Although the history and culture of the Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China have undergone fission and transformation, literature is still a variant of Confucian classics and Neo-Confucianism in essence, bearing the core concept of national traditional culture and an important way to maintain the origin of the "golden mean"; But at the same time, it introduced the western learning mode and modern subject system at a specific historical moment, which unexpectedly appeared in the new cultural order. Although the two are contradictory, it is in this historical opportunity of fission that literature can be thoroughly cleaned up, gradually get rid of the order of Confucian classics and Neo-Confucianism, and gradually occupy an important position in the new cultural order. In this process, the modern language and literature education represented by Shi Jing Wentong Museum, Shi Jing University Hall and Peking University, and the gradually improved literary academic system in this education system are undoubtedly important driving mechanisms for the formation of modern literature and the independence of literary research.
Mr. Chen Guoqiu inspected three laws and regulations on the establishment of Jingshi University Hall in the late Qing Dynasty-1898, 1902, and 1903, presided over by Zhang Zhidong, and reviewed them. It is believed that literature is closely related to cultural traditions in language, writing and expression. Zhang Zhidong, who holds the idea of "preserving the past", deliberately wants to leave the traditional firewood in the modern academic system dominated by the western tide. In this situation, although the connotation of "literature" is still "the study of Ci and Zhang" in a narrow sense, its academic status has been planned to be quite modest. The next change is the change in the definition of "literature" by western concepts such as "aesthetic feeling" and "fiction", which needs cultural and political changes. The evaluation of 1 is quite accurate. It is true that the establishment of literary discipline was initiated by three articles of association, and the concept of literature was also changed under the joint action of western thought and culture and politics. However, the establishment of literature discipline is not accidental. Prior to this, the capital Wentong Museum and the academy education in the late Qing Dynasty had begun to accept the westernized educational model and western ideas, and gradually formed the embryonic form of new culture politics, laying a solid foundation for literature to enter the modern order.
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1860, British and French forces captured Beijing, forcing the Qing government to sign the Beijing Treaty. In the treaty, the phrase "return confiscated Catholic churches and let French missionaries rent and buy land in mainland provinces to build churches" was added by Amy, a French missionary as a translator in the Chinese version without authorization, but it did not exist in the French version and should be invalid according to international practice, but it was later implemented by the invaders. This incident greatly stimulated Yi Xin, an imperial envoy who signed the treaty. 186 1 year, Yixin wrote to ask for six articles of association. Article 5 reads: "Anyone who knows a foreign language, please send a delegation from Guangdong and Shanghai to Beijing to inquire." When investigating the events dealing with foreign countries, we must first know their temperament. Today, the language is impassable, the words are difficult to distinguish, and everything is fragmented. I hope it can compromise! Although Yixin's move met the needs of politics and diplomacy, it was strongly supported by the Westernization School. Zeng Guofan, Li Hongzhang, Zuo, Feng Guifen, Guo Chongtao and others all tried their best to establish Westernization, made suggestions for opening Wentong Museum in the capital, and objectively provided official support for modern western language and literature education.
1862, Yixin and others formally put forward specific articles of association, which mainly set up astronomy and arithmetic, and established Wentong Library according to the model of "Russian Library" established in the 22nd year of Qianlong (1757). Although Russian libraries mainly study Russian, they still play the role of selecting officials in the imperial examination system. The head teacher of Wentong Museum is Grade III, the French teacher Huabile is Grade IV, and the chemistry teacher Biligen is Grade IV. Students in Wentong Museum decide their origin or rank according to their learning level. Yi Kuang has also stipulated the way out for students in "Selecting Students as Official Documentaries" (1886) and "Selecting Students as Translators" (1888). Besides, students can go abroad with them.
During this period, despite the strong opposition from Zhang Shengzao, an imperial envoy, and the university student, Woren, the court thought that Wentong Museum was only the end of learning western learning, which hindered the study of China's Holy Way. "The way to steal the country, respect for propriety is not right; The fundamental picture lies in people's minds, not in their skills. We should not learn from foreign countries, but Emperor Tongzhi decided to set up Shi Jing Wentong Museum, which "borrowed Western methods to introduce China and France, but did not abandon the Holy Road and went astray". Thus, the legal status of Shi Jing Wentong Library was established. From 1862, English Pavilion, French Pavilion and Russian Pavilion were set up; 1867, Mathematics Pavilion; 1872, German Pavilion; 1896, Japanese Pavilion; until 196. Its position in the whole education of the late Qing Dynasty was quite high, which had a great impact on the imperial examination system and traditional culture. As Ding Weiliang said, "It is the new education that has the hope of innovating this ancient empire, and the Wentong Museum is the beginning of the new education. Although there are many reasons for the rise of this new educational trend of thought, its original source is Wentongtang, a small foreign language school founded in Beijing fifty years ago. "New education begins with learning a foreign language, and the basic carrier of a country's language lies in literature. Therefore, Shi Jing's Wentong Museum, and later Shanghai Guang Dialect Museum and Guangdong Wentong Museum undoubtedly laid the initial language foundation for the spread of foreign languages and literature.
If the establishment of Wentong Museum promoted the spread of foreign languages and literature in modern times, all kinds of academies in various places, while inheriting Confucian classics, historical culture and Neo-Confucianism traditions, have accumulated strength for the independence of China's languages and literature. Shaanxi Weijing Academy, founded in 1873, is divided into five categories: Taoism, history, economy, politics and exegetics. Its detailed teaching rules stipulate: "The Book of Changes, the Four Books and the Book of the Life of Confucian Ancestors belong to Taoism, and books on customs and habits of foreign teachers must be set up; Books such as The Book of Songs, The Spring and Autumn Annals, The Official History of Past Dynasties, A Compendium of A Mirror, Nine Dynasties in East Lu Hua, etc. Belonging to the category of historiography, we must also set up foreign history, judge its rise and fall, control chaos, and thus confirm with China; Three Rites, General Records, General Code, General Examination, Continuation of Three Links, Three Links of the Dynasty and all anecdotes belong to the economic category, and foreign political books such as The Law of Nations must be set up part-time to confirm the current political situation in China; The ancient Confucian textual research books, such as The Book of Songs, Erya, Notes to Thirteen Classics and Shuowen, belong to the category of exegetics, and must be combined with the study of foreign languages and characters, and must be combined with Chinese and Western. Six literary works, such as The Book of Songs, were included in the exegetical category. Although literature has been mentioned, its position is quite marginal, and it is still dominated by language and history. Shanghai Qiu Zhi Academy was founded in 1876, and it has six disciplines: Confucian classics, history, anecdotes, arithmetic, geography and ci. Ci chapter has become an independent discipline, "testing classics and meaning to test its roots, discussing history to show its knowledge, asking questions to study its talents and skills, and using rhyme to examine its writing". 1889, when Zhang Zhidong founded Guangya College, he pointed out: "Studying Confucian classics, body and mind, worshiping sages and applying what they have learned, is called Guangya College. "8. The curriculum and articles of association for the establishment of the academy are:" Confucian classics should be based on the clear meaning and not trivial; Historiography focuses on the connecting link between the preceding and the following, and does not take the empty theory; The study of human nature is mainly based on practice, rather than taking amendments; Economic learning is based on knowledge and use, not a scourge; The study of ci and Zhang is based on erudition and elegance, not luxury; Scholars' knowledge is based on honesty and modesty, not arrogance. Its main purpose is always to have both knowledge and money, and to write beautifully. " 9. There are four branch schools (vice presidents) to teach Confucian classics, history, neo-Confucianism and literature respectively. Literature here still refers to the study of Ci and Zhang. /kloc-in October, 1980, he founded the two lakes academy in Hubei, with six courses: Confucian classics, history, neo-Confucianism, literature, mathematics and economics. Although the modern concept of literature has not been finally formed at this time, and the meaning of literature is quite broad, the status of literature has begun to be confirmed in form, which is the first step for literature to stand on its own feet.
Before the establishment of Shi Jing University Hall, the general art school established by Zhang Yuanji in 1897 with the help of Yan Fu and others was a special case with a unique understanding of literature. Zhang Yuanji expounded its purpose as follows: "Six arts are the duty of the country, and arts can be used for politics, so the school should be a general art", "Encouraging the study of Europe and America, the rise of new theories, and the unknown can not be used for reference, so the school should be used for all kinds of practical learning in Taixi", and its curriculum is set as "Literature Gate" and "Art Gate" 10:
Literature: geography, geography, history, philosophy, politics, chemistry, Etruscan ethnology.
Art: Mathematical Geometry (i.e. morphology), Algebraic Trigonometry (parallel courses of plane and arc), Chemical Geometry (including fire, water, electricity, light and sound), Astronomy (including calendar), Geology (i.e. geology), Anthropology and manufacturing (including turbine orbit).
As can be seen from the above subjects, literature is essentially a humanities and social discipline, while art is to learn western skills. Zhang Yuanji also stipulated: "Those who are good at reciting should be good at literature; Those who are longer than thinkers are easy to be artistic "1 1, a literary concept, originated from western liberal arts, and contains subjects related to history and culture, language and writing, self-cultivation and so on, aiming at political erudition. Zhang Yuanji, Yan Fu and others all tried to save the national fortune through western learning. Zhang Yuanji later presided over the Commercial Press, and published Evolution, Boundary Theory of Group Power, General Interpretation of Society, Views of Group Studies, Law and Significance translated by Yan Fu, Legacy of La Traviata in Paris, Black Slave Record and Kuroda in Japan translated by Lin Shu. The great contribution of Yan Fu and Lin Shu lies in making up for these two defects. Yan Fu was the first person to introduce western modern thought, and Lin Shu was the first person to introduce western modern literature. "He thinks that the original version of Yan Fu's translation book has literary value, and his translation should also occupy a high position in the history of ancient literature, while Lin Shu has opened up a new literary territory. Since ancient times, there has never been such a long narrative. The achievements of La Traviata opened up a new colony for ancient China people. 12 shows that although the subjective purpose of Zhang Yuanji, Yan Fu and Lin Shu is only to inspire people's wisdom from humanities and social sciences in order to revive the country, objectively, literature in the modern sense has unexpectedly risen, gradually covering and monopolizing the "door of literature".
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1896, Li Duanfen asked the imperial court to set up a library, a document office, a translation bookstore, a newspaper office, and a university hall in Beijing. Later, Sun Jianai's "Proposal on Reopening Jingshi University Hall" stipulated the purpose of Jingshi University Hall: "Secondary schools are the mainstay, supplemented by western learning; Middle school is the body and western learning is the use; Those who are unprepared in middle school should be supplemented by western learning, and those who are lost in middle school should be returned by western learning. Western learning is only available in middle schools, and western learning cannot be above middle schools. This is the purpose of learning. " 13 also thinks that knowledge should be divided into ten subjects: astronomy, geoscience, Taoism, politics, literature, martial arts, agronomy, engineering, business studies and medicine, and the "literature" here is only the language of various countries. Although it seems to be endowed with the cultural mission of "learning by learning" in purpose, in essence, these ten subjects all refer to western learning. The invitations of Li Duanfen and Sun Jianai were not confirmed until the Hundred Days Reform 1898, and became specific articles of association with the consent of Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao. From 65438 to 0898, Liang Qichao drafted the Constitution of Imperial University Hall, which was submitted by the Premier's Office and submitted to the imperial court for approval.
For the first time, the Charter of Shi Jing University Hall clarified the school-running purpose of "middle school is the body and western learning is the use" which has been regarded as a national policy since the late Qing Dynasty: "A husband should be a middle school and western learning is also necessary, both of which are indispensable ... Today, efforts should be made to correct abuses, and two meanings should be highlighted: First, both Chinese and western learning should be paid equal attention, and there should be no negligence; Second, western languages are one of the schools, not the whole school, but the origin of western learning, not the end of western learning. " 14 and its fundamental purpose is to reform and reform for rejuvenation, and to practice and strengthen national strength for rejuvenation. In this situation, the literature called "useless" is naturally ignored, just as Mr. Chen Guoqiu pointed out, "In the current situation, what traditional academics pursue is" practice ",so it is necessary to borrow western learning; Traditional knowledge needs to be reorganized and eliminated, and a structure that is sufficient to cooperate with' western learning' needs to be rearranged. In this structure, the so-called "literature" or the "ci chapter" that Liang Qichao was proud of in his early years will be put outside. Liang Qichao's "Zhang Ci" should be understood as "literature" in a narrow sense, but he also believes that "Zhang Ci" cannot be called learning. Although,' words without words are not far away'; When we say something theoretical, for the sake of understanding, we should also take it as this meaning. If couples' chapters and songs are written to entertain the soul, do them once in a while, so as not to drown your ambitions. Western languages, also attached to this door "16, regards literature as practical learning, treats the languages of western countries equally, and cannot indulge in literature. Imperial academy's school rules also stipulate: "It's not enough to learn by memorizing chapters with bare backs, but it's also called practical learning. The five classics and four books, the sun, the moon and the rivers, are always new through the ages, and the cloth, silk and millet are inseparable in one day. If scholars can work hard, why is the country short of talents and restless? Although victory and disability can be achieved, only wealth and power are available! Scholars can master the classics, otherwise once they specialize in them, they can get the general idea at any time. " 17 It can be seen that literature can become an independent discipline because it can "practice respectfully" in Chinese and other disciplines, can penetrate ancient and modern times, talk about theoretical matters, and even books such as classics and history subsets should be carefully studied to achieve practical results.
Liang Qichao also formulated the School Work Example 18 in the Constitution of Imperial University Hall according to the education system after Meiji Restoration in Japan:
The books read in western schools are divided into two categories: one is general study and the other is specialized study. Ordinary scholars, all students should be ordinary learners. Professional scholars, each with a subject. Today, according to the school class type of Taixi Opera, I will attend middle school. The list is as follows:
Confucian classics first, Neo-Confucianism second, Chinese and foreign anecdotes third, philosophers fourth, step arithmetic fifth, elementary geography sixth, elementary politics seventh, elementary geography eighth, literature ninth and gymnastics tenth, all of which are general studies; The books that should be read are all successful textbooks of Shanghai Compilation Bureau, which are divided into classes by day. No matter what kind of students, they must graduate all the books held by this bureau within three years before they can get their diplomas. But gymnastics is not in the exercise book.
English philology is 11th, French philology is 12th, Russian philology is 13th, German philology is 14th, Japanese philology is 15th, and there are more than five kinds of philology. Every student wants to study at the same time as Pu's general education, and his classes are different from his own country.
Professional courses include arithmetic, geography, politics (law), geography (surveying and mapping), agronomy, mining, engineering, business, military science, health (medicine) and other ten courses. After graduation, everyone takes one or two courses. On the surface, general studies here are similar to Marxist political economy, college Chinese, college physical education, college English and other public courses. And "literature", like college Chinese, is only to train the use of language, enhance the appreciation of literary works, and improve aesthetic taste and moral cultivation. Although literature ranks ninth, it is not regarded as a science like sports. Actually, it's not. When Liang Qichao followed Kang Youwei in Wanmu Caotang, his subjects were divided into four categories: the study of righteousness, the study of textual research, the study of statecraft and the study of writing. The study of righteousness includes Confucianism, Buddhism, the study of Zhou and Qin philosophers, the study of Song and Ming Dynasties, and Taixi philosophy. Textual research includes the history of Confucian classics in China, the history of various countries, geography, mathematics and the study of statecraft. 19 Liang Qichao's four subjects are almost equivalent to Pu's general education and foreign languages and philology, and Pu's general education must be completed within three years before he can graduate and get a diploma. However, after graduation, only one or two subjects are selected for professional study, and there is no strict requirement for learning level. It can be seen that although Liang Qichao started to learn ten western skills for political reform, he still believed that Pu's general knowledge was the fundamental knowledge in terms of cultural feelings and ideological roots. On the one hand, Liang Qichao criticized the school for belittling Pu's general studies, saying that "the study of China in the past four or five years is redundant, all the books it recited can only be called literacy, and the strategies it taught can only be called learning grammar, but never middle school" .20 He thought that the school paid insufficient attention to Confucian classics, Neo-Confucianism, Chinese and foreign anecdotes, the study of philosophers and literature. On the other hand, for the sake of reform and political reform, we have to give up this kind of knowledge in special research and only keep practical knowledge. The essence of this contradiction also reflects the process of literature self-reliance and discipline establishment and transformation to literature in the modern sense, which is contradictory to the modernization process of society. In the process of modernization, language and literature education must be applied first, so it has to be at the expense of classics and literature of various schools.
After the failure of the Hundred Days Reform, the planning of Shi Jing University Hall was preserved, which shows that the modernization process has not stopped completely because of the failure of the reform. On the contrary, it strengthens the setting of practical learning, such as "trading, profit-making, attaching importance to agriculture, cultivating talents, and repairing military equipment are the sources of profound benefits, which are related to the national economy and people's livelihood, that is, they should be held in real time" 2 1, while history and history. Sun Jianai, who is highly valued by Cixi, also mentioned in 1899 "About the Preparation of University Hall" that "check the original ten links and divide classes by day. But there are so many categories that it is difficult to take into account the following. It is proposed that each door should have its own sub-item, imitate the examples of specialized classics, and listen to people's admission more or less. Neo-Confucianism can be incorporated into Confucian classics. There is no need to set up a special subject for hundred schools of thought's literature. The political classics of the sub-books are attached to the special subject for scholars to choose. " Although he cut his general studies on the grounds that there were too many categories and it was difficult to give consideration to both, it can be seen from his memorial that his real intention was to use what he had learned to benefit the country. Especially under the lessons of the Westernization Movement, the Reform and Reform Movement and the failure of many wars, the late Qing government was more aware of the urgency of modernization, and it was worried about domestic troubles and foreign invasion. Literary discipline is naturally extremely marginalized at this historical moment. It was not until 190 1 that Cixi announced the political reform. Under the auspices of Cecilia Cheung and Zhang Zhidong, a relatively complete new academic system was formulated and literature was repositioned.
1902, Zhang Baixi, as the minister of management, was ordered to formulate the new constitution of Shi Jing University Hall, "all the previously established Wentong halls were included in the University Hall, not under the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Zhang Baixi was ordered to manage "23". Since then, Shi Jing Wentong Museum has completed the renovation of Shi Jing University Hall. In the 28th year of Guangxu (1August 902), the Constitution of Shi Jing University Hall was drafted and promulgated by the imperial court in the name of "King James", which marked the establishment of a modern academic system in the history of education in China, also known as "non-Yin academic system". However, this academic system quickly attracted criticism from all sides. Later, Cecilia Cheung invited Zhang Zhidong and Rong Qing to preside over the revision of the Articles of Association, and in November of the 29th year of Guangxu (1904 1), he formulated the Guimao Academic System, which has been used until 19 16544.
The "non-yin academic system" should be used first. Zhang Baixi believes that "a school that attaches importance to intelligence and is integrated with the world, the court is eager for talents to be updated. In order to achieve talents, it is necessary to learn from the methods of Europe, America and Japan to help China's old system for more than 2,000 years, which is determined by the times." 24, but unlike Liang Qichao or Sun Jianai, he refused literature as a subject because of the pursuit of practicality. Literature is divided into seven categories: Confucian classics, history, Neo-Confucianism, philosophers, anecdotes, ci chapters and foreign languages. Although the current situation forced Cecilia Cheung to attach importance to the practice of western learning, which occupied six subjects, and the "middle school" only had one subject of literature, he did not dare to be careless about the "middle school" at all, and almost all subjects with traditional cultural spirit were classified as literature, while the narrow sense of "literature" appeared for the first time in the name of "research on Ci and Zhang", which was related to Liang Qichao's "research on Ci and Zhang" and Sun Jianai. This is of great significance to the construction of literature discipline. Literature was brought into the knowledge pedigree for the first time. Although "literature" in the name of learning still plays an insignificant role in this modern academic system, it indicates that the self-reliance of "literature" is just around the corner, which is reflected in Liang Qichao's "On the Relationship between Novels and Group Governance" and "The Source of Xiu Xiang Fiction Collection" 1902. Liang Qichao and Wu both expounded the social function of literature represented by novels in this period, which caused great repercussions. During the period of 1902- 19 10, 25 kinds of literary periodicals were born in China, and the status of literature improved rapidly, which played a leading role in the subsequent New Culture Movement and the May 4th Movement.
The final confirmation and concrete practice of literature's position in the knowledge pedigree is in the "Guimao academic system". In order to revise the school charter, Cecilia Cheung and Zhang Zhidong once again expounded the purpose of establishing a school: "As for the purpose of establishing a school, no matter what kind of school, it is based on loyalty and filial piety, on the study of China's classics and history, so that students' thoughts and hearts can be purified, and then they can learn from the West and practice their artistic ability, which will be suitable for practical use in the future, so as to cultivate generalists and prevent abuses. "It can be seen that they want to introduce the western education system and retain the traditional cultural spirit, so they show their uniqueness in discipline. The "Guimao academic system" is divided into eight branches: economics, politics and law, literature, medicine, geography, agriculture, industry and commerce. As the first subject, Confucian classics are divided into eleven subjects, such as Zhouyi, Shangshu, Shi Mao, Chunqiu Zuozhuan, Chunqiu Sanzhuan, Zhou Li, Yi Li, Li Ji, Analects of Confucius, Mencius and Neo-Confucianism. Confucian classics has changed from a major branch of literature to eleven subjects, and Neo-Confucianism is also attached to Confucian classics. It can be seen that Confucian classics were elevated to the supreme position, reflecting the late Qing Dynasty. Politics is divided into politics and law. Literature is divided into nine categories: China history, world history, Chinese and foreign geography, China literature, English literature, French literature, German literature, Russian literature and Japanese literature. Literature is independent from the broad concept of "benevolence and seclusion academic system", which removes Confucian classics, Neo-Confucianism, philosophers' studies and anecdotes. Besides geography, "literature" in "Guimao academic system" should mainly refer to the languages, literature and history of various countries, and this arrangement is essentially from the study of the most basic languages and grammar to the study of classical literature composed of characters, and finally extends to history.
The subjects of China literature are: first, the main courses, which are divided into seven subjects: literary research, literary theory, phonology, articles of past dynasties, ancient papers, famous writers of Zhou and Qin Dynasties, biographies and miscellaneous histories of Zhou and Qin Dynasties, and philosophers of Zhou and Qin Dynasties; Second, make up lessons, including Summary of the General Catalogue of Sikuquanshu, Supplementary Notes on Han Shu's Literary Records, Textual Research on Sui Shu's Classics, Comprehensive Review of Imperial Manuscripts, Final Notes of Various Countries, World History, History of Western Literature, Textual Research on China's Ancient and Modern Laws, and History of Foreign Science and Foreign Languages. Its auxiliary courses are mainly to understand China's "Chinese studies" and the history of western science and culture; From the main courses, literature and phonology are the subjects of China's language and literature research, while biographies of famous writers in Qin Zhou, philosophers in Qin Zhou and Qin Zhou are the main selected readings of ancient writers in China. Although the class hours of famous writers in Qin Zhou are more than 29, it is only because there are many famous writers in Qin Zhou, and literary research methods, articles of past dynasties and ancient papers play a leading role in the establishment and development of literary disciplines.
First, the legal system of literary research stipulates "studying the essence of literature" 4 1 30:
1. Changes of ancient prose, seal script, stereotyped writing, cursive script, official script, northern dynasty script and official script after the Tang Dynasty.
Second, the changes of ancient and modern phonology.
Third, the changes of exegetical names in ancient and modern times.
Fourthly, regarding the rise and fall of the World Games from ancient times to the present, take Zhang Ci as the text.
Fifth, the language is sincere and the language is just right.
Six, the ancient and modern words have things, the words are orderly, and the words have chapters as the rules.
Seventh, the style of group classics.
Eight, Zhou, Qin biographies, miscellaneous history style
Nine, Zhou and Qin philosophers demeanor
X. Hanshu Romance of the Three Kingdoms
XI。 Historical style
Twelve, Han Wei style
Thirteen. Style from Southern and Northern Dynasties to Sui Dynasty
Fourteen, Tang and Song Dynasties to the present style
Fifteen, the gradual separation of ancient and modern.
Sixteenth, parallel prose is divided into four parts: Han Wei, Six Dynasties, Tang and Song Dynasties.
17. All the changes in the pre-Qin dynasty were useful, and the changes after the Han dynasty were half useful and half useless.
Eighteen, the article is famous for those who pass on the four histories of ancient philosophers, and the article distinguishes those who cannot be famous in the collection.
Nineteen. Apply in the name of parallel prose and prose poetry.
20, the difference between ancient and modern famous papers
2 1. The reasons for reading special collections and reading general collections cannot be neglected.
22. The style of Ci and Fu, the style of examples, the style of official letters, the style of quotations, the style of Buddhism and Taoism, and the style of novels are all different from those of ancient Chinese.
23. Writing notes, lines, places, landscapes, plants, utensils, etiquette, style, notation style, catalogue style, pictorial style and specialized artistic style are all needed by writers.
XXIV. Oriental Language and Culture Law
25. Grammar in Western Thailand
Twenty-six, westerners' special research has special vocabulary, and the official agrees with the chronicle of China's art.
Erqi, the relationship between literature and personnel world
28, the relationship between literature and the state.
29, the relationship between literature and geography
30. The relationship between literature and world archaeology
Third, the relationship between literature and diplomacy.
Third, the relationship between literature and learning new theories and new methods to make new devices (it is easier for China scholars to write).
Third, famous writers must first be familiar with the relationship between the world.
Three or four, there are differences between the writings made at the end of the founding of the People's Republic of China (such as Sui Sheng Chen and Sui, the Northern Song Dynasty won the end of the Tang Dynasty, and the early Yuan Dynasty won the end of the Song Dynasty). Therefore, it is advisable to read more prosperous articles to keep fit.)
Three or five, the difference between virtuous articles and immoral articles (honest people are virtuous, so it is advisable to read more virtuous articles to cultivate one's morality)
Third, there is a difference between reality and unreality (the economic and effective one is real, so you should read more real articles to increase your knowledge)
37. There is a difference between learned articles and learned articles (learned and knowledgeable people are learned, so read more learned articles to enrich their strength).
On March 8, the article was strange, vague, false, wild and complicated, which hindered the world and people's hearts.
39, the article is used to being empty, which will inevitably lead to brain drain.
40. The Six Dynasties and the Southern Song Dynasty indulged in good writing.
4 1, the translation of foreign books and letters written in Chinese is not deep.
Articles 1 to 6 above are the basis of literary research, mainly focusing on words and phrases, including the evolution of glyphs, phonology, exegesis and methods of words, essays and compositions. Articles 7 to 23 * * * 17 mainly focus on stylistic issues. According to the theories of Yao Nai, Ceng Gong, Gui Youguang, Xie Fang and Wang San, ancient Chinese prose can be roughly divided into two styles: parallel prose and prose, and according to the system, it can be divided into argumentative essays, inscriptions, eulogies, ci and fu, prefaces and postscripts, giving and answering prefaces, letters and so on. According to its nature, it can be divided into theoretical, narrative, lyrical, landscape, historical, philosophical, artistic and practical categories. , can also be classified according to standards such as convention and times. The style set here is a combination of the above, such as the twelfth, thirteenth and fourteenth according to the times, the fifteenth, sixteenth and nineteenth according to the prose style, the second according to the system, the second and third according to the nature, and other classifications. The second four to the second