Han Yu (768-824) was a writer and philosopher in the Tang Dynasty. Return the word. People from Henan Province (now Meng County, Henan Province). The county looks at Changli, and the world is called Han Changli. In his later years, he served as assistant minister of the official department, also known as the Korean official department. Posthumous title "Wen", also known as Han Wengong. He lost his father at the age of 3 and was raised by his brother and sister-in-law. In the eighth year of Zhenyuan in Dezong (792), he was promoted to our time, and later served as the supervisor of Yushi and Yangshan. Xian zong acceded to the throne and became a doctor of the country. Later, he went through officials to the right illegitimate son of the prince. In the 12th year of Yuanhe (8 17), he put down the Yuanji rebellion in Huaixi Wu from Peidu and was promoted to assistant minister of punishments. In the 14th year of Yuanhe (8 19), Xian Zong welcomed the Buddha's bones into Da-nei and remonstrated with them, so he was demoted as the secretariat of Chaozhou. Move to Yuanzhou. Soon, he returned to North Korea and served as an official, son of the country and assistant minister of the official department. After Han Yu died in Chang 'an, he advocated strengthening political reunification and opposed the separatist regime in the buffer regions. Ideologically, he respected Confucianism and suppressed Buddhism, calling himself a descendant of Confucius and Mencius. He opposed the formalistic parallel prose since the Six Dynasties, vigorously advocated ancient prose, and led the ancient prose movement in the middle Tang Dynasty together with Liu Zongyuan. Han Yu was a famous essayist in Tang Dynasty. Su Shi called him "the decline of eight generations of literature" (Chaozhou Hanwen Gongci Monument). Han Yu's argumentative essays are extensive in content and eclectic in genre, such as The Original Road, Buddha's Bone Table, Teacher's Notes, Jin Xuejie, etc., with novel ideas, distinct viewpoints, boldness and frankness, and strong militancy. His epitaph Han creatively applies the biographical techniques of Zuo Zhuan and Shi Ji to the epitaph, creating a large number of vivid characters, adding luster to this always boring epitaph style, and some of his works have become excellent biographical literature, such as Liu Zihou's Epitaph. Preface to Farewell to Meng Dongye and Preface to Farewell to Dong Shaonan have their own advantages in techniques, which makes Preface to Farewell to Meng Dongye develop into a practical literary style. Books such as Answer to Cui Lizhi were opened because people made statements and they were sincere. Koreans are unrestrained, while Wang Yang is unrestrained, "like the Yangtze River, vast" (Su Xun's Ouyang Connotation Book). Profound conception, ingenious conception, concise language and creativity. His poems are also unique, innovative and long-lasting, making the past serve the present, adopting the style of prose poetry, which is magnificent, full of talent and whimsy, forming a unique style of extraordinary and magnificent, creating an important school after Li and Du Fu, and correcting the mediocre poetic style since Dali. His representative works include "Rocks" and "On the Mid-Autumn Festival to be divided into official posts". The Seven Laws "Moving Left to Lan Guan Xian's Grandnephew" and the Seven Unique Works "Zhang, Assistant Professor of the Ministry of Water Resources in Early Spring" are also well-known masterpieces. However, his excessive pursuit of novelty will inevitably lead to danger and strangeness, and his emphasis on "taking prose as poetry" will inevitably turn poetry into "rhyming literature" The Collected Works of Mr. Changli compiled by master Li Han has been handed down from generation to generation. There are 40 volumes of Athena Chu Dialectics 500 compiled by Wei Zhongju in Song Dynasty, and Waiji 10 is relatively complete. Fang Shiju's Notes on the Chronology of Han Changli's Poems and Qian Zhonglian's Notes on the Chronology of Han Changli's Poems are better. For the deeds, see Biography of Old and New Books of Tang Dynasty. Han Yu's great-grandfather, great-grandfather, grandfather and father all served as court officials or local officials. However, he was "lonely at the age of three" and was raised by his brother Han Hui. In his book With Fengxiang and Xing Shangshu, Han Yu said that "at the age of seven, he can read and write at the age of thirteen", which may be related to Han Hui's upbringing. Han Yunqing is a literate father, and Li Bai called him "the best writer in the world". Han Yu also said: "The more uncle you are, the more great you are. Your words are unique in China and North Korea." From this point of view, Han Yu was born in an official family, and both his uncles and nephews were famous for their articles, which had a certain influence on his later direction. When Han Yu was born, his family wealth had declined, and Han Hui would die young. Han Yu is wandering with his widowed wife. "Sacrifice to Mrs. Zheng" said: "I am lonely only by eating Jiangnan." When Han Yu was twenty years old, he went to Beijing to ask for an official. He was once "poor and not self-sufficient". When Han Yuchu first arrived in Chang 'an to take an examination of Jinshi, he said in "Answering Cui Lizhi's Book": "When I was sixteen, I didn't know anything about people. I read sage books and thought that all official positions were for people's ears, not for myself. When I was 20 years old, I was poor and had insufficient food and clothing. I sought to get close to my relatives, and then I realized that being an official was not just for people. When I came to the capital, I saw that some scholars were promoted, and many people were expensive. If a servant is sincere and happy, he must seek his skills. " But since then, he has been promoted to Jinshi, ranking third three times, and finally delivering meals to people. Until the eighth year of Zhenyuan (792), Han Yu was twenty-five years old and began to learn. In this exam, Lu Zhi is the examiner, and Liang Su and King Chu are assistants, so-called people. "What you said is impressive." . Besides Han Yu, there are Li Guan, Li Jiang, Cui Qun, Ouyang Zhan, Wang Ya and Su Feng. "All the choices in the world". After that, Han Yu took a well-read Ci exam in the official department, but he was finally defeated three years ago. Since then, Han Yu has written to Wen Da for Zaifu. In the eleventh year of Zhenyuan (795), I wrote three times in March, but there was no news. So he left Beijing to be a local assistant, first for Bianzhou and then for Xuzhou. It was not until the eighteenth year of Zhenyuan (802) that Han Yucai received Dr. imperial academy. In October of the 19th year of Zhenyuan (803), Liu Zongyuan and Liu Yuxi were also regarded as the imperial history. Han Yu got a scholar's position, and immediately wrote a letter about it. Unexpectedly, when On Drought and Hunger appeared, he offended the "dictator" and was demoted to the order of Yangshan in Lianzhou. Ten years as an official, two months of demotion. During the "Yongzheng Reform" period, Han Yu was demoted. In August of Yong Zhenyuan (805), Xian Zong ascended the throne, Han Yu was pardoned, and moved to Jiangling to join the army as Facao. In the first year of Yuanhe (806), he was sent back to Chang 'an as a doctor. In order to avoid slander and ruin, we seek to divide our capital and move it to Luoyang. Because "the enemy is an official", he was demoted to Henan county magistrate. Han Yu's relegation career in recent years is conducive to ideological articles. Unfortunately, he returned to Chang 'an shortly after his demotion. In the sixth year of Yuanhe (8 1 1), he was transferred to Yuan Wailang of Shangshu, Liu Jian and Dr. Guo Zi. In the eighth year of Yuanhe, he moved to Langzhong Department and was edited by the History Museum. In the 12th year of Yuanhe, Pei Du was seconded to fight Huaixi, and was appointed as the marching Sima. After his success, he was promoted to assistant minister of punishments. In the 14th year of Yuanhe (8 19), when Xian Zong tried to visit the Buddha bones in Futian, he wrote an admonition letter. The omission of Buddha's Bone Table caused the wrath of Xianzong. I finished typing a letter in the morning and degenerated into Chaoyang in the evening. As soon as he arrived at the demotion office, he immediately pleaded guilty and returned to Chang 'an as an official in the first year of Changqing (82 1). From assistant minister of the Ministry of war to assistant minister of the official department, Jing. During the twenty years, Han Yu was demoted twice, and both were subjected to extreme remonstrance, which shows that he really has integrity. But it was his misfortune to be demoted and promoted soon. If you are demoted for a long time, your achievements may be higher. I settled in Chang 'an in my later years and didn't write a better article.

Han Yu died in the fourth year of Changqing (824) at the age of 57. For the life story of Han Yu, see Old Tang Book (volume 160), New Tang Book (volume 176), Tombstone by Huang Fushi and Xiangxing by Li Ao. His works include Collected Works of Mr. Changli. Second, creation

Han Yu's prose and poetry creation realized his own theory. His works in various genres, such as Fu, Poetry, Argumentation, Saying, Biography, Recording, Ode, Praise, Book, Preface, Mourning, Inscription, Form, Form and Writing, have all made outstanding achievements.

Essays occupy an important position in Han Wenzhong. The novellas that focus on respecting Confucianism and opposing Buddhism include The Original Road, The Buddha's Bone Table, The Original Nature, The Teacher's Commentary and so on. Most of them are well organized, well organized. Miscellaneous essays such as Miscellaneous Notes and Enlightenment satirize the current social situation, with clever metaphors and profound implications; Novels, such as "Sending Poor Articles" and "Learning Solutions", adopt the form of question and answer, with humorous strokes, strange ideas and sharp edges. Literary thoughts and writing experience are diverse in genre, changeable in writing style, fantastic in image and exquisite in theory. Narrative occupies a large proportion in Han Wenzhong. Scholars who study classics, such as Pinghuai Xibei, use the styles of Shangshu, Ya and Fu, which are large in length and heavy in sentences. Ji Hua directly tells many characters, and its writing style is beyond Shangshu Gu Ming and Zhou Li's Examination of Gong Ji's Zi Renzhi. Inherit the tradition of historical prose in Historical Records, such as the famous Biography of Zhang Zhongcheng, which combines narration, discussion and lyric in one furnace. Draw lessons from Historical Records and Hanshu to portray vivid and strange characters without discussion, such as the epitaph of Wang Jun in Dali and the epitaph of Zhang Jun in Qinghe. Memorizing literary friends can highlight the characteristics of different writers, such as Epitaph of Liu Zihou, Epitaph of Nanyang Fan Shaoshu and Epitaph of Mr. Yao Zhen. But in a large number of tombstones and epitaphs, Han Yu also wrote some works that "despised the tomb", which was already ridiculed at that time. Odes in lyric articles, such as Ode to Twelve Lang, are written in prose, which breaks through the routine of four rhymes. One kind writes about friendship between friends and hardships in life, with four rhymes, such as Henan Foreign Language and Liu Zihou. In addition, a wild letter with Meng Dongye and a preface to seeing Yang off are also masterpieces with certain appeal. Han Yu's other essays, such as Biography of Mao Ying and Preface to Ding Shilian's Poems, are completely fictional and close to legendary novels. Han Yu's prose is magnificent, vertical and horizontal, odd and even, and clever metaphor; Or cunning, or solemn, with a variety of artistic characteristics; Sweep away the gentle and charming style of writing since the Six Dynasties.

He is good at sublating the language of his predecessors and refining the spoken language at that time, such as "flying as a dog" ("seeing poverty"), "doing different things together" and "taking everything" ("learning to understand"), which are widely used in Han Wenzhong. He advocated "preface", created a written prose language extracted from spoken language, and expanded the expressive function of classical Chinese. But he also has an embarrassing sentence. The self-assertion that "it is impossible to do things in good times and entertain yourself" ("Sending the Poor") has a certain influence on future generations. Han Yu is also a famous poet, whose artistic characteristics are mainly strangeness, heroism and strangeness. For example, Lu Hun's Rhyme of Mountain Fire and Huangfu, Poem of Eclipse, Yuchuan Self-made, etc. have strange and profound contents. Nanshan's poems, Yueyang Tower's four ambitions of fighting, Meng Dongye's lost son, etc. Very spectacular. However, in the pursuit of strangeness, Korean poetry is often full of strange words and rhymes. Han Yu also has an unpretentious poem. Korean poetry is ancient and short, but there are also excellent quatrains. For example, in the Seven Laws, I moved to Languan to show my grandnephew, Answering Zhang's Eleven Palace Exercises, Titing Yi Liang, Sending Zhang's Twelve Pavilions to Tongguan and Titing Chu Zhao Wang Dian, etc. Later generations spoke highly of Han Yu and respected him as the first of the eight masters in Tang and Song Dynasties. Du Mu juxtaposes Korean with Du Shi, which is called "Du Han Shi Bi". Su Shi called him "the decline of eight generations of literature." The ancient prose movement advocated by Liu Han opened up the development path of ancient prose since the Tang Dynasty. Korean poetry strives for novelty, emphasizing momentum and originality. Taking prose as poetry, Han Yu introduced the new language, rules and techniques of ancient China into the poetry circle, which enhanced the expressive function of poetry, expanded the field of poetry, and corrected the mediocre poetic style since Dali (766 ~ 780). However, it also brings some bad habits, such as stressing talent and learning, being judgmental and pursuing adventure. In particular, the theory of taking discussion as poetry, even all discussion, and taking poetry as rhyme has had a bad influence on poetry after the Song Dynasty. Among the ancient books of Han Dynasty, Wei Huaizhong's Collection of Works of Mr. Changli of the Five Hundred Music School in Southern Song Dynasty and Waiji are the best. The most popular editions are The Collection of Mr. Changli, The Collection Outside and Legacy (reprinted by Xu Shi Dong in Ming Dynasty). In Qing Dynasty, Gu and Fang Shiju each had a single note on a poem. Qian Zhonglian's Annotation of Han Changli's Poems in the Year is another year's collection of notes. In addition, Jing Yun,, Wang, Shen Qinhan, Fang Cheng, Modern Xu Zhen, etc. The Chronicle of Zi Han written by Hong Xingzu in Song Dynasty is the most detailed. The relevant parts of Zhao Yi's Poems of Oubei, Fang's Zhao Mei and Lin Shu's Korean Studies Law are representative works to comment on his poems.