schools in China, with 9415338+00,000 students. Middle schools are generally managed by local governments.
higher education
Post-secondary college, undergraduate and postgraduate education. Institutions that implement higher education in China are universities, colleges and junior colleges. Colleges and universities have three functions: teaching, scientific research and social service. There are 1396 national colleges and universities (as of June 20, 2002), 72 private colleges and universities (as of June 28, 2006, 5438+08), faculty 103 million, and students130 thousand (654438+03 million) There are 765,438+08 adult colleges (as of June 2006, 5,438+08) and 4 private adult colleges (as of June 2006, 5,438+08) with 200,000 teaching staff. In order to promote the development and reform of higher education, the "2 1 1 project" was put forward during the Ninth Five-Year Plan, that is, about 100 colleges and universities and a number of key disciplines were built for the 2 1 century.
continuing education
Including adult technical training, adult non-academic higher education and literacy education. There are 460,000 adult technical training schools nationwide with 62.93 million students; 2.8 million people graduated from all kinds of adult higher non-academic education in China; There are 50,000 adult primary schools with 2.27 million students.
2. Education system
Chinese-English interpretation
In Chinese, the interpretation of "system" has two meanings: one is the rules that require members to abide by and act according to certain rules, such as work system and study system; First, political, economic and cultural systems formed under certain conditions, such as capitalist system and socialist system.
In English, there are two words for "system": one is system and the other is institution. System means system, system, system and system. System has the meanings of establishment, formulation, establishment, system, convention, habit and public institution. Etymologically, institute comes from the verb institute, while the Latin etymology of institute is instuere, which means "make", "establish", "grant" and "gain power".
Therefore, whether in Chinese or English, the word "system" includes two aspects: one is the system of institutions or organizations; The second is the operating rules of institutions or organizational systems. These two aspects are inseparable. An institution or organizational system can become a system because it has a set of clear and binding operation and coordination rules. This set of rules is understood and observed by every element of the system. On the other hand, a certain system or rule is always aimed at a certain organization or institutional system, which plays a role in restricting and coordinating various relationships between institutions or organizations and within them. There is no institution or organization without rules, just as there is no rule without the object of implementation.
Basic explanation
First of all, the education system refers to educational institutions and organizations at all levels in a country or region, rather than some non-educational institutions or organizations and educational institutions or organizations in a decentralized and isolated state. For example, the implementation of the education system generally does not involve public places such as families and enterprises, because these institutions and organizations are not specialized educational institutions or organizations, but only have non-specialized educational influence in a certain sense. For example, although some short-term or long-term training courses undertake certain education and training tasks, they are not within the educational institutions or organizational systems of a country or region, and are sporadic educational activities, so they are not within the norms of the education system. When the state formulates various educational systems, it seldom brings these temporary educational institutions and organizations into its own system. Secondly, the education system refers to a set of rules on which educational institutions and organizational systems exist and operate, such as various educational laws, regulations and rules.
The main body of the education system is the "academic system".
Modern system
It mainly includes: ① preschool education for children who have not yet reached school age; ② School education at all levels, including primary, secondary and higher education; (3) Providing special education for children with physical or psychological defects; (4) Adult education for all kinds of on-the-job personnel or other personnel beyond the normal school age range, such as continuing education, regression education, amateur education, etc. ; ⑤ Educational administrative institutions at all levels.
China's current education problems;
The basic problems to be solved in China's educational system reform include: how to establish the correct relationship between the government and schools in the realistic political system and social system; In the market-oriented social environment, how to establish the different positions and roles of the government and the market in the development of education; Under the pattern of multiple interests, how to establish and balance the authority and relationship between central and local management education and promote the localization of education; Improve the relationship between academics and politics, promote academic democracy and academic freedom, and ensure the high level and creativity of academic research; Establish a people-oriented management system in all levels and types of education ...
Not long ago, at the seminar "Education System Reform: Exploration and Reflection" jointly sponsored by China 2 1 Century Education Development Research Institute, Beijing Institute of Technology's Higher Education College and Beijing Normal University's School of Education Management, experts such as Professor Li Dun, Dean of Beijing Institute of Technology's Higher Education College, Professor Zhu Hongqi, Dean of Beijing Normal University's School of Education Management, He Jin of Ford Foundation and Chai, a private Xinfu Education Group, put forward the above questions and put them into practice.