In fact, if you think about it carefully, oil is a fossil, which is a bit bizarre. An oil field as big as the Middle East is usually tens of kilometers long, wide and high. How many dinosaurs do you need to pile up with the forest? Did dinosaurs cluster themselves and wait for a little star to hit the earth just to provide fuel for several industrial revolutions of mankind a few years later?
Let's first look at the hypothesis of the origin of oil.
Biooil Generation Theory (lomonosov Hypothesis)
Research shows that it takes at least 2 million years to generate oil, and the oldest discovered oil reservoir is 500 million years. But some oil was produced in Jurassic. In the long historical process of the earth's continuous evolution, there are some "special" periods, such as Paleozoic and Mesozoic. After the death of a large number of animals and plants, the organic substances that make up their bodies are constantly decomposed and mixed with sediments or carbonate sediments to form sediments. Due to the continuous accumulation and thickening of sediments, temperature and pressure rise, it is not a problem for friends who are dissatisfied with their own length and length to stick to their kidneys. Look at the faa heel number 086 is not a problem. With the continuous progress of this process, sedimentary rocks become sedimentary rocks and then form sedimentary basins, which provide the basic geological environment for the generation of oil.
oilfield development
Most geologists believe that oil, like coal and natural gas, is gradually formed by long-term compression and heating of ancient organic matter. According to this theory, oil is formed by the changes of prehistoric marine animals and algae corpses. Plants on land generally form coal. After a long geological period, these organic substances are mixed with silt and buried under thick sedimentary rocks. Under the high temperature and high pressure underground, they gradually transform, first forming waxy oil shale, and then degenerating into liquid and gaseous hydrocarbons. Because these hydrocarbons are lighter than the nearby rocks, they penetrate upward into the nearby rocks until they penetrate into the tightly impermeable rocks above, and the rocks themselves are empty. The oil accumulated in this way forms an oil field. People can get oil from oil fields by drilling and pumping water. Geologists call the temperature range of oil formation "oil window". If the temperature is too low, oil cannot be formed; if the temperature is too high, natural gas will be formed.
oil field
In fact, this assumption is not true, because even if all the living things on the earth are converted into oil, the oil production is too different from the proven reserves on the earth.
Abiotic oil generation theory
Thomas Gold, an astronomer of abiotic oil generation theory, developed on the basis of the theory of Russian petroleum geologist Nikolai Kudrya. According to this theory, there is already a lot of carbon in the earth's crust, and some carbon exists naturally in the form of hydrocarbons. Hydrocarbons are lighter than water in rock crevices, so they permeate upward along rock crevices. Biomarkers in petroleum are caused by thermophilic microorganisms living in rocks. It has nothing to do with oil itself. This theory is supported by only a few geologists. It is generally used to explain the unexplained oil inflow in some oil fields, but this phenomenon rarely occurs.
Peak oil theory "
1956, American geologist harbert threw out a paper, and on this basis, he formed the "peak oil theory". The main idea of this paper is that oil is a kind of fossil fuel, which was formed by the biochemical reaction between dinosaurs and algae buried underground 500 million years ago. However, this core theory is only a hypothesis and has no scientific basis, but it has become the main basis of modern "biological oil-for-oil" theory. Hubert admitted in an interview before 1989' s death that the method he used to estimate American oil reserves had nothing to do with science. His idea of creating fossil fuels is mainly to provide theoretical support for the "peak oil theory", that is, the total amount of oil produced initially is limited.
He also admitted that he sent the paper to the chairman of an Anglo-American oil giant in advance before publishing the peak oil theory. The chairman said: We must compete with Wilkes (the most authoritative expert on oil reserves in the United States at that time, he predicted that the oil reserves in the United States were 400 billion barrels at that time, and he kept raising his expectations) to "overestimate" the oil reserves.
petroleum
If Wilkes theory becomes mainstream, how can oil giants maintain or even raise oil prices?
Harbert got the message, and immediately pointed out that the reserves of the United States are only1.50-200 billion barrels, while the global oil reserves are only 1.25 trillion barrels, which will reach its peak at 1.970. After oil has been widely used for more than half a century, according to BP's World Energy Statistical Yearbook in 2008, the global crude oil reserves are still 1.8-2.2 trillion barrels.
The Soviet Union's Brand-new Oil Source Theory
As early as the beginning of 65438 and the beginning of 0950, the Soviet Union discovered a brand-new oil source theory. Their conclusion is that the American theory that oil comes from biology is sheer nonsense. Moreover, oil reserves are not as limited as Americans say. The fact is that more and more oil fields have been discovered in the world. 1956 published the team's research conclusion: "crude oil and natural gas have no internal connection with buried organisms, they are primitive substances spewing out from the depths of the earth."
If the Soviets are right, then the total amount of oil on the earth is only related to the content of hydrocarbon organic matter in the deep stratum, and these substances have been formed at the early stage of the formation of the earth, so the amount of oil that humans can obtain is only related to the drilling depth. Moreover, the Soviet army also found that abandoned oil fields can repair themselves, that is, "self-filling" oil fields. They believe that oil is naturally generated at high temperature and pressure deep in the earth's crust, which is similar to the formation conditions of diamonds. It is a primitive substance deep in the earth's crust, which erupts under high pressure and enters the shallow crust.
earth
Under the guidance of this theory, the Soviet Union made an important discovery in the Dnieper-Donets river basin, which was regarded by western scientists as a barren land of crystal base. They drilled 6/kloc-0 wells there, of which 37 wells have commercial exploitation value, and the success rate is as high as 60% (the success rate of exploration in the United States is only about 10%). The oil fields found there can be comparable to the huge oil fields on the northern slope of Alaska.
During the Cold War, Soviet scientists regarded their theories and experiences as state secrets. While the United States seized oil resources from Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Iran and other countries, the Soviets also made efforts to explore 1 1 large oil fields and 1 super oil fields in Siberia, which were called oil wasteland, making the Soviet Union the largest oil producer in the world in the1980s.