Summarize the article 1 1. Methods and skills of collecting and sorting out graduation thesis materials.
1. 1 Extensive collection and reading
The questions raised in the paper should be concentrated, but the materials should be collected as widely as possible.
Generally speaking, at least the following three aspects of knowledge and information should be prepared.
1) a special material that can reflect the specific characteristics of the research object itself.
Fully familiar with the object is an indispensable prerequisite for correctly understanding the object.
In addition to directly understanding the specific characteristics of the research object itself (through all the works of relevant writers and all kinds of knowledge about the problem ...), we should also grasp all social and historical conditions or spiritual and material factors that can affect the emergence, development and change of the research object.
Only by mastering these materials as comprehensively as possible.
Doing research can fully reflect the "living soul" of Marxism-a concrete analysis of the specific situation.
2) Theoretical preparation as a clear direction and ideological guidance.
The so-called scientific research is to find out essential and regular things from concrete things and phenomena through correct and rigorous analysis, generalization and abstract work.
This work itself must have correct theoretical guidance (professional theory and philosophy as world outlook and methodology).
The history of scientific practice and development also tells us that to carry out a research work, we need not only enough professional theories and knowledge, but also the ability to be widely familiar with the theories and knowledge of other related disciplines.
Through the mutual infiltration of theories and methods of different disciplines, we can inspire each other (for example, systematically analyze the aesthetic characteristics and social functions of artistic images; Introducing fuzzy mathematics into rhetoric research can often bring new discoveries better; New breakthrough.
3) Other people's views on this issue have been published.
Try to collect information in this regard.
Problems that others have solved naturally do not need repeated efforts; Fully absorbing the existing experience of others, or understanding the focus of others' problems, and carefully comparing and studying different viewpoints can not only avoid detours, but also help to find problems. As Sun Tzu's Art of War said, only by "knowing ourselves and ourselves" can we "be invincible".
1.2 Carefully sort out the screening.
To make materials work, we should use scientific viewpoints and methods, make some efforts to analyze and sort out, get rid of the rough and the fine, get rid of the false and keep the true, and make the material system orderly, which is really helpful to analyze and solve problems.
Decorative materials generally have the following forms:
1) into the literature index.
You can use relevant ready-made materials (library, reference room directory card, newspaper index, etc.). ) according to your own topic.
2) Newspaper clippings, notes and summary cards.
The collection and arrangement of such data must be clear.
One is to clearly indicate the author, title, source and publication date of each document, and the other is to classify it carefully and reasonably.
3) Memorabilia, chronology or translation chronology.
Through the compilation of such materials, the overall impression of the research object can be strengthened, which is helpful to deepen the research on a certain topic and a certain aspect on the basis of a comprehensive understanding.
2 graduation thesis content writing methods and skills
2. 1 paper structure
There is no fixed pattern in the structure of the paper. Generally speaking, it can be divided into three parts: introduction, text and conclusion.
The function of the introduction is mainly to explain the reasons for choosing the topic, summarize the achievements of predecessors and the problems and disputes left over, and put forward the problems to be discussed and solved in this paper; Text is a process of analysis and demonstration; The conclusion is a summary statement of the whole research results.
Before the introduction, some articles also have tables of contents with subheadings and full-text abstracts.
2.2 the role of the outline
The topic has been drawn up and the materials are generally complete. Before writing a paper, you should carefully draft the outline of the paper.
The outline also has a process of repeated revision and supplement.
This step is done, and the papers are basically written in my mind.
A mature outline is helpful to establish the overall concept, start from the whole, examine each part and consider the logical connection between each part.
The length of each part should be commensurate with its position and role in the overall situation and avoid unnecessary repetition.
It is necessary to highlight the key points and give full consideration to them.
2.3 There should be correct and diverse research and analysis methods.
Novices tend to make the mistake of summarizing more and analyzing less when writing academic papers.
He either lists the materials truthfully or draws a conclusion simply and easily, and is not good at fully demonstrating the persuasiveness and profundity of his thoughts and opinions through well-defined and well-founded analysis and argumentation.
Here we need to pay attention to the improvement and improvement of research methods or analysis methods.
Generally speaking, there are the following types:
1) philosophical method
This refers to how to correctly solve the ontological and general methodological problems in specific research work (for example, from understanding the phenomenon of the object to understanding the essence of the object) according to the understanding of the basic categories of philosophy (phenomenon and essence, existence and movement, cause and result) ...) through materialist dialectics.
2) Historical method
This is a way to emphasize the historical concreteness of the object itself.
It requires researchers to be fully familiar with the actual process of the historical development of objective things, master a lot of data, and find out the characteristics and development laws of objective things.
3) Logical method
This requires us to correctly apply the general laws of people's thinking (concept, judgment, reasoning, analysis and synthesis, concreteness and abstraction ...), through the revelation of formal logic and dialectical logic, logically analyze various phenomena of objective things, seek their regular relations, and embody them in theoretical form.
4) Hypothetical method
The so-called hypothesis is not random fantasy and accidental guess, but a forward-looking but yet to be verified new viewpoint based on certain empirical facts and certain scientific theories and with the help of researchers' active association or intuitive feelings.
Although it cannot be called a scientific conclusion, it is often the seed of new ideas and theories.
The correct acquisition of scientific research results is often inseparable from the close combination of the above methods in other countries.
2.4 Ways of quoting materials
Materials are the flesh and blood of the article.
However, improper quotation and unclear explanation will also affect the quality of the article.
There are several ways to quote materials:
1).
Record a sentence or a paragraph of the original text, and you can't delete or add other contents at will.
Put quotation marks before and after.
If the quotation is divided into a paragraph, each line has two spaces after other words.
2) General quotation.
Say the original intention of the quotation in the author's own language.
Don't put quotation marks before and after, and don't use other formats or symbols to highlight.
3) Analysis of references.
Break up the quoted content, and naturally mix it with the author's own discussion and analysis.
This can avoid making the article appear cumbersome or affecting the unity of style because of too many separate quotations.
This paper summarizes 2 i. induction
1.
That is, list examples and summarize conclusions.
On the basis of enumerating several examples, it is natural to draw a conclusion.
Please enjoy the following composition fragment:
The author first lists three examples, and then finds out their internal relations from these three examples, that is, "shoulder the heavy responsibility entrusted by the motherland, seize the day, concentrate on it, and strive to move forward in order to promote the prosperity of the country and the progress of the nation."
This view echoes the topic from a distance and strengthens the strength of the argument.
2. Scientific induction.
List phenomena, analyze and demonstrate.
Scientific induction is based on the inevitable relationship between some objects and their attributes in a certain kind of things, and it is deduced that all objects of this kind of things have this attribute.
Scientific induction does not stop at the simple repetition of facts, but also scientifically analyzes the inevitable relationship between things and their attributes. In fact, deductive method is used, so the conclusion is generally reliable.
Compared with simple enumeration method, scientific enumeration method is more a process of analysis and demonstration, which builds a bridge between cases and conclusions.
Please look at the following composition fragment:
Some people say I want to live in the past.
Because at that time, there was a peak of thought and a spiritual feast.
Obviously, along the way, the twelve tables of Rome, Das Kapital and the theory of relativity are vivid. Confucius' The Analects of Confucius and Sun Tzu's The Art of War make the history of literature Starlight Glimmer.
However, please note that all this exists only in history books.
There is a cloud in perilla: "the dead are like this, but they have never been there."
Pushkin also said: "What has passed can only be good memories.
"No matter in which era, some people will miss the past, but we should clearly realize that time can't go back, just as we can't find ourselves yesterday, The Question of Qian Xuesen is still dying. Why does the era of great masters only belong to the past? I think there are fewer people paying attention to the present in this era.
(Selected from the excellent composition "Living in the Present" of Guangdong Province in the 20 12 College Entrance Examination)
In the above composition fragment, the author first sets the object of criticism, that is, "I hope to live in the past", and then lists some cultural achievements in the past.
Here, the author did not draw a direct conclusion, but made an analysis, quoting the famous sayings of Su Shi and Pushkin, and made an in-depth analysis. Finally, he came to the point that "there are even fewer people paying attention to the present in this era".
It is precisely because of the process of analysis and argumentation that the author's views are credible and the thinking loopholes in the process of argumentation are avoided.
Through the above analysis, we must clearly conclude that there must be several examples; Inductive argument must have a conclusion; Cases, viewpoints and conclusions should be consistent; After the case happened, we must correctly reveal the internal relationship between them.
Second, deductive method.
Deductive argument is a kind of argument method from general to individual.
It deduces conclusions about individual situations from general principles, and the relationship between its premise and conclusions is necessary.
There are many forms of deduction, such as syllogism, hypothetical reasoning and selective reasoning, but the most important one is syllogism.
Syllogism consists of three parts: major premise, minor premise and conclusion.
For example, the major premise is that all metals can conduct electricity, the minor premise is that iron is a metal, and the conclusion is that iron can conduct electricity.
Please look at the following fragments of college entrance examination composition:
Sitting on the side of the road clapping doesn't necessarily mean you are a loser.
"The son of heaven refused to get on the boat and said it was Brewmaster." Li Bai put wine, flowers, mountains and water into a cup, swallowed it into the intestine, roared into shock waves in three parts, and spit it out in the moonlight in seven parts, which was half of the prosperous Tang Dynasty.
Li Bai sat alone on the roadside clapping. He praised the prosperous Tang Dynasty and his impassioned life.
He not only won the present, but also won the history.
(Selected from the article "Being a roadside clapper" in Zhejiang 20 12 College Entrance Examination)
Candidates have successfully used deductive argumentation, and their logical thinking is rigorous and watertight, which greatly enhances the persuasiveness of the article.
A brief analysis is as follows:
Major premise: Sitting on the roadside clapping doesn't necessarily mean you are a loser.
(that is, the winner)
Minor premise: Li Bai is a man sitting on the roadside clapping.
Conclusion: Li Bai is successful.
Although induction and deduction belong to two different logical argumentation methods, they are closely related. In the actual writing process, we must pay attention to the unity of induction and deduction, so as to complement each other and confirm each other.
Because the conclusion drawn by induction is always probable, induction needs to be supplemented by deduction, and whether deduction conforms to objective truth also needs to be tested by induction.
In the process of human cognition, induction and deduction are interactive.
The combination of induction and deduction can enhance the persuasiveness of the article. Of course, this does not mean that it is not good to use only one argument method. How the argument unfolds depends on the specific situation.
From a lot of writing practice, it can be seen that the author always demonstrates complex problems from many aspects, so that the problems can be clarified more thoroughly and fully.