Abstracts of literary papers are also called abstracts and executive summaries. It is a short article, which concisely and accurately describes the important contents of the literature, without comments or supplementary explanations. Its basic elements include research objectives, methods, results and conclusions. Specifically, it is the main object and scope of research work, the means and methods adopted, the achievements and important conclusions obtained, and sometimes other important information with intelligence value. It should be self-evident and have the same amount of information as the literature, that is, you can get the necessary information without reading the full text. Needless to say, it needs to be scrutinized word by word. The content must be complete, specific and obvious. Although the English abstract is based on the Chinese abstract, it should consider the needs of readers who can't read Chinese, and the substantive content can't be omitted. Therefore, in recent years, China's sci-tech journals have adopted structured abstracts one after another, which clearly define the purpose, method, result and conclusion.

1. The structural abstract consists of four parts: purpose, method, result and conclusion.

1. Objective: To briefly point out the purpose and research scope of this work.

2. Methods: Briefly explain the basic methods of the research topic, including the research objects (grouping and the number of cases in each group, the number of control cases or animals, etc. ), materials and methods (including dosage and repetition times of drugs used, etc.). ). Need to pay attention to special statistical methods.

3. Results: Briefly list the main results (units need to be indicated), data, statistical significance (P value), etc. And explain their values and limitations.

4. Conclusion: Briefly explain the correct viewpoint, theoretical significance or practical value and popularization prospect obtained from the research results. The Chinese and English titles, authors' names (at most 3) and authors' units (postal codes) should be marked before the Chinese and English abstracts. English abstracts should be printed on alternate lines for revision.

Second, the writing notes of the abstract

1, the abstract should exclude the content that has become common sense in this subject field; Never write what should appear in the introduction into the abstract; Generally don't interpret and comment on the content of the paper (especially self-evaluation).

2. Don't simply repeat the information already in the title. For example, if the title of an article is "Study on Rhizome Formation in Vitro Culture of Several Orchids from China", then don't write at the beginning of the abstract: "For.

3. Rigorous structure, concise expression and exact semantics. What to write first, then what to write, should be arranged in logical order. Sentences should be coherent and echo each other. Use long sentences with caution and keep them as simple as possible. Every sentence should be clear, and there should be no vague, general or vague words, but the abstract is a complete essay after all, and telegraph writing is not enough. The abstract is not segmented.

4. Use the third person. It is suggested that the description methods such as "research …", "report …" and "investigation …" should be used to indicate the nature and theme of the literature at one time, instead of "this article" and "author" as subjects.

5. Use standard terms, and do not disclose symbols and terms. If there are new terms or no suitable Chinese terms, you can indicate the original text in brackets or after translation.

6. In addition to being really inflexible, mathematical formulas and chemical structural formulas are generally not used, and there are no illustrations and tables.

7. There is no need to quote unless the document confirms or denies the published works of others.

8. Abbreviations, abbreviations and codes must be explained when they first appear, except those that can be clearly understood by readers of adjacent majors. Other matters that should be paid attention to when writing scientific papers, such as adopting legal units of measurement, using language and punctuation correctly, are also applicable to the preparation of abstracts. At present, the main problems in writing are: incomplete elements, or lack of purpose, or lack of methods; Citation is not independent and self-evident; Improper simplification.