In order to fully understand the survival, development and social protection status of rural left-behind children, especially left-behind girls, the Love Duckling Fund of China Social Welfare Foundation entrusted Zhengzhou University and Lanzhou University to set up a joint research group. From September 20 14 to February 12 of the same year, the survival and development of left-behind girls in rural areas in six central and western regions of Sichuan, Yunnan, Henan, Gansu, Shaanxi and Hubei were investigated, and the "Left-behind Rural Areas in Central and Western China" was completed. * * * There are 6 1 12 rural girls included in the actual analysis, of which 49.346% are left behind. Psychological problems are the most noteworthy problems for left-behind children in rural areas. Long-term single-parent guardianship or intergenerational guardianship, or even guardianship of others,
Without supervision, left-behind children can't get the care of their parents like other children, and parents can't always understand and master their children's psychological and ideological changes. The main performance is as follows:
First, the personality is weak and introverted.
Left-behind children leave their parents at a young age, and their parents are seriously lacking in care. Although some of them are supervised by grandparents or relatives and friends, they are different from their parents after all. When they encounter difficulties, they will feel weak and helpless, and over time they will become unwilling to communicate with others and introverted.
Second, inferiority complex.
Most children have the psychology of keeping up with the joneses and a strong sense of pride. Without their parents, they seem to have lost their strong dependence and protection. Therefore, compared with some children with parents around them, they are prone to psychological barriers of inferiority, and some even give up on themselves, lose confidence and fail to make progress in their studies.
Third, loneliness and helplessness.
Parents' going out makes their children feel empty and lonely at home, which leads to mental turmoil and depression.
Fourth, the psychology of hating parents.
A few children don't understand their parents, think that their families are poor and their parents are incapable, so they go out to work, which leads to resentment. Some children say that their parents are estranged from their parents after returning home, which leads to estrangement from their parents and even resentment towards their parents.
To this end, based on the above analysis of the causes of mental health problems of left-behind children and our understanding of their psychological status, in order to make the left-behind children grow up healthily and happily, we put forward the model of establishing mental health education for left-behind students:
1. Establish the growth files of "left-behind children", investigate the life thoughts, study and family education of all "left-behind children" by the school as a unit, register the records one by one, establish the growth record files reflecting their progress and shortcomings, implement the working procedures of dynamic tracking, filing, classified management and information communication, and do a good job effectively according to the file records.
2. Establish a hotline for parents of "left-behind children" and communicate with parents of "left-behind children" through letters, telephone calls, home visits and other forms, so that parents can keep abreast of their children's situation.
3. Training "Left-behind children should increase some course contents and life ability training contents, improve their awareness of self-protection and law, enhance their self-care ability and develop good living habits. The life problems of left-behind children, especially those whose parents go out to work, are not optimistic. The reason why the parents of left-behind children leave their children to go out to work is because the income from family farming can't make their families live a stable life. Otherwise, if there is a little way, they will try their best to stay with their children, so life difficulties are a common feature of left-behind children's families. Although they can earn some money by going out to work, their pay is still extremely unbalanced compared with their income. Sometimes, due to defects in the system, they can't get the money they earn in time, so they are extremely frugal in their family life. After parents leave, left-behind children and their guardians are more conspicuous in frugality, which is manifested in diet. Eating well is not a luxury, as long as they can eat enough. Childhood is a period of growth, and a reasonable diet structure and nutrition collocation are very important for children's growth. Urban children of this age are taken care of by their parents and relatives, while left-behind children in rural areas can only live a life of food and clothing in a state of extreme frugality. When these children are sick, they often have no ability and conditions to go to the hospital for treatment. They can only take some simple and traditional methods to treat it, or simply "carry it".
In addition, as we all know, China's agriculture is called "the old, the weak and the sick" agriculture. Most outstanding laborers leave the countryside to work in cities, and the old, the weak, the sick and the disabled become the main labor force in agriculture. Left-behind children should join the ranks of workers with a little strength. Even if you don't do those high-intensity manual jobs, you have to undertake all kinds of housework. Premature sharing of family burden has a great influence on their healthy growth. From the above brief explanation, we can see that there are many serious problems for left-behind children in rural areas. It is not an individual problem, but a problem related to a group of more than 23 million people, and this group is still growing. "The wisdom of young people is the wisdom of the country, the prosperity of young people is the prosperity of the country, the strength of young people is the independence of the country, the freedom of young people is the freedom of the country, and the progress of young people is the progress of the country." Facing the social phenomenon of left-behind children is undoubtedly extremely unfavorable to the future development of China. The study, psychology, health and future of left-behind children deserve our attention. They are all rural children and the main force of rural construction in the future. If effective measures are not taken in time to solve their problems and let them grow up healthily in an equal and harmonious environment, the future construction of new countryside will be greatly affected.
To find a solution, we must first find out the cause of the problem. The phenomenon of left-behind children is largely caused by the lagging development of rural economy. Rural economic development is a very complicated problem, which cannot be solved in a short time. Therefore, when solving the problem of left-behind children, we should try our best to find more direct reasons. Only in this way can we find an effective way to solve the problem as soon as possible, and only in this way can we not delay the growth of a generation. Basic situation
There are mainly two kinds: one is intergenerational guardianship, that is, there are many ways for grandparents to supervise "left-behind children". For this kind of guardianship, parents who go out are more at ease. But this kind of guardianship has insurmountable problems in the process of children's growth. First, due to consanguinity and consanguinity, guardians often adopt doting discipline. Give more material and life satisfaction and too much tolerance, and less spiritual and moral control and guidance. Second, there is a big age gap between grandparents and grandchildren, and their concepts are different. Their views on many things are often very different, and the "generation gap" is obvious, making it difficult to communicate with each other. Generally speaking, grandparents often educate their grandchildren with their own growth experiences, with conservative ideas and simple educational methods. Children are well informed, like to catch up with new trends, seek excitement and innovation, and do things in an eclectic way. The old people's ideas and educational methods are hard for their grandchildren to accept. In addition, the elderly are old, lack of energy and poor health, and some elderly people still have several "left-behind children", which is really beyond their power. The above situation shows that it is difficult for grandparents to undertake the responsibility of guardianship education. The second is the guardianship of the previous generation, that is, the guardianship mode raised by parents' peers, such as uncles, aunts, uncles and other relatives or others. Because the object of guardianship is not his own son, the guardian will inevitably have some concerns in the process of raising and dare not strictly discipline him. In this way, the guardianship of the previous generation mostly belongs to material and laissez-faire discipline, which is easy to develop children's wayward psychological behavior. For sensitive children, it is easy to feel dependent on others, thus forming a timid, withdrawn and introverted character.
reality
1, the learning situation is average. Because these children live with their elderly grandparents or other relatives and friends at home, their guardians have a low level of education and cannot guide their children's study, which leads to the lack of effective supervision and guidance in their study. Most left-behind children have poor consciousness, weak discipline, no good study habits, passive learning and poor academic performance.
2. Psychological closure and emotional world problems. "Left-behind children" are prone to psychological barriers due to the lack of sound emotional care and communication. Long-term separation from parents leads to left-behind children not enjoying the care of their parents in their daily lives, unable to find emotional support from their parents when encountering difficulties, and unable to guide and correct some mistakes in time in the process of study and life. Over time, some obvious psychological and behavioral problems have been formed. Such as emotional fragility, self-abandonment, anxiety and autism, lack of self-confidence, pessimism and so on.
3. Bad moral behavior. Due to the lack of effective supervision and education, left-behind children often can't distinguish between good and bad things, can't look at problems correctly, are easily influenced by negative phenomena in society, and are easy to develop some bad behaviors. For example, I often lie, call names, disobey discipline and secretly take things from my classmates.
4. Some ideas of dual-income parents have negative effects. "Working" parents, who think that they earn more money by hard work than those with higher education, have formed a new idea of "reading is useless" in their minds, so they have no clear requirements for their children and let nature take its course. The concept of "being able to study, but not studying well, and earning money by working" is widespread in children's minds. And some working parents who don't earn money think it's bad luck, complaining all day, ignoring everything about their children and being irresponsible. "Left-behind children" bear a heavy emotional burden on their parents' young minds and bear great mental pressure, which seriously affects their normal study and healthy growth.
5. Left-behind children have serious "family hunger". Caring and caring play a vital role in children's growth. Most left-behind children are in a period of rapid physical and mental development. They have their own understanding and knowledge of their own changes and interpersonal communication, but they also face many problems and troubles, and they need channels to talk and comfort from their relatives. However, because the parents of left-behind children work outside the home all the year round, it is difficult for some children to make a phone call, write a letter or meet once every six months or even years to maintain their family ties, and it is difficult to communicate their thoughts, listen to their troubles and give them enough care. Some parents and children haven't seen each other for many years, which makes children forget their parents' faces, let alone family ties.
6. The proportion of accidental injuries caused by guardians' weak awareness of protection is relatively large. Because most of the left-behind children are minors, they lack the awareness and ability of self-protection, the ability to deal with emergencies and save themselves, and the supervision of their parents, so they are vulnerable to infringement and exploitation by lawless elements. In addition, many left-behind children have a long way to go to school, often get up early and get greedy, and their personal safety is worrying.
Basic strategy
1. Parents are required to shoulder the responsibility of educating their children.
Most farmers have not received a good education. They mistakenly believe that educating children is a school matter, and parents only need to be "logistics ministers" to give money and things. As for reading, it is the school, teachers and children's own business, and parents have no responsibility. They generally believe that children's academic performance is determined by their personal qualities. Parents should change these incorrect concepts, establish the concept of educational responsibility of "the son doesn't teach, the father is guilty", and make it clear that it is their duty to educate their children, and their own educational level does not affect their education. Even if you work in a foreign country, you should shoulder the responsibility of educating your children, form a joint force with schools and society, and do a good job in educating your children. We should take the initiative to contact the children's teachers and village directors to strengthen communication. Explain your own situation to the teacher, understand the development and changes of children, and explore the strategies and methods of educating children, so as not to let the family education of "left-behind children" appear blind spots. Parents should also strengthen contact with "guardians" and strengthen communication between parents and children. Grasp the child's academic, moral and physical health status in time, guide the child's study and life in various ways, and ask the "guardian" to ensure the child's sufficient study time, and must guide him to be strict with the child and strengthen the supervision of life and study.
On the other hand, we should pay attention to communication with children in various ways. The shorter the communication interval, the better, to ensure familiarity with children's life, education and psychological changes; The content of communication should be comprehensive and meticulous. In communication, parents should express their love and high hopes for their children, hoping that their children can understand their family and current situation and their life, study and emotional changes through communication. Communication methods can be diversified. Besides telephone calls, letters can also be used for communication. Every child is a flawless "emerald". As long as their hearts are filled with the love of their parents and relatives, they will have positive motivation, learn better and do better.
2. Strengthen management and show love.
We regard the education of "left-behind children" as a special task and always make unremitting efforts. Each village has established a personal file of "left-behind children". The contents of the file include name, age, moral quality, behavior habits, hobbies, intelligence level, personality characteristics, learning motivation and attitude, learning ability and methods, harmony with temporary guardians, communication with working parents, etc. The basic information of the temporary guardian, including name, age, education level and personality characteristics, focuses on how the guardian disciplines the children. Basic information of parents of "left-behind children", including name, age, education level, work unit and type of work, economic income, hope requirements for children, communication with children, etc.
In view of the characteristics and needs of "left-behind children", I asked parents to keep in touch by telephone, and according to the children's performance inside and outside the school, let the children get in touch with their parents and make regular telephone contact every month, so that parents can give their children "telephone education". Love is the cornerstone of education, and education should put love at the center. I make friends with the "left-behind children" in the village and always care, love and take care of them. In terms of safety, always remind; In life, help as much as possible; Psychologically, observe carefully and communicate in many ways; In learning, patient counseling.
In a word, the healthy development of a child's body, mind, personality and thoughts is inseparable from the education of parents. "Left-behind children" education has become a hot topic in current society. "To truly solve the problem of left-behind children, we must stop them from staying behind and let them stay with their parents." Ye, a professor at the School of Humanities and Development, China Agricultural University, who has been engaged in the research of rural left-behind population, rural social problems and rural education for a long time, said so. Shang, a professor at the Children's Research Center of Beijing Normal University, stressed that what we need most now is laws and regulations that can reunite left-behind children with their parents and help these families reunite at their parents' workplace. When the reporter interviewed two experts who had long studied the problem of staying behind, "reunion" became the word with the highest frequency. In Ye's view, staying behind will create a great "dilemma" for children who are still in the spiritual growth period. "Due to the busy production and living burden, guardians pay insufficient attention to the emotional and psychological changes of left-behind children. Research shows that 43.8% of left-behind children have little or no emotional communication with their guardians, 37% of left-behind children say they often don't want to talk to anyone, and 30% of left-behind children often feel lonely. " Ye said. Pan Lu, a researcher at the School of Humanities and Development of China Agricultural University, as a member of the research group "Left-behind Children in Rural Areas of China", conducted a questionnaire survey in 10 villages in five major labor exporting provinces: Anhui, Henan, Hunan, Jiangxi and Sichuan. She found that the main psychological problems of left-behind children are aggravated inferiority complex, depressed personality, self-isolation, aloof and unsociable, and some children have the abnormal mentality of hating the rich and hating. However, loneliness, fragility and longing for family ties have become the biggest psychological problems of left-behind children. In Shang's words, she has always stressed to reporters that left-behind children should be reunited with their parents. "At present, the difficulties in entering the city and settling down caused by the hukou have become obstacles to the separation of parents and children to a certain extent, which has a great impact. One fifth to one quarter of children in China are separated from their parents. Creating good conditions for children to go to school and seek medical treatment in cities is also an investment in future human capital, so that these children can have a better growth environment and higher quality, which can benefit the society. " Shang said: "However, in the realistic social background, these approaches are difficult to achieve in the short term. Therefore, the problem of left-behind children needs to change from solving thinking to coping. " Ye said. In this regard, Pan Lu also believes that migrant children living in cities are also facing the dilemma of social exclusion and social integration. The barriers of the household registration system make it difficult to solve the problems such as the establishment and improvement of the social security system for floating population, the distribution and use of educational resources, and the regional coordination of education (and college entrance examination) system in a short time. The instability, marginalization and social exclusion of urban life will even bring greater growth risks to rural children. Looking up relevant information, the reporter noticed that "second occupancy" is becoming another embarrassing situation faced by some children. "Stay for the second time" means that "little migratory birds" come to a strange city with hope to meet their parents after a long separation. They are strangers and their parents have no time to accompany them. They are faced with the dilemma of "meeting thousands of miles" and being separated from their families again. What is even more worrying is that the safety of "small migratory birds" in the city has also been threatened. 20 12 On July 22nd, Huahua, who had just arrived in Foshan, Guangdong for three days from her hometown in Hengyang, Hunan, fell from the fifth floor and was stabbed in the crotch by a steel pipe, and her life was dying. Not only that, but there have also been several incidents of "small migratory birds" being trafficked. In this regard, Zhang Xuemei, Secretary-General of the Professional Committee for the Protection of Minors of the National Lawyers Association, analyzed that the protection of left-behind children is still lacking in pertinence and comprehensiveness, and the relevant laws, regulations and policies are lagging behind, and the operability is not strong. Perfecting the legal protection system of left-behind children is the guarantee to fundamentally solve the problem of left-behind children. It is suggested to speed up the revision and formulation of inappropriate laws, regulations and policies, such as household registration legal system and education policy. Effectively incorporate the principle of equality between men and women and children's priority into the formulation and revision of laws, regulations and policies, pay special attention to the right to education, personal rights and property rights of left-behind children in rural areas, eliminate discrimination against left-behind children in rural areas, enhance the timeliness and operability of laws and policies, and effectively guarantee the implementation of these provisions. In Ye's view, there are only two ways to stop staying behind. In addition to letting left-behind children live with their parents in places where they go out to work, it is to truly realize the local employment of migrant workers so that they don't have to go out again.
The report found that the left-behind girls in the central and western regions of China showed five characteristics as a whole and faced ten social risks. From the characteristics, left-behind girls are at a disadvantage compared with non-left-behind girls; The psychological disadvantage is the biggest; Nursing risk is higher than financial risk; Disadvantages will not disappear automatically with age; The left-behind factors in junior high school have the most serious influence.
From the risk point of view, the proportion of left-behind girls living alone has increased significantly; The meticulous degree of life care has obviously decreased; The situation of academic counseling has obviously deteriorated; Hygienic habits are generally poor, especially for single-parent left-behind girls; The nutritional security situation has dropped significantly; The pressure relief effect is obviously insufficient; The level of disease care for left-behind girls in junior high school and below has dropped significantly; The mental health status is obviously weakened; Left-behind girls in junior high school and above are at increased risk of daily abuse; The burden of housework has increased significantly.