(1) argument (1) What is an argument? Argument is the point to be discussed and expounded in the article, and it is the viewpoint and proposition to be expressed by the author. When reading an argumentative essay, the first thing is to find, extract and understand the arguments of the article.
(2) There are multiple arguments: an article can have one or more arguments. If there is more than one argument, it is necessary to clarify the central argument.
These arguments can be parallel or progressive, but they all obey the central argument of the whole paper. (3) the position of the argument: the argument of the article can be arranged at the beginning, or at the middle or end of the article.
In other words, it can be arranged anywhere in the article. But it is more often at the beginning of the article, and so is the paragraph argument.
(4) Presentation of arguments: Some argumentative arguments are expressed in clear sentences in the article, and we just need to find them out; Others are not directly expressed in clear sentences and need to be refined and summarized by readers themselves. (5) Pay attention to the proposition and establishment of the argument: ① correctness.
The persuasiveness of an argument is rooted in the correct reflection of objective things, and the correct reflection of objective things depends on whether the author's position, viewpoint, attitude and method are correct. If the argument itself is incorrect or even a lie, then no matter how it is argued, it can't be convincing. Therefore, the correct argument is the minimum requirement for argumentative writing.
② Significance. What is for and what is against should be very clear, not ambiguous.
3 novelty. Arguments should be as original and profound as possible, and can transcend other people's views. They should not repeat other people's cliches, nor should they be irrelevant and superficial. They should be as novel and unique as possible.
(2) Argument (1) What is an argument? Argument is the material and foundation to prove an argument. (2) Types of arguments: ① factual materials ② theoretical materials.
(1) As the factual material of the argument, it can be A. Specific cases B. Summarized facts C. Statistical data D. Personal experiences and feelings. (2) As theoretical materials for argument, it can be A. The classic works and wise sayings of predecessors B. Folk proverbs and sayings C. Scientific axioms, laws and so on.
(3) Requirements for using arguments: ① certainty. We must choose those hard and typical facts.
When citing theoretical materials that have been tested by practice as arguments, we must pay attention to the exact meaning of the cited theory itself. ② Typical.
The cited examples should be widely representative, representing the general characteristics and properties of such things. (3) the unity of arguments and arguments.
The argument is to prove the argument, so the two should be closely related. (3) Argumentative essay (1) What is argumentative essay? Argumentation is the process of proving an argument with arguments.
The argument of argument is to solve "what to prove", the argument is to solve "what to prove" and the argument is to solve the problem of "how to prove". The self-purpose of argumentation is to reveal the internal logical relationship between argumentation and argumentation.
(2) Types of argumentative essays: argumentative essays are generally divided into argumentation and refutation. (1) argument is a way to prove the correctness of the author's own argument with sufficient arguments; (2) Refutation is a way to refute others' wrong arguments with strong arguments.
Argumentation and refutation are proofs, one is to prove oneself right from the front, and the other is to prove oneself wrong from the back. They can use basically the same argument method.
(3) Basic argumentation methods: including induction, example, deduction, analogy and comparison. ① induction.
Inductive argument is an argument method from individual to general. It draws a general conclusion through many individual examples or arguments, and then summarizes their characteristics.
Induction can give examples before drawing a conclusion, or it can put forward a conclusion and prove it with examples. The former is what we usually call induction, and the latter is what we call example.
Example method is an argument method to prove the argument with individual and typical concrete examples. ② Deductive method.
Deductive argument is a kind of argument method from general to individual. It deduces conclusions about individual situations from general principles, and the relationship between its premise and conclusions is necessary.
There are many forms of deduction, such as syllogism, hypothetical reasoning and selective reasoning, but the most important one is syllogism. Syllogism consists of three parts: major premise, minor premise and conclusion.
Such as the major premise that all metals can conduct electricity, iron is the minor premise of metals, and iron can conduct electricity. ③ Comparative method.
Comparative argument is an argument method from individual to individual. Usually divided into two categories, one is analogy and the other is comparison.
Analogy is a method of comparing different things with the same or similar properties and characteristics in some aspects, so as to draw a conclusion. Contrast is a method to prove an argument by comparing different things whose nature and characteristics are opposite or opposite in some respects.
(4) Refutation method: There are three ways to refute an argument, namely, ① refuting an argument, ② refuting an argument, and ③ refuting an argument. Because argumentative writing is composed of arguments, arguments and arguments, refuting arguments or arguments has the same effect as directly refuting arguments.
A rebuttal paper can combine several rebuttal methods to strengthen the strength and persuasiveness of refutation. (1) Refuting an argument, that is, directly refuting the one-sided, false or fallacy of the other party's argument itself, is the most commonly used method in refuting.
(2) refuting the argument, that is, revealing the mistakes of the other party's argument, in order to achieve the purpose of knocking down the other party's argument; Because the wrong argument will inevitably lead to the wrong argument. (3) Refuting the argument, that is, exposing the logical errors of the other party in the process of argument, such as the contradiction between major premise, minor premise and conclusion, the contradiction between the other party's arguments, the contradiction between arguments and so on.
2. Why is it so difficult to write a composition? First, the composition should learn to accumulate "reading thousands of books, writing like a god" and "a clever woman can't cook without rice", which explains the importance of "accumulation" in writing from both positive and negative aspects.
"Usually rely on accumulation, the examination room depends on play", which is the same experience of the students in the examination room. (A) language to establish a "vocabulary".
Vocabulary is the cell of an article. Vocabulary in a broad sense refers not only to the collection of words and phrases, but also to sentences and sentence groups.
There are two ways to establish "vocabulary": the first is reading. Usually, you should read books, newspapers and periodicals extensively, take reading notes, extract some beautiful words, sentences and paragraphs from a specific notebook, or make reading cards.
The second is life. At ordinary times, we should capture the fresh language in the popular spoken language and write it down in a small notebook or card that we carry with us. Over time, we can say it chapter by chapter and write it beautifully.
(2) Strengthen the accumulation of materials. Materials are the flesh and blood of the article.
Because many students usually don't pay attention to accumulating materials, they are worried every time they write a composition, or edit or copy it. The solution to this problem is to accumulate materials.
Usually, you can take a video camera and tape recorder with you, observe life deeply, actively participate in life, and record your experiences in family life, campus life and social life in time in the form of sketching, keeping a diary and writing observation notes. When recording, we should grasp the details and the characteristics of people, things, things and scenery.
The article written in this way is flesh and blood. (3) We should strengthen ideological accumulation.
Opinion is the soul of an article. The center of the article is not clear, or the thought is not profound, which often shows that the author's thought is superficial.
Therefore, it is necessary to establish a "think tank". There are two ways: first, be thoughtful.
"One more miss, one more gain." Think deeply at ordinary times and ask "why", "what" and "how" when something happens.
So you can see the essence through the phenomenon. It is also necessary to record the "sparks" of thinking and the conclusions of thinking at any time.
The second is compilation, that is, extracting famous sayings and aphorisms. In short, the composition should be accumulated, and the three writing warehouses of vocabulary, material and thought should be regularly counted, sorted and classified to continuously enrich and expand.
Second, to write a good composition, first learn to observe that Mr. Lu Xun emphasized two points when answering the question of "how to write a good article" for literary youth: one is to read more books, and the other is to practice more. Here, "seeing more" means observing more.
This shows that in order to write a good article and master skillful writing skills, it is necessary to observe more and learn to observe, and observation is the necessary premise and foundation of writing. Russian novelist Chekhov earnestly warned beginners: "A writer must train himself to be a keen observer and never give up! -It is a habit to exercise your own observation, as if it were second nature. "
It takes time to hone observation into habit and second nature, which is very useful and remarkable. Pay attention to the people, events, sights and things around you, and hunt for the materials needed in the composition: be interested in some seemingly insignificant but meaningful things, and pay attention to the cause, process and result of things; You should pay attention to how the plants in the campus flower beds change their colors all year round, and learn to get to the bottom of it and find out the ins and outs of these changes; You should go out, enter the society, meet more people, observe their words and deeds, think about some things, and integrate into your own thoughts at any time.
This is the process of observation. In the process of observation, we should pay attention to the following points: (1) Observation should never be limited to "seeing with eyes". Broadly speaking, more practical observation refers to mobilizing all the five senses of people: listening with ears, feeling with the body and, more importantly, thinking with the mind, so that the observation will be more delicate and profound.
(2) Pay attention to the use of "bad writing" in the observation process. As the saying goes, a good memory is better than bad writing.
Many students see a lot and think a lot every day, but they are not good at writing it down at any time, which will waste the observed materials and a lot of valuable things. (3) Pay special attention to perseverance in observation.
Don't make "brain fever". Three minutes of heat is not conducive to writing a good composition. You should observe life and think about every day in your life, so that you can write wonderful articles. Learning to observe plays a great role in laying the foundation and promoting a good composition. Without observation, you often find it difficult to write.
May you learn to observe, constantly cultivate and improve your ability to observe, and make great progress in your writing practice. Third, if the meaning is high, the meaning will be better, that is, to establish the center and intention of the article.
So what problems should the article pay attention to when expounding ideas? (1) Correct conception is the first meaning of the article. The so-called correctness is to ensure that the feelings and thoughts of the article are correct, in line with the nature and laws of objective things, in line with China's basic political principles, in line with people's basic moral requirements, and can give people positive inspiration. (2) Intentional singleness "The thing of composition is singleness, specialization is success, and dispersion is stupidity."
No matter how complicated things are, the main idea cannot be dispersed. An article should explain both this problem and that point of view, and it is ambiguous to ramble.
In fact, if you want to cover everything, it is definitely not in place. Moreover, an article can only have one center. Instead of "biting off more than one can chew", it is better to concentrate on expressing a center with pen and ink. Even if we express the center through several things, we should stick to the center, keep the same goal, pay attention to the combination of materials and centers, and let all the forces contained in materials point to the center. (3) The idea should be novel. Don't follow the crowd, the novel angle is the core of composition innovation.
The novelty of the idea requires jumping out of the old box and not following the advanced thinking, habitual thinking or the original psychological formula, but examining the alternative content contained in the topic from a unique perspective to avoid what others often write and what others have not written. Even the same writing object can always be cut from multiple angles. As long as we break the mindset, stand at the height of the times, avoid "vulgarity" and seek "difference", think from multiple angles and sides, or associate, or expand, or analogize, or reverse, we can find what people have not done.
This composition is difficult to write. How can you write and practice martial arts, pay attention to routines, and the moves should be superb; Writing a composition should also pay attention to routines, so as to be gradual and natural. I summed up my writing routine into six tricks, hoping to play a role in attracting jade.
The first trick: diligently collect and accumulate wonderful words, phrases, sentences and chapters to enrich your writing warehouse. There are two ways to collect accumulated materials: one is from newspapers and books. You can circle the materials that are beneficial to you directly in newspapers and books, you can cut newspapers, extract them, or feel after reading them, take other people's things for yourself, just like bees make honey, and collect a certain amount of pollen first. The second is from life. People who are willing to live and observe the world with a pair of discerning eyes will find that social life is rich and colorful, and all kinds of people and things in society are good writing materials: small to the people around them; Major events at home and abroad can be the content we collect and accumulate. In order to achieve better writing effect, we need to devote ourselves to life, experience the ups and downs in study, life and work, and then let these ups and downs naturally flow into the pen and become real and touching articles.
The second trick: strengthen writing practice. Writing often begins with keeping a diary. If we regard the diary as a bosom friend, as an object to talk about, and tell our personal joys and sorrows in the diary to the fullest, over time, the diary will accumulate more and more thick, and before we know it, we will find that the length of the diary has become longer, the expression of words has become clever, and our observation and adaptability to life have also been enhanced. Keep an army for a thousand days-keep a diary, use troops for a while-write a composition, and it will come naturally!
The third measure: keep brewing-conceiving, looking for a breakthrough-inspiration, and then write it down. Collecting accumulated materials, such as a pile of dry wood, needs the spark of inspiration to ignite; Collecting accumulated substances, such as a lot of pollen, must be brewed by bees to become honey; The materials collected and accumulated are also like a bag of rice, which must be processed by a clever woman to become delicious rice. Therefore, the process of brewing-conceiving is the process of sorting out, selecting and integrating materials. When the conception is mature, it will naturally generate inspiration-the feelings that have been accumulated in the chest for a long time urgently need to be vented, and the unpleasant instantaneous impulse will not be unpleasant. People who care seize this fleeting moment and write it down.
The fourth measure: ask for advice with an open mind and constantly revise it. Good article revision. After writing a good composition, you are not satisfied, but you can't see where there is a flaw. You must find someone else to guide you. After listening to praise, it should be regarded as encouragement to yourself; After listening to criticism, change it if you have it, and encourage it if you don't. If you do this often, you will continue to improve your writing. However, it is not a long-term solution to completely rely on others to revise your composition. Learning to revise your own composition is the key to writing a good composition.
The fifth measure: write a composition with confidence. Many students report that after reading articles in newspapers and books, they feel unattainable and lose confidence in their composition, thinking that they can't write well all their lives. In my opinion, this idea is caused by inferiority and utilitarian psychology. They don't know how hard the author and editor have worked to publish an article. If you spend so much effort to write your composition and polish it by editing, you will definitely reach the level of publication. In addition, writing a composition is not for publication, but to improve your writing ability, so a well-structured article is a good article. We don't have to use those published articles to measure the quality of our composition, and we don't have to affect our writing mood.
The sixth trick: organize and collect your own diaries, weekly notes and compositions. Diary, weekly diary and composition are all the results of your own efforts. If the diaries, weekly notes and compositions of primary schools, middle schools and universities can be classified and bound into several "books", these "books" are the history of personal struggle and a lot of wealth in life. You can look through your own exercises at any time and learn from your own writing experience and lessons. The exercises you write can be better than others.
4. What if I can't write a good composition? The long-term solution is to increase reading, and the short-term solution is to take composition remedial classes.
First, the composition should learn to accumulate "reading thousands of books, writing like a god" and "a clever woman can't cook without rice". These ancient summaries illustrate the importance of "accumulation" in writing from both positive and negative aspects. "Usually rely on accumulation, the examination room depends on play", which is the same experience of the students in the examination room. (A) language to establish a "vocabulary". Vocabulary is the cell of an article. Vocabulary in a broad sense refers not only to the collection of words and phrases, but also to sentences and sentence groups. There are two ways to establish "vocabulary": the first is reading. Usually, you should read books, newspapers and periodicals extensively, take reading notes, extract some beautiful words, sentences and paragraphs from a specific notebook, or make reading cards. The second is life. At ordinary times, we should capture the fresh language in the popular spoken language and write it down in a small notebook or card that we carry with us. Over time, we can say it chapter by chapter and write it beautifully. (2) Strengthen the accumulation of materials. Materials are the flesh and blood of the article. Because many students usually don't pay attention to accumulating materials, they are worried every time they write a composition, or edit or copy it. The solution to this problem is to accumulate materials. Usually, you can take a video camera and tape recorder with you, observe life deeply, actively participate in life, and record your experiences in family life, campus life and social life in time in the form of sketching, keeping a diary and writing observation notes. When recording, we should grasp the details and the characteristics of people, things, things and scenery. The article written in this way is flesh and blood. (3) We should strengthen ideological accumulation. Opinion is the soul of an article. The center of the article is not clear, or the thought is not profound, which often shows that the author's thought is superficial. Therefore, it is necessary to establish a "think tank". There are two ways: first, be thoughtful. "One more miss, one more gain." Think deeply at ordinary times and ask "why", "what" and "how" when something happens. So you can see the essence through the phenomenon. It is also necessary to record the "sparks" of thinking and the conclusions of thinking at any time. The second is compilation, that is, extracting famous sayings and aphorisms. In short, the composition should be accumulated, and the three writing warehouses of vocabulary, material and thought should be regularly counted, sorted and classified to continuously enrich and expand. Second, to write a good composition, first learn to observe that Mr. Lu Xun emphasized two points when answering the question of "how to write a good article" for literary youth: one is to read more books, and the other is to practice more. Here, "seeing more" means observing more. This shows that in order to write a good article and master skillful writing skills, it is necessary to observe more and learn to observe, and observation is the necessary premise and foundation of writing. Russian novelist Chekhov earnestly warned beginners: "A writer must train himself to be a keen observer and never give up! -It is a habit to exercise your own observation, as if it were second nature. " It takes time to hone observation into habit and second nature, which is very useful and remarkable. Pay attention to the people, events, sights and things around you, and hunt for the materials needed in the composition: be interested in some seemingly insignificant but meaningful things, and pay attention to the cause, process and result of things; You should pay attention to how the plants in the campus flower beds change their colors all year round, and learn to get to the bottom of it and find out the ins and outs of these changes; You should go out, enter the society, meet more people, observe their words and deeds, think about some things, and integrate into your own thoughts at any time. This is the process of observation. In the process of observation, we should pay attention to the following points: (1) Observation should never be limited to "seeing with eyes". Broadly speaking, more practical observation refers to mobilizing all the five senses of people: listening with ears, feeling with the body and, more importantly, thinking with the mind, so that the observation will be more delicate and profound. (2) Pay attention to the use of "bad writing" in the observation process. As the saying goes, a good memory is better than bad writing. Many students see a lot and think a lot every day, but they are not good at writing it down at any time, which will waste the observed materials and a lot of valuable things. (3) Pay special attention to perseverance in observation. Don't make "brain fever". Three minutes of heat is not conducive to writing a good composition. You should observe life and think about every day in your life, so that you can write wonderful articles. Learning to observe plays a great role in laying the foundation and promoting a good composition. Without observation, you often find it difficult to write. May you learn to observe, constantly cultivate and improve your ability to observe, and make great progress in your writing practice.
Third, if the meaning is high, the meaning will be better, that is, to establish the center and intention of the article. So what problems should the article pay attention to when expounding ideas? (1) Correct conception is the first meaning of the article. The so-called correctness is to ensure that the feelings and thoughts of the article are correct, in line with the nature and laws of objective things, in line with China's basic political principles, in line with people's basic moral requirements, and can give people positive inspiration. (2) Intentional singleness "The thing of composition is singleness, specialization is success, and dispersion is stupidity." No matter how complicated things are, the main idea cannot be dispersed. An article should explain both this problem and that point of view, and it is ambiguous to ramble. In fact, if you want to cover everything, it is definitely not in place. Moreover, an article can only have one center. Instead of "biting off more than one can chew", it is better to concentrate on expressing a center with pen and ink. Even if we express the center through several things, we should stick to the center, keep the same goal, pay attention to the combination of materials and centers, and let all the forces contained in materials point to the center. (3) The idea should be novel. Don't follow the crowd, the novel angle is the core of composition innovation. The novelty of the idea requires jumping out of the old box and not following the advanced thinking, habitual thinking or the original psychological formula, but examining the alternative content contained in the topic from a unique perspective to avoid what others often write and what others have not written.
It's always hard for pupils to write a composition. How? After clarifying the requirements, key points and scope of the topic, we must carefully recall the materials related to this topic, what are the most familiar and innovative things, and what ideas we are going to express. This is the memory material and determination center. If the center is clear, it is necessary to choose the material that best expresses the center around the center. This is around the center, choosing materials.
Third, make an outline and determine the details.
After determining the center and selecting the materials, you should make a writing plan. What to write first, then what to write, there must be an order. What content is closely related to the center, we should write it in detail, and what content is not closely related to the center, just write it briefly and prioritize it, without an outline and detailed description. An outline is like a drawing of a building. With good drawings, buildings can be strong and beautiful.
After the above three steps are completed, you can write a composition according to the outline. In this way, we can avoid the problems of improper selection of materials, irrelevant articles, chaotic structure, or top-heavy, regardless of priorities, or even no center.
In the exam, there are often cases where the composition is too late to be done, the composition gets stuck in the middle and the composition can't be finished, which greatly reduces the scoring rate of the composition to be tested. However, if we can take some emergency measures, we can often win by surprise, save the defeat and relatively improve the score of the composition to be tested.
First, the grafting method. It is to slightly modify and replace the original model essay or written exercise in the structure of the article, or the relevant figures, or the themes expressed, or the arguments listed, so as to make it conform to the propositions and requirements of the examination. This can not only save writing time, but also improve writing quality. Use it not only when writing time is insufficient, but also when writing time is sufficient.
Second, direct substitution method. In the exam, because the first half of the basic questions took too much time, the writing questions in the second half were in a hurry, so it was objectively not allowed to be carefully conceived. Instead of writing half, it is better to deviate slightly from the proposition and requirements of the exam composition. Because the reviewers attach great importance to the integrity of the composition, at this juncture, they might as well directly replace the articles that are impressive and similar in content and style on weekdays.
Third, the wrong way is wrong. When writing an exam, sometimes you will find that the article is off topic or off topic because of carelessness in the exam, but if you redesign it, there will not be enough time. In this case, instead of writing a few paragraphs in another way, it is better to complete the whole chapter by making mistakes. Of course, it is necessary to be as far-fetched as possible, put the pieces together, work hard on deduction, analysis and summary, and work hard on lyricism and conclusion, so that the article can be destroyed and saved.
Fourth, the method of compiling the outline. Sometimes during the exam, because I am busy attacking the basics and doing small compositions, there is not much time left for big compositions. No matter how fast it is, it is not enough. It's better to make an outline than just write a beginning or leave it blank. Of course, the outline should be as detailed and specific as possible, at least let the reviewers see the structure, theme and general content of the article, and if possible, fill in the beginning and end to give the reviewers a glimpse of literary talent.
Fifth, leave blank. When writing an exam composition, it is also common that you can't write it down because you don't make an outline in advance. Most candidates often think hard and bite their heads to be continued. The more I think about it, the more I feel that time is tight, and the more I think about it, the more I feel that I can't contact. At this time, it is better to leave blank, write down what you have considered in your own ideas first, and wait until the ideas are clear and the contents are recalled, or make up after the full text is completed, which is also the best policy for the article.
Six, rebate title method. In any case, the deduction of questions in the composition is extremely important, not to mention it is particularly necessary when the exam composition can't be finished. For example, in a city, the title of the senior high school entrance examination in a certain year is "an unusual exam". After describing a thing, once I can't think of a better ending, I might as well end it with "what an unusual exam this is for me." With the end of such a deduction, the composition score may rise sharply.
Seven, take care of the beginning method. Both narrative and argumentative essays pay more attention to the coordination of the beginning and the end. If the exam composition can't find a better ending, you can write it in a coordinated way at the beginning.
Eight, the finishing touch method. In narrative writing, proper discussion can often point out and deepen the theme, but when the exam-oriented composition is too late to end, it is necessary to carry out relevant discussions to summarize the topic. This is not only a last resort, but also an emergency measure.