I think you should think before writing an article. Write as you like, which is different from others and innovative. The article in it is so big that I can't understand it either. I just know a thing or two and share it with you. I hope you don't laugh at it. I am a graduate student after all.
I think the writing of the paper is very simple, mainly because it can be published. Let me briefly say my thoughts. If you have the same or different views, leave a message, * * * communicate and make progress together.
I come from a material background, and I am engaged in catalysis. The first step in this paper is to have a diagram, which means to make the diagram beautiful first, whether it is SEM, TEM, Uv-vis, FTIR or catalytic effect diagram. It was your idea to put the picture in your article. When the photos are put away, your ideas will come out. This is the key process. In the process of drawing, you should test how well you write. Where is the new place of your article? ; When the picture is done and put away, the article is written, and the article is written quickly, because the ideas and your article are well conceived. Here I give the process of writing an article. For the main part of the article, I think we should write the results and discussion first, then write the conclusion according to its content, then write the summary according to the conclusion (because they are slightly similar), and then supplement the experiment. The last and most difficult place to write is the introduction, which can let the reviewers know the level of your article at a glance, so writing a good introduction is the key to whether the paper is included or not. I have exchanged peer reviews with foreign peer reviewers, and they think so. They also think that the introduction is the face of the whole article, which is their main review place. You can see your innovation here. Innovation is not direct enough. If the introduction is ok, let's see the results and discussion. In fact, this part mainly looks at the diagram, the clarity and quality of your diagram, and the performance diagram. I read an article in the journal of harmful substances, so did I, of course, it was an article from a famous university in China, which had a catalytic effect. I do this too. I wonder why the editor sent it to me for review. Later, the editor told me that it was similar to my article and called me an expert and professor. ...
Below I quoted some summarized writing experience, which I found very useful. Let's take a closer look. First of all, I wish you fruitful high school graduation thesis.
1. Preface
1. 1 How to point out the shortcomings of current research and the importance of guiding your own research purposefully?
Usually, after describing the achievements of predecessors, how to guide the shortcomings, such as
However, there is little information. ...
Few people pay attention to …
Small job ...
Less data/research
Or few people have studied/investigated/tried …
Or none of these studies.
Less
Finish at .../focusedon/trying to.
Conduct/investigate/study
(about)
Or as far as the author knows ... there is little information about it in the literature. ...
Until recently, there was a lack of information about ...
Previous studies (research, records) are as follows
Fail to consider
neglect
misunderstand
Ignore
Overestimate, underestimate
Misleading
Therefore, these previous results are
Uncertain/misleading …
Not satisfactory/problematic/controversial ..
Uncertainty (difference) still exists. ...
Be careful not to completely deny the achievements of predecessors, even if their conclusions are completely wrong in your opinion. This is the minimum respect for the work of predecessors, and English is called "working for others".
Therefore, the article should not have very negative comments, such as their results are wrong, very doubtful, no common sense and so on.
You can put forward diplomatically:
If they had considered this situation, their research might be more reasonable.
Their results are more convincing if they ...
Or their conclusions may still be somewhat uncertain.
1.2. Then lead to a new method or a new direction.
If the research method and direction are the same as those of predecessors, you can emphasize the role of your work in the following ways:
However, data are still scarce.
infrequent
Not very accurate
Still lacking
We need/aim/must.
Provide more documents/data/records/research
Increase data set
Further research is still necessary .../Basic ...
In order to emphasize the importance of their own research, it is generally necessary to introduce the opposite of their own research questions first, and then introduce the other hand, and so on, such as:
1) Time problem
If the problem you are studying is relatively new in time, you can talk about the research and importance of the older problem, and then say (anyway) that the research on the problem with relatively new time scale is insufficient.
2) Physical properties and research methods.
If you want to apply a new method or research direction, you can put forward the current popular methods and material properties, and then say that there is little research on your research direction and method.
3) study regional issues
Summarize the research in adjacent fields or other fields first, and then emphasize the shortcomings of this research.
4) Uncertainty
Although predecessors have done a lot of research on this issue, there are still two or more viewpoints, such as uncertainty and ambiguity, which deserve further clarification.
5) Put forward your own hypothesis to verify.
If your research is brand-new and there is no previous work to compare, in this case, you can confidently say that there is such a possible result according to the proposed process, and this paper is to confirm this result.
Our purpose is to test the feasibility (reliability) of this method. ...
People hope that the method we proposed can solve this problem.
1.3. How to present your own opinions?
Our goal is ...
This paper reports …
Provide results ..
Extension method …
concentrate on ..
The purpose of this document is to ..
In addition, we will also discuss ...
1.4. Define your own research scope.
Another function of the preface is to tell the readers that it includes the main research contents of your article. If it is not handled well, the reviewer will make harsh suggestions, such as that you have not considered a certain possibility, a certain research method and so on. In order to reduce this argument, at the end of the preface, you should clearly put forward the scope of this study:
1) time scale problem
If your question involves a long time series, you can clearly point out that this article only cares about this time range.
We initially focused on the elderly (young people). ...
Or there are two long-$ TERM and short-$ TERM. You can say that both are important, but this article only deals with one of them.
2) Study regional issues.
As with time, make it clear that you only care about this area.
1.5. Last original field
At the end of the preface, it can be concluded that this study is helpful to other studies.
Or, further research ... will be summarized in our next study (or summarized here).
In a word, its purpose is to make readers focus on the problem you want to discuss. Reduce arguments.
2. How to make comments
It is important to adopt what kind of strategy when putting forward your own views. Inappropriate sentences are usually questioned by commentators.
1) If this view is not the latest in this article, it is usually used.
We confirm that ...
2) for your confident point of view, you can use
we think ...
3) In more general cases, some conclusions can be inferred from the data.
Use, results show, infer, suggest, hint. ...
4) We propose (discover, observe ...) that "the first time" can only be used under extremely special circumstances.
Emphasize your own innovation.
5) If you are not completely sure about the proposed point of view, you can use.
We tentatively put forward (interpret this as ...)
Or the result may be due to/attributed to/caused by. ..
Or so it seems .. I can explain that. ..
Attention should be paid to the reasonable collocation of these structures. If the whole article is of the type of 1) and 5), then the meaning of this article will be greatly reduced. If they are all 2), they will definitely be questioned. Therefore, we should carefully analyze the innovation and credibility of our own achievements.
3. Connectives and logic
One of the most common problems in writing English papers is unclear logic. The solution is:
1) Sentences should be coherent from top to bottom, and sentences cannot be independent.
Common conjunctions are,
In addition, later, in addition, further,
However, although not like it, by contrast, unfortunately,
Similarly, optionally, parallel results, compared with other results,
For the sake of, though, for example
Therefore, therefore ...
Using these conjunctions well can make the views expressed clearly and clearly.
For example, if chronologically arranged events or documents are described,
The earliest literature can be used to put forward it for the first time.
Next, you can further prove it with Then. ..
Next, you can use post-cc. ..
If there are more recent studies on DD. ..
If you describe two viewpoints, you must completely separate them.
AA proposed ... By contrast, BB believed.
Or unlike AA and BB's suggestion ...
Or in contrast (indicating that the previous point of view is wrong, if only two opposing points of view are explained, use contrast), BB ..
If the two views are similar, you can use the.
AA suggests ... similarly (or), BB ..
Or there is, bb ...
Or BB also has …
Causality or context can be expressed by necessity, therefore,
In addition, in addition,
When you finish writing a paragraph of English, you'd better check the use of these conjunctions first.
2) the overall logic of the paragraph
We often have to describe several aspects of a problem. In this case, we must pay attention to the logical structure.
First of all, the first paragraph should clearly tell the reader how many parts you want to discuss.
... therefore, there are three aspects to be solved in this problem.
The first question concerns ...
The second question is about …
The third aspect involves ...
The above example can clearly describe the point of view layer by layer.
Or, you can just use first, second, third ... finally, ..
Of course, moreover, other things can be used to supplement the explanation.
4. The overall structure of the text.
Subtitling is a good way to divide the problem to be discussed into several segments.
Generally, the first paragraph points out the most important data and conclusions of the article. The supplementary explanation can be put in the last paragraph.
It must be understood that the readers of the article will be divided into multiple levels. Besides being read by professionals in this major, we should also find ways to make articles read by more foreign professionals. Therefore, the discussion part can be divided into two parts, one part puts forward opinions, and the other part introduces the discussion process and basis in detail. In this way, non-professionals can understand the main points of the article, and more professional discussions can regard it as a black box, which can be further studied by professionals.
5. About abbreviations
If abbreviations are widely used in articles, there are two ways to solve them.
1) It is best to add an appendix to the article, listing all abbreviations.
2) On different pages, the meanings of abbreviations are given from time to time to remind readers.
In a word, the purpose of writing an article is to make readers understand and read clearly, and to take various measures to facilitate readers.
5. Discussion area
5. 1 tense
(a) Point out the chart listing the results and often use the simple present tense. For example, Figure 2 shows the change of sample temperature with time.
(2) The content of describing or summarizing the research results is about past facts, so the past tense is usually used. For example, less than two hours after flying, 1 1% of army pilots and 33% of civilian pilots reported back pain.
(c) The present tense is often used when explaining the research results or drawing general inferences from them. For example, the high incidence of back pain in civil aviation pilots may be due to their long cumulative flight time.
(d) When comparing different results or experimental data with the theoretical model, the general present tense is adopted (this comparison relationship is mostly a logical fact that is not affected by time). The results are consistent with those found by Smith et al.
6. What does the discussion part include?
6. Main contents of1
1) Summary of main data characteristics
2) Main conclusions and comparison with previous viewpoints.
3) The shortcomings of this paper.
The third point, in the opinion of the general author, is not desirable. In fact, the lack of articles is an important means to protect their own articles. It is very unwise to deliberately hide the loopholes in the article and think that others can't see it.
The so-called shortcomings include the following:
A) the research question is a bit one-sided.
When discussing, be sure to say:
It should be noted that this study only examined …
We only focus on ...
We must point out that we don't …
Some limitations of this study are ...
B) the conclusion is somewhat insufficient.
These results do not mean that ...
The results cannot be used to determine ...
Be regarded as evidence of …
Unfortunately, we can't determine this from these data …
Our result is a lack of ...
However, after pointing out these shortcomings, we must once again strengthen the importance of this article and the possible means to solve these shortcomings, so as to lay the foundation for others or our next research.
Despite its limitations, this study does show that …
However, these problems can be solved if we consider …
Although it is preliminary, this study can clearly show that …
In Chinese, this part is both right and wrong. Explain the questions that the reviewers thought of in advance, indicating that you have been thinking about these questions, but due to the limitation of article length, experimental progress or experimental means, you cannot answer these questions for the time being. However, with some of your suggestions, these problems may be realized in future research.
postscript
Firmly believe in the truth of an opinion: prove, demonstrate
Uncertainty: display, indication and discovery
Hint, suggest
6.2 About the tense in the conclusion:
(1) When reviewing the research purpose, the past tense is generally used. For example, in this study, the effects of two different learning methods were investigated.
(2) If the validity of the summary results is only for this specific study, the past tense should be used; If it has universal meaning, use the present tense. In the first series of experiments, the experimental values are all lower than the theoretical prediction values. The experimental values are in good agreement with the theoretical values.
(3) When explaining the inference drawn from the result, the present tense is usually used. For example, the data reported here show (these findings support hydrological phenomena, and our data provide evidence) that the reaction rate may be determined by the amount of available oxygen.
Some style points
When writing a paper from a foreigner, the first and last points are often misused.
Do not use nouns as adjectives.
No: ATP formation; resultant of reaction
But: the formation of ATP; resultant of reaction
The word "this" must always be followed by a noun, so that its meaning is clear.
(This must be followed by a noun)
No: this is a quick response; This leads us to the conclusion that,
But: this response is fast; This observation leads us to the conclusion that …
Describe the experimental results in the past tense.
No: add water to get the product.
But: add water to get the product.
Use the active voice whenever possible.
No: The solution was observed to turn red.
But: the solution turned red.
Or we observe that the solution turns red.
Complete all comparisons. (using complete comparison table A is higher than B)
No: the yield is higher when bromine is used.
However, the yield of bromine is higher than that of chlorine.