Some people say that Portuguese and Spanish are just like Cantonese. This has some truth, but it is not accurate. First of all, it is an indisputable fact that Cantonese originated from the mixture of ancient Vietnamese and ancient Chinese. Western scholars generally believe that Cantonese is an independent language, while China scholars generally believe that Cantonese is one of the dialects in China. The concept of language in China and even in Asia is different from that in Europe and America. Linguists generally believe that if two words cannot be spoken directly, they can be defined as two different languages. If there are big or small differences between them, but they can talk directly, they can be defined as two different dialects of the same language. According to this classification standard, Cantonese and Mandarin are basically unable to communicate and should be classified as two different languages. This is also the reason why Portuguese is different from Spanish, but there are some subtle relations between the two languages, because Portuguese evolved from Spanish, or, to be precise, from ancient Spanish. The Spanish look down on the Portuguese. It sounds like Uluru, and there is a saying that "if Spanish is not good, it is Portuguese". It is relatively simple for Spanish learners to switch to Portuguese, but it is more difficult; It is relatively easy for people in Portuguese-speaking countries to understand Spanish, and vice versa. There is a word called Portuguese? Ol (Spanish) /portunhol (Portuguese), which means a mixture of Spanish and Portuguese (such as the poor local language with obvious accent spoken by Brazilians in a Spanish-speaking country), sounds very interesting. Spanish is now the third most widely used language in the world, and now many people in China have learned it. Spanish is very nice. Some people say that Portuguese is not very nice, but Spanish is more useful, because many countries say: Spain, Latin America, Equatorial Guinea in Africa; In America, many people also use it as a second language. In some European countries, if your Spanish is better, you can understand Portuguese, Italian, French and so on. Belong to the same language family. If you learn Spanish, it won't be too difficult to learn Portuguese, but Spanish itself is quite difficult. It has masculine and feminine words, so it is more complicated, but its pronunciation is fixed (Spanish is rare, but it will be good to practice. As for Portuguese, it is spoken by Portugal, Brazil and a small number of Latin Americans, and it is not popular in China, but you can learn it if you are interested in culture.
As for Russian, please choose carefully. As far as my elective course in Grade Two is concerned, it is really difficult. When I was studying, I felt that I was splitting my personality. My classmates are crowded from the beginning to the end of the semester. I remember that just 33 letters knocked me out, and I couldn't learn the final grammar (of course, mainly because I am an elective, so I can't spend too much time here, and it will be different if you devote yourself wholeheartedly). In view of the historical and political status of Russian, Eastern Europe and West Asia are still widely used. Russian is the official language of Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and internationally unrecognized "Transnistrian Republics", "South Ossetia" and "Abkhazia". It is also one of the six official languages of the United Nations. In Russia and the Soviet Union, it is a common choice for people whose mother tongue or second language is Russian to attend classes in Russian. Although the Russian population accounts for 78% in Russia, Belarus 10%, Kazakhstan/26%, Ukraine 17%, Kyrgyzstan/9%, Moldova/6%, Azerbaijan/2%, Georgia 1.5%, and Armenia and Tajikistan1. It accounts for 75% in Belarus, 465,438+0% in Kazakhstan, 25% in Ukraine, 265,438+0% in Kyrgyzstan, 7% in Moldova, 7% in Azerbaijan, 5% in Georgia and 2% in Armenia and Tajikistan.
As for French, I think most people recommend it. From the aesthetic point of view, she was once praised as the most beautiful language in the world (exaggerated, but also reflected its language characteristics). Politically speaking, French, as one of the six working languages of the United Nations, is widely used in the international community and diplomatic activities. As a language second only to English, it is not only the official language of France, but also the official language or common language of more than 40 countries and regions all over five continents. The number of French speakers is estimated to be around 65.438+0.2 billion. Although there are not many French speakers in the world, French-speaking countries are widely distributed. If English is the largest language in terms of the global distribution of languages, then French is the second largest language! In terms of grammatical rigor, French is used rigorously, so documents as rigorous and important as legal provisions are written in French internationally. The United Nations has adopted English as its first language and French as its first language. No matter where you start, this is a star language that has attracted much attention. However, it is common sense that good things are hard to get. There are many dialects in French, no less than the classification of dialects in Chinese. In addition, French grammar is relatively difficult because of its rigor. There are many people who are interested in French, and it is more painful at first, because our education and thinking make it difficult for us to enter the French context. However, as a language, French is a prominent language in the world in pronunciation and other aesthetic aspects, which is suitable for people of literary and artistic types to learn, and many schools in France and its surrounding areas are also aimed at aesthetics. French is phonography, and the meanings of words are mostly expressed by the combination of roots and affixes. This is obviously different from us in China. The predecessor of modern French is Gaul, a romantic language evolved from vulgar Latin, and many words come from Latin or Germanic. Many people say that the more you learn, the easier it is. It is one of the Romanesque languages with the largest number of users after Spanish.
postscript
Finally, I want to say that these languages are all about negative affirmation and R's vibrato (that is, uvular).
This part-of-speech problem exists in some languages, such as French and German. The nature of nouns is different, and the matching adjectives and past participles will also match accordingly. Grammatical gender is the classification of grammatical categories, which originated from Latin genus and is also the result of long-term evolution. The reason is hard to say (maybe it's people's understanding of nature) ... In fact, more people like the "gender-free" classification at present, but it is also beneficial to have yin and yang. ...
For example, "He is driving his car." In Swedish, it can be understood as "A drives B's car" or "B drives A's car". The owner pronoun is very clear ... this sentence is "Han K? R sin bil。” It means that he drives his own car ... and there are some sentences, such as she takes the bottle out of the box and throws it into the sea. Is the bottle still in the sea or the box? English can't solve these problems, but other European languages (including grammar and gender) can describe them well. ...
Generally speaking, the yin and yang of abiotic nouns are irregular, and they are all accumulated, but after learning for a long time, they will gradually accumulate some laws. For example, words ending in -age and -ment are usually masculine words, while words ending in -tion are usually feminine words.
The yin and yang of a creature depends on its original yin and yang. For example, mothers and sisters are negative and fathers and brothers are positive.
There is another problem, about the pronunciation of R, vibrato, which is what people call "uvular". Many people feel helpless about the uvula, but it's actually not that difficult ~ when I was learning German, I began to practice the uvula by vibrating it with mouthwash-but it didn't work for me ~ ~ ~ My uvula was practiced in class! The foreign teacher's method is to try as hard as possible every time you encounter an "R" breath, and slowly "oh" (leaning towards the "goose", which was disgusting at first, as if brewing vomit) and make a vibrato ... It's really practical, at least none of us can't do it.
The tongue really can't pronounce. When we read Russian and Spanish, we use our tongues. Later, the German teacher said that even if you can't pronounce your tongue in the local area (in the United States, some people speak English with vibrato), others can still understand it, which basically doesn't affect your understanding, but it's a little ~ ~ ~ How to put it? The teacher said that uvular is more elegant and has the feeling of nobility. . . Of course, it is also possible that the teacher is talking nonsense. I haven't been to Germany, so I can't verify his words. . . And our Spanish teacher said that her youngest brother had an R in his name, but her brother couldn't pronounce his name correctly until he was ten years old. It is said that people there have no discrimination. . Similarly, I have never been to Spain, and I can't verify her words. . . Think about this yourself, of course, learning pronunciation. . .
point out
I hope you can give your own specific study plan in combination with the teaching materials you use, keep learning and summarizing, adjust your learning ideas and strategies, and avoid detours.
Of course, if you have time, you can watch more foreign language books and movies, so learning a foreign language can be a simple and happy thing.
Besides, you should constantly practice thinking and organizing your language in a foreign language. Forget Chinese food. Thinking in a foreign language can improve your speaking speed and avoid "Chinese foreign language". Don't translate the foreign language you hear into Chinese before thinking and understanding. High-density long-term practice will improve the listening and speaking ability of related foreign languages for 4-6 months.
Kaza Romer, a famous Hungarian female translator, knows more than ten languages. Through years of exploration and study, she summed up her rich foreign language learning experience into ten easy-to-understand items, which are of universal significance to every foreign language learner. These ten projects are:
(1) Learning is uninterrupted. Even if you squeeze out 10 minutes, the morning is a good opportunity.
(2) If you are tired of learning, you can change your learning style or form.
(3) Don't be out of context and learn by rote.
(4) Write down and memorize common sentence patterns at any time.
(5) Try to "translate the mind" of the things you come into contact with, such as the advertisements that flash by and the words you hear occasionally.
(6) Only what has been modified by the teacher is worth remembering, that is, what must be correct should be remembered.
(7) When copying and memorizing sentence patterns and idioms, use the singular first person.
(8) A foreign language is like a bunker, which must be besieged from all directions at the same time: reading foreign newspapers, listening to foreign radio, watching foreign movies, listening to foreign lectures and reading foreign textbooks.
(9) Dare to speak a foreign language, don't be afraid to make mistakes, ask others to correct me, don't be embarrassed, don't be discouraged.
(10) We must firmly believe that we can achieve our goals. We have strong perseverance and the ability to learn a foreign language well.