1. Improve medical and health institutions: First, improve the three-level medical and health care network, and formulate staffing plans for various medical institutions at all levels and requirements for maternal and child care, rescue and equipment. Especially for grassroots personnel below the county level, training and assessment systems should be held regularly.
2. Strengthen the systematic management of pregnant women: establish perinatal health cards as early as possible during pregnancy and implement health insurance system to improve the detection rate of early pregnancy.
3. Improve the level of health care during pregnancy: China's review of 1998 cases of maternal deaths pointed out that 87% of the deaths could be avoided. Improving the health care level during pregnancy can effectively prevent maternal death.
4. Establishing perinatal medicine suitable for China's national conditions: perinatal medicine is a combination of obstetrics and neonatology. Obstetrics should supervise the health care of pregnant women and the growth and development of the fetus during the whole pregnancy process from embryo formation to delivery to 28 days after delivery. With the close cooperation of obstetrics and neonatology, the health of mother and baby can be guaranteed. First, pregnant women should not drink more tea.
Pregnant women should not drink too much or too much tea, because theophylline (caffeine) in tea has an exciting effect, which will increase fetal movement and even endanger fetal growth and development. Second, pregnant women should not drink too much and drink alcohol. Because some drinks contain caffeine, clonine and other alkaloids, pregnant women will have poisoning symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, headache and rapid heartbeat after drinking, which will affect the normal development of fetal brain, heart, liver and other important organs and lead to congenital diseases after birth. Alcohol contains alcohol, which is toxic to human brain, liver and heart. It can enter the fetus through the placenta, making the baby mentally retarded, with a special face and short stature after birth, which can lead to mental retardation in severe cases. Third, pregnant women should not be jealous.
About half a month before pregnancy, a large number of acidic foods will reduce the alkalinity in the body, thus causing fatigue and weakness. Long-term acidic constitution not only makes the mother suffer from some diseases, but also affects the normal growth and development of the fetus, and even leads to fetal malformation. Fourth, pregnant women should not eat more hawthorn.
Modern medical research has confirmed that hawthorn has contractive effect on female uterus. If pregnant women eat hawthorn and its products in large quantities, it will stimulate uterine contraction and seriously lead to abortion.
Fifth, it is not advisable to eat spicy spices. After pregnancy, eating fennel, aniseed, pepper, cinnamon, pepper, spiced powder and other spicy condiments, as well as hot food such as frying and frying, is easy to consume intestinal water, reduce gastrointestinal gland secretion and cause constipation. After constipation occurs, pregnant women forcibly defecate, increase abdominal pressure, and oppress the fetus in the uterus, which is easy to cause adverse consequences such as restless fetal movement, abnormal fetal development, premature rupture of amniotic fluid, spontaneous abortion and premature delivery. Six, pregnant women should not be too exposed to detergent detergent linear alkyl iodate, alcohol and other chemical components, which can destroy and lead to degeneration and necrosis of fertilized eggs. Especially in the early pregnancy, if you are exposed to various detergents (washing powder, shampoo, detergent, etc.). ) too much, those chemicals will be absorbed by the skin and accumulated in the body, which will denature the outer cells of fertilized eggs and lead to abortion. During the first prenatal examination, pregnant women should establish a perinatal health card (manual): fill in the address, work unit, telephone number, lover's name, occupation, etc. Perinatal health care cards are kept by pregnant women and carried with them every time they are examined. After the exam, make an appointment for the next exam date. If you lose it, you can follow up or visit.
From the beginning of prenatal examination, prenatal education should be carried out at the same time, regular lectures, watching TV and movies, or distributing concise and illustrated brochures. The contents include: ① Anatomy of reproductive organs and common sense of pregnancy physiology; ② Maternal changes during pregnancy; ③ Nutrition and hygiene during pregnancy; ④ Knowledge of fetal growth and development; ⑤ The importance and methods of self-monitoring and the important contents of prenatal examination. ⑥ Prenatal education, explaining the common sense of delivery, eliminating the fear of delivery, establishing confidence in successful delivery, understanding the opportunity of prenatal preparation and hospital delivery, and introducing the correct attitude towards cesarean section; ⑦ Knowledge of infant growth and breastfeeding. ① Sleep and rest: Pregnant women should pay attention to their feelings and take a rest if they want to. Sleep more than usual 1 hour, with a minimum of 8 hours of sleep every day. Encourage a nap 1-2 hours. Emphasize bed rest, because sitting and lying often causes edema due to lower limb compression.
② Physical exercise and travel: Proper physical exercise is generally harmless to pregnancy and childbirth. Such as walking, swimming or cycling, but not too intense. The amount of exercise should be based on not feeling tired. Try to avoid long-distance flights during pregnancy. Long-distance flight can cause metabolic and physiological dysfunction, venous congestion and water retention, leading to edema of lower limbs. Strengthen exercise during pregnancy, try to maintain sustained and stable weight gain and avoid excessive weight gain. Generally speaking, from the fourth month of pregnancy, the weight can be increased by 4~5 kg; From the seventh month of pregnancy, the weight can be increased by about 5 kg, and it should not exceed 10~ 12 kg during the whole pregnancy. Overweight is not conducive to the development of the fetus.
③ Work: The jobs that pregnant women should avoid are: heavy physical labor, work that requires frequent bending or going up and down stairs; Exposure to chemicals and radioactive substances with embryotoxicity or teratogenic risk; Severe vibration or shock may affect abdominal work; Can't rest halfway or work on a highly nervous assembly line; Standing for a long time or working in cold or high temperature environment.
4 clothing: clothes that are looser than usual, easy to wear and take off, and soft. The metabolic rate of pregnant women increases, and cotton fabric absorbs sweat easily, which is better than fiber products. It is best to choose a bra with a suitable design and an opening in front to hold the breast. Socks should be tight stockings, which can feel comfortable and reduce varicose veins in the third trimester. It is not advisable to wear high heels. High-heeled shoes make the lumbar spine protrude, the back is overstretched, it is easy to fall, and it is easy to cause ankle injuries.
⑤ Bathing: Take a bath frequently during pregnancy. Because the uterus is enlarged in the third trimester, pregnant women are prone to lose their balance. The bathroom should be paved with anti-slip mats to prevent falling. It is generally advisable to take a shower to prevent water from entering the vagina.
⑥ Tooth protection: Pay attention to oral hygiene during pregnancy. General anesthesia should be avoided when tooth extraction is needed.
⑦ Sexual life: Although there is no taboo for sexual life in normal pregnancy, it should be restrained or avoided in the first trimester to prevent miscarriage. Sexual life should be avoided in the last 6 weeks of pregnancy to prevent premature rupture of membranes. Strong stimulation to pregnant women's nipples or uterus should be avoided. Those who have repeated abortion, premature delivery, vaginal bleeding or serious pregnancy complications should avoid sexual life.
8 Alcohol and tobacco: Some pregnant women smoke before pregnancy and must give up smoking after pregnancy. Alcohol should be forbidden during pregnancy. Alcohol has potential teratogenic effect and may lead to fetal alcohol syndrome.
9 Drugs: The safety of most drugs used during pregnancy is not clear. Therefore, unnecessary medication should be avoided during pregnancy, especially after 3-8 weeks of pregnancy. Any drug used during pregnancy should consider the impact on the fetus, and the drugs that must be used should weigh the pros and cons and obtain the consent of pregnant women and their families.
Attending skin care: when taking a bath, wash the corresponding parts alternately with cold water and hot water to promote blood circulation of the affected part. After taking a shower, apply protective grease (pregnant oil and olive oil skin care products for pregnant women) on the parts where stretch marks may appear, and massage the skin regularly and appropriately to increase skin elasticity; Choose skin care products that are less irritating to the skin, and don't wear heavy makeup. Expectant mothers should eat more foods rich in vitamin C in the second trimester, such as oranges, strawberries and vegetables. You should also eat more milk and its products rich in vitamin b6. In particular, eat more tomatoes, because tomatoes are rich in vitamin C of lycopene, which is a natural antioxidant. Regular consumption is helpful for freckle removal and beauty. The nutritional problems of pregnant women in China are as follows:
① Overeating leads to an increase in macrosomia and dystocia, and an increase in surgical output;
The food is too fine, which leads to the lack of some nutrients, but affects the development of the fetus;
(3) Lack of nutrients or not formally supplemented under the guidance of doctors, or even abuse of nutrients leads to adverse consequences.
In order to adapt to the changes of maternal organs during pregnancy and the needs of the development of uterus, placenta, fetus and breast, the nutrition required during pregnancy must be higher than that during non-pregnancy. Insufficient nutrition during pregnancy will lead to various complications and affect fetal health. Therefore, we should pay attention to nutrition guidance during pregnancy, so that pregnant women can strengthen their awareness of various nutrients intake, balance their diet and make reasonable supplements. Essential nutrients include amino acids, essential fatty acids, carbohydrates, water-soluble and fat-soluble vitamins, minerals and trace elements.
It must be pointed out that the recommended supply is used to guide the crowd, and there is definitely a gap between the actual needs and standards of each pregnant woman, so it is necessary to analyze them in detail and guide them separately. In the diet, we should "match meat and vegetables, give consideration to both thickness and thickness, eat less and eat more meals, and have various varieties."
Pregnant women need to increase nutrition, eat a balanced and diversified diet, be easy to digest, be rich in protein and vitamins, drink plenty of water, and choose vegetables and fruits rich in cellulose and pectin, such as celery, leeks, apples and pears, to relieve constipation. In the second half of pregnancy, the ideal diet is to eat 8 Liang-1 kg of grain every day, 2-4 Liang of meat and fish, 1 kg of vegetables (with many varieties), 2-3 Liang of eggs or 2-3 Liang of bean products, semi-A Liang vegetable oil, half a catty of milk and 1-2 fruits every week. Besides, to be safe, we need to supplement some iron, calcium and vitamin D. Folic acid is a water-soluble B vitamin, which is rich in green leafy vegetables, fruits and animal livers. Folic acid participates in the whole process of human metabolism and is an essential vitamin for synthesizing DNA, an important substance in human body. Its deficiency can not only lead to fetal neural tube malformation, but also increase the deformity rate of eyes, lips, palate, gastrointestinal tract, cardiovascular system, kidneys, bones and other organs.
During the period from one month before pregnancy to three months after pregnancy, women can take 0.4 mg folic acid supplement every day to prevent most fetal malformations. It is worth mentioning that women should take folic acid under the guidance of a doctor. In addition, the following points should be noted:
1. Folic acid must be taken from one month before pregnancy. It is emphasized that the purpose of taking folic acid before pregnancy is to maintain a certain level of folic acid in women and ensure a good nutritional state of folic acid in early embryos. According to this study, women need to take folic acid for four weeks to correct their folic acid deficiency. In this way, sufficient folic acid can meet the needs of nervous system development in the sensitive period of fetal neural tube formation in the early pregnancy, and the best preventive effect can be achieved by insisting on taking it in the sensitive period of the first three months after pregnancy.
2. Women in low incidence areas of neural tube defects in China should also be supplemented with folic acid. The incidence of neural tube defects in China is higher in the north than in the south, and in rural areas than in cities. Therefore, some people think that women in low-incidence areas can not take folic acid when they are pregnant, which is likely to become a hidden danger of neural tube malformation. According to the survey, there are still a considerable number of women of childbearing age who lack folic acid in low-incidence areas.
3. Can taking folic acid supplements ensure that there is no neural tube malformation? Taking folic acid supplements is to prevent neural tube defects caused by folic acid deficiency in pregnant women. Folic acid deficiency is the main cause of neural tube malformation, but it is not the only cause. There are also family genetic factors and other environmental factors that can also lead to neural tube malformation, and there is no exact prevention method for these.
4. Don't use "Folic acid tablets" instead of "small dose folic acid supplements". Pregnant women should not take this large dose of folic acid tablets in the first trimester, because taking folic acid tablets in large doses for a long time will have adverse effects on pregnant women and fetuses. In fact, normal folic acid supplements can be provided by ordinary pregnant women's milk powder.
5. Try to replace table salt with formula salt with low sodium content. According to the research of scientific institutions, during pregnancy, the blood vessels in pregnant women expand and the blood flow increases. Reducing sodium intake can effectively alleviate the incidence of cardiovascular diseases in pregnant women and control the incidence of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases to some extent. It is suggested to use low sodium salt or ultra-low sodium salt to maintain proper activity to a certain extent and ensure the metabolic rate in the body. 1, stick to regular exercise (three to five times a week) instead of fishing for three days and drying the net for two days.
2. During pregnancy, you need to consume about 300 calories per day. Therefore, if you want to exercise, you should pay special attention to healthy diet and drink plenty of water to prevent dehydration.
3. Do not exercise on an empty stomach. If you haven't eaten yet, ketone bodies may be produced in the body, which is harmful to the development of the fetus. So it is very necessary to eat snacks and drink orange juice 30 minutes before exercise.
4. There should be a five-minute warm-up exercise for each exercise, and the exercise should be slowly terminated and gradually slowed down. Don't suddenly get up from the floor after exercise, which will easily lead to a sudden increase in blood pressure.
5. Pay attention to the change of heart rate during exercise. It should be kept within 140 times per minute. Heart rate can be measured by instrument or speech test. That is to say, you can't speak normally during exercise, indicating that your heart rate is too fast and your activity is too large. It is advisable to exercise for 20 minutes at a time. Low-intensity activities (such as walking) should not exceed 45 minutes.
6. It is best to choose a wooden floor or a carpeted place when exercising. The safety factor will be greater.
7. During exercise, the acceleration of blood flow and metabolism means that you will feel hotter than usual. Throughout pregnancy, be sure to avoid overheating (no more than 37 degrees). In the first three months of pregnancy, all organs of the fetus are in the process of development and growth. This is particularly important.
8. After four months of pregnancy, avoid doing exercise that requires lying flat. This posture will stretch the uterus, causing the veins to compress, which will affect the delivery of blood to your heart and uterus.
9. Avoid exercises or sports that may make you lose your balance, such as riding horses and cycling in the mountains. Even if you do these exercises at ordinary times, remember that hormone secretion during pregnancy will relax the joints and ligaments of the pelvis, making you more prone to sprains and falls.
10, be careful not to try those strenuous exercises to avoid any exercise that is dangerous to hurt your abdomen. Pay special attention to the late pregnancy to prevent premature delivery and other symptoms. 1, irritable, pregnant women should not be in a bad mood and upset because of pregnancy reaction, but should maintain a good mood, emotional stability and psychological balance;
2, worry about psychology, pregnant women will worry about the health of the fetus, you should express your concerns and rely on scientific means to determine, rather than worry blindly;
3, melancholy psychology, melancholy mood will cause insomnia, anorexia, sexual dysfunction, autonomic nervous disorder in pregnant women. Not conducive to the growth of the fetus;
4, indifference, during pregnancy, pregnant women may only care about the fetus in the body, indifferent to other things, will affect the feelings of husband and wife;
5, relying on psychology, I always hope that my husband can always accompany me. Obviously, you should not rely too much on your husband or mother. Pregnant women should be considerate of their husbands' career and work, learn to be self-reliant and learn psychological self-adjustment and self-balance;
6, grumpy psychology, some women love to lose their temper after pregnancy. I don't know that when pregnant women are angry, the concentration of hormones and harmful chemicals in the blood will rise sharply. Through the "placental barrier", it is the fetus that directly suffers. Pregnant for 7- 10 weeks, often getting angry, which may cause fetal cleft palate and rabbit lips;
7, guessing psychology, always want to worry about whether the baby is a boy or a girl, worried about the pressure of the baby's gender (from the husband's family), invisibly causing psychological burden to pregnant women;
8, shy psychology, afraid that others will see that they are pregnant, ashamed to appear in public places, which is completely unnecessary;
9, anxiety, looking forward to the baby, worrying about the baby all day, fidgeting;
10, nervous, afraid of dystocia if you listen to your elders.