What Chinese words have changed in modern semantics?

"Zi" refers to children, including boys and girls. Now "Zi" only means "Son". From referring to the child's "son" to referring to the son's "son" exclusively, it is a process from the concept of class to the concept of species, which belongs to the superordinate relationship. "Guo" and "Qiu also heard that there are state-owned people." (The Analects of Confucius Jishi) The "country" here refers to the fief of the vassal. "If you go to the Temple Building, there will be people who go to the countryside to miss their hometown, people who are worried about hunger, and people who are desolate and feel extremely sad everywhere." (The Story of Yueyang Tower by Fan Zhongyan) The "country" here refers to the "national capital", and now the "country" we are talking about refers to the "country". "Capital" and "vassal fief" are both part of the country, so the ancient meaning of "country" and the modern meaning of "country" formed a partial and overall relationship. In ancient times, it meant to run, and later it was extended to walk, and then it evolved into driving people away. For example, "Baiguan went to ask the dynasties." ("Zuo Zhuan Xiang Gong Thirty-two Years" and "Classic Interpretation" Note: "Go, go and make people." ) 1. The change of synonymous relation: 1. Some words used to be synonymous and then disappeared. Reason: Words exist, but the original sememe disappears and a new sememe appears. For example: art, trees, species, planting; Resistance and danger: planting art: "art hemp." Tree: "The tree is a mulberry." Uegu: The road is uneven: "It is famous for its resistance to mountains and rivers." Danger: "If there is danger, I will get off." Today's Art: Skills, Wenshu: Plant Nouns Today's Resistance: Blocking Danger: Rough Road, Danger 2. Some words were not synonyms before, but later they became synonyms. Cause: extension or transfer of meaning. For example: poor, poor; Cooking is poor 1: "How poor are you in the world?" (End, end) Poverty 2: "Poverty is not frustrated." Poverty 3: "Don't pity the poor." Poverty: You can't live without money. Synonym originally: fried, then boiled: boiled, for example, "Emperor Taizong sent envoys to cook the Tang Dynasty." Stir-fried rice and wheat, roasted and boiled in water. 3. Synonyms decrease: Reason: Some of the original synonyms later died out or were rarely used alone. For example: Italy, Italy, ancient meaning, ancient meaning, ancient meaning, ancient meaning, cooking, respect, strictness (filial piety is greater than strict father), and respect for the past is synonymous: at the end of the tree: "The last big thing will be folded." Mark: "Big Ben and Little Mark." Miao 3: "Apes whistle in the forest." Today is different from the end: the end, the end. Mark: It means the word has died out. Second, the change of antonym relationship: 1. One antonym has not changed, and the other has changed: the result of the change of meaning. In ancient times, "long and short are in phase, and high and low are oblique." Next: adjectives; Low: verbs have high and low today: often used as verbs; Low: verbs and adjectives "People's feelings are false, which is well known." Love: true feelings, true and false feelings: love is "poor and immune, reaching and helping the world." Poverty: There is no way out politically. Poverty and wealth and poverty: economic poverty "those who learn the Tao in ancient times are happy when they are poor, and they are happy when they are general." 2. antonym reduction: more: less, (less); Beauty: ugly, (evil) 3. Both of them have changed in the antonym relationship: ancient debate: agile eloquence: slow speech speed: the difference between today's debate and debate: debate; Stupid: (less single use) abundance: lenient killing (shai4): loss example: giant abundance kills abundance: more and more abundant; Kill (sha 1): kill advertisements.

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What are the representative words of semantic change from ancient Chinese to modern Chinese?

1, Jiang: It used to refer to the Yangtze River, and later it was changed from a proper name to a general name. 2. River: originally refers to the Yellow River, and later changed from proper name to general name. 3. Vegetables: at first, it only refers to vegetables, and later it also includes meat. 4. Meat: It used to refer to the meat of animals, but now it refers to pork in most areas, with no restrictions. 5. Grains: It used to be the general term for grains. Now "millet" in the north refers to the grain that can be ground into millet, and "millet" in the south refers to rice. 6. Snuff: In the past, it referred to tears, but in the Han Dynasty, it already referred to snot. 7. Letter: In ancient times, it only referred to the messenger. The meaning of this letter was called "book" in ancient times. 8. Very: It used to be fierce, an adjective, but now it is an adverb with a high degree of expression.

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The embodiment of four semantic change trends in Chinese

There are usually three kinds of semantic changes in ancient and modern Chinese vocabulary: one is the expansion of word meaning. For example, Jiang: at first it was just the name of the Yangtze River, and later it generally referred to all rivers. Another example is the river: it used to be just the name of the Yellow River, but later it generally refers to all rivers. The second is the narrowing of the meaning of words. For example, tile: in ancient times, it refers to everything fired with clay, but now it refers to arched, flat or semi-cylindrical building materials for roofs. Another example is soup: in ancient times, it generally referred to hot water. This meaning is preserved in such words as "Go through fire and water", "Tangquan" and "Tang Chi". Now it generally refers to the juice obtained after cooking food. The third is the transfer of meaning. For example, walking, running in ancient times, walking in modern times. Another example is power: in ancient times, it refers to the scale hammer, but now it refers to "power" and "right".

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What are the components of modern Chinese vocabulary?

Basic vocabulary and general vocabulary (1) The most important part of basic vocabulary is basic vocabulary, which together with grammar constitutes the foundation of language. For example, things related to nature are: heaven, earth, wind, clouds, fire, thunder, electricity and so on. Materials related to daily production: rice, lamps, vegetables, cloth, knives, pens, cars, electricity, etc. On the whole, the basic vocabulary has the following characteristics: 1. Stable basic vocabulary has served different societies for thousands of years, such as "One, Two, Cow, Horse, Home, Door, Mountain, Water, Up, Down, Left, Right, Fight, High and Low" and so on, all of which are found in Oracle Bone Inscriptions. To say that the basic vocabulary is stable does not mean that the basic vocabulary remains unchanged. In fact, the basic vocabulary also develops and changes. Some monosyllabic basic words in ancient times developed into polysyllabic compound words, which is an inherent development law of Chinese vocabulary, and some monosyllabic basic words were replaced by later compound words. 2. Productivity Those basic words handed down for thousands of years have become the basis of new words. They generally have strong word formation ability. For example, there are more than 160 words with "water" in Modern Chinese Dictionary. Of course, there are also basic words with weak or little word-formation ability, such as "you, me, who, surname, no" and so on. 3. The above two characteristics of common basic vocabulary are based on the common use of the whole people. Universal use means that it is popular in a wide area, frequently used and understood by the whole nation. The use of basic vocabulary is not limited by class, industry, region and education level. Note: The above three characteristics are based on the whole basic vocabulary, and not all basic vocabulary have these three characteristics. As far as modern Chinese is concerned, these three characteristics, especially productivity, cannot be used as the only conditions to distinguish basic words from non-basic words. (2) Words other than basic words in general vocabulary language are general vocabulary. General vocabulary is not as stable as basic vocabulary, but it has great flexibility. Basic vocabulary and general vocabulary are interdependent and interpenetrating. The words "revolution and electronics" were not basic words at first, but now they have joined the ranks of basic words. "Jun" and "God" used to be basic words, but now they are common words. Modern Chinese vocabulary includes archaic words, dialect words, loanwords, jargon, argot and so on. 2. archaic words, dialect words and loanwords (1) archaic words 1. Ancient words, including classical Chinese words and historical words, still exist in the real life of our nation, but they are not widely used in spoken language because they are replaced by other words. For example, "profound, majestic, few, so redundant, its, its, and, and, also, very, just" and so on. Historical words represent things or phenomena in history. For example, "Prime Minister, Prime Minister, Shangshu, Eunuch, Xu, Ji, Cheng" and so on. Unlike classical Chinese vocabulary, it is not used in general communication, but only in describing historical things and phenomena. Some historical words are often used in international communication today, such as "emperor, prince, minister, princess, chief, your majesty, your highness, duke, baron" and so on. 2. The function of archaic words in expression is: (1) can make the language concise and symmetrical; (2) Being able to express serious feelings; (3) can express humor, irony and other meanings. Although classical Chinese vocabulary has these characteristics, it must not be used casually in the article. If you use it too much or improperly, the article will become half written and half white, which will affect the effect of expression. (2) Dialect words (Fiona Fang words) Putonghua constantly absorbs useful elements from various dialects to enrich itself, such as "tricks, rubbish, beggars, loafers, engaging in, collapsing, decontaminating, awkward, awkward, strange and lame". These dialect words all express a special meaning, and there is no corresponding word in Mandarin, so they are absorbed. Some words are used to express things unique to dialect areas, such as "olive, coconut, gewugela, highland barley and betel nut", which should not be regarded as dialect words. (3) Loanwords Loanwords are also called loanwords, which refer to words borrowed from foreign languages. For example, "France, Balkans, Pound, Gallon, Model, Motorcycle, Motor, Humor, Romance, Banning, Prosperity" and so on. Generally speaking, modern Chinese does not simply copy foreign words, but needs to be reformed in pronunciation, grammar, semantics and even glyphs to adapt to the structural system of modern Chinese and become a member of Putonghua vocabulary. In phonetics, the syllable structure of loanwords should be transformed into the syllable structure of Chinese. Grammatically, after loanwords enter Chinese vocabulary, the original morphological markers will be cancelled. For example, English tractors have singular and plural changes, while Chinese tractors have no singular and plural changes. The meaning of loanwords is also restricted by the meaning of Chinese words, which often changes. For example, jacket in English means "jacket, vest" and so on. When Chinese is absorbed, it becomes a "jacket", especially "a waist-length short coat with a tight mouth", because there are already words expressing the concept of "vest" in Chinese vocabulary, which changes the meaning of foreign words. There are several types of loanwords: 1. Transliterated loanwords translated according to their pronunciations are generally called transliteration words. 2. transliteration of loanwords with sound and meaning divides a loanword into two parts, half transliteration and half free translation. 3. transliteration plus free translation of loanwords After transliteration of the whole word, a Chinese morpheme is added to express the meaning class. For example, the "card" of "truck" is a transliteration of car (English "truck"), and "car" was added later. Letter loanwords are words directly composed of foreign letters (abbreviations) or Chinese characters. For example: 5. Borrow Chinese characters from Japanese, but read Chinese characters instead of Japanese pronunciation. Such as "prosperity, extradition, prohibition, qi, tea ceremony, haiku" and so on. Three. Jargon and argot (1) jargon industry vocabulary is used in various industries, or called "proprietary vocabulary". Trade words are limited by the scope of social specialties and not by regions. In the same industry, regardless of mountains and rivers, the meaning is the same. Trade vocabulary is also one of the sources of enriching Putonghua vocabulary. For example, "proportion, level, penetration, corrosion, reaction, paralysis, infection, digestion, surprise attack, March, campaign, front line, vanguard troops, tough battle" and so on. (2) argot argot is a special language that only insiders can understand in individual social groups or secret organizations. Argot is generally formed by giving special meanings to existing common words. Some argots are created by crossword puzzles. For example, in the old society, in order to keep outsiders from knowing the market, vendors created argots instead of ordinary numbers, such as "one" for a flat head, "two" for an empty job, "three" for a horizontal river, "four" for an eyebrow, and "five" and "six" for a broken one. Several argots have lost their secrecy and entered the national cognate words, such as "washing hands, hanging flowers, being injured, and subduing".

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What does the meaning of modern semantics generally include?

This paper introduces and analyzes the development and characteristics of semantics, the essence of semantics, the structure and relationship of meaning, the logic of sentence meaning and the study of pragmatics in detail, and has abundant examples. The introduction and conclusion of each chapter play a guiding and inductive role in the study of this chapter. Each chapter is accompanied by thinking and practical questions to help readers better understand related concepts and theories, and a bibliography of related topics for further study is also listed. A detailed bibliography and semantic terms are attached to the back of this book.

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What does modern Chinese vocabulary include? More detailed

Including vocabulary and lexical units, word structure, word nature and classification, word decomposition, word aggregation, context and meaning idioms, the composition and development of modern Chinese vocabulary.

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