The Dong Pipa is composed of the head, the stem, the chord, the resonance box and the chord. Pipa varies in size in different regions and can be divided into three types: large, medium and small. The big timbre is soft and deep, the middle timbre is bright and sweet, and the small timbre is crisp and pleasant. When playing, the left hand holds the piano and presses the strings, and the right hand holds the trumpet or bamboo pick to play. Besides solo and ensemble, it can also accompany Dong people's songs and dances. It is a musical instrument with ethnic characteristics.
Classification of Dong Pipa: Dong Pipa is a plucked instrument. Pipa is called Yi, Hei and Biba in Dong language. The name of the big pipa Dong language is Bibalao. It is popular in Rongjiang, Congjiang and Liping in Qiandongnan Miao and Dong Autonomous Prefecture of Guizhou Province, Sanjiang and Rongshui in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, and Tongdao Dong Autonomous County in Hunan Province. The beautiful hometown of Dong nationality is under the tree-lined Miao Ling Mountain, beside the winding and clear Liu Du River, Rongjiang River and Qingshui River, and in the vast area at the junction of Guizhou, Guangxi and Hunan provinces. For thousands of years, the Dong people have not only developed agriculture, forestry, fishery and animal husbandry with their own hands and wisdom, but also created rich and colorful culture and art. In the life of the Dong people, music is an indispensable spiritual food, and singing is indispensable for recording history, productive labor or pouring out love. The unique Dong folk songs are the crystallization of the wisdom of the Dong people. /kloc-In the middle of the 0/9th century, it was blended with dance on the basis of Dong songs and developed into Dong opera with national characteristics. Dong people love singing and are good at singing. They believe that "words are incomplete, and only songs can express them completely". In the long old society, they used songs to express their hatred of reactionary rule, their love for labor and their yearning for a happy life. After the 1950s, the Dong compatriots were full of passion, praising the * * * production party and a happy new life. Every Dong village has a double-eaved Drum Tower with a flying pavilion, which is a unique building of Dong people and a place for the whole village to meet, discuss, rest and entertain. Every holiday and after work, men, women and children in the village will come to this national drum tower to celebrate the festival and enjoy themselves, singing and dancing here. Whenever night falls, the drum tower in Dong Village is brightly lit, and a chorus composed of young men and women practices or competes in songs here. Not only young people express their heartfelt love songs here, but also children aged five or six are baptized by music here. The white-haired Master Song is the most respected person in the Drum Tower. He passed on the traditional Dong songs to the younger generation. Dong people's big songs are beautiful and unique in style. They are rare folk songs with multiple voices, multiple accompaniment and complete forms in Chinese national music. Dong people's big songs include chorus songs, solo or duet ditties, and "pipa songs" sung while playing with pipa. ? /kloc-At the end of 0/4, Dong pipa became popular among Dong people. In the Ming Dynasty, Shen Yao's "A New Record of Qian Tu" said: "People ... play lusheng, Muye, pipa and erhan to attract dogs and eagles for fun." In Rongjiang County, the Dong people's ancestor worship song also sang: "The phoenix tail hangs its ears, and the pipa holds its chest ..." There is also a lyric in Pipa music: "Cut the camphor wood and take it home, pick it up and make a pipa." It proves that Dong Pipa has been circulated for more than 600 years. ? Dong nationality's big pipa is very different from ordinary pipa, and its style is somewhat similar to that of Han nationality's sanxian and Mongolian ukulele. It consists of a sounding box, a piano head, a piano shaft, a string shaft, a bridge, a binding string and strings. The piano body is made of a whole piece of camphor wood, Sang Mu, Chinese fir or other hard miscellaneous wood, and it is best to use a locally grown wood called "Xiangxiuxue". It can also be made separately and then assembled with the piano head and the piano rod. Total length100 cm ~110 cm. * * * The sound box is inverted peach-shaped or oval. It is made by digging an abdominal cavity in the lower part of wood and then sticking a panel on it. The panels are mostly 0.5 cm thick sycamore, partly covered with Chinese fir or camphor wood panels. There are several small round sound holes in the middle of the panel. The piano box is 20 cm ~ 26 cm long, with a face diameter of 16 cm ~ 20 cm and a thickness of 6 cm ~ 8. The head of the piano is flat and wide, with a large upper part, mostly flat shovel-shaped, about 20 cm long, with a rectangular chord groove in the middle and three, four or five wooden conical chord shafts on both sides, with a length of 8 cm ~ 12 cm. The rod is narrow and thin and semi-cylindrical, while the rod of the inverted peach-shaped piano box is wide and thick, and the front end is a flat fingerboard, which has a unique taste. However, in the position where the outer chord is pure five degrees, the lower chord is pure three degrees and the middle chord is pure four degrees, short and low metal marks can be nailed on the face of the club, which can play the role of taste at the same time, and some even tie thin lines as handle marks. In the center or lower part of the panel, there is a long bamboo or wooden bridge with a bamboo, wooden or metal plate string under it. If there is no string, the string is tied to the tail post at the bottom of the piano. Zhang has three to five strings, which can be silk strings, steel strings and tendons. The Chinese Musical Instrument Museum of the Conservatory of Music of China Academy of Fine Arts in Beijing has a large Dong pipa. The piano body is made of hard miscellaneous wood, with a total length of 10 1 cm. * * * The speaker is an inverted trapezoid covered with paulownia board, with a length of 2 1cm, a width of 16cm and a thickness of 6cm. There are three small circular sound holes in the center of the panel, which are arranged in a zigzag pattern. The piano head is a double diamond, 24 cm long, with a chord groove in the middle and four boxwood chord axes on both sides. The piano has no quality and four strings. The big pipa made by the Dong pipa singer in Guangxi, 1964, was presented to the Institute by Guangxi Music Association. When playing the Dong pipa, we usually sit in a sitting position, with the piano box on our right leg and the piano head tilted to the left. The left hand holds the piano rod and sounds by the strings, and the right hand holds the pick to pluck the strings. The pickaxe is made of old bamboo, ox horn or ox bone. The tune of Dong nationality's big pipa, with three strings and one tune; The two strings in the middle of the ukulele are homophonic; The middle and outer strings of banjo players are both double strings, which are homophonic. The tuning of the three-string pipa is: c, d, a; The tune of the four-string big pipa is: c, d, d, a; The tuning of the five-string big pipa is: c, d, d, a, a, and the range is the same as C-F 1. The timbre is rich and full, but it varies with the strings: the timbre of the silk string is soft, the timbre of the steel wire string is bright, and the tendon string is deep and heavy. Melody is often played with external strings, and other strings are accompanied by empty strings, or you can play it twice to get a harmonious effect. It is often used to accompany Dong narrative pipa, especially male voice, and is mostly played and sung by one person. It can also be used for solo or accompaniment of Dong Opera. When accompanying narrative Long song, it is only used in prelude and interlude, usually without accompaniment with the chamber, and sometimes it is just improvised in the process of singing, so as to strengthen the rhythm of the song. When we accompany the big songs sung by the Dong chorus, we often use the big piano box and the big pipa with tendons, which has a deep and rich pronunciation and is in harmony with the rich timbre of the male chorus. Dong narrative Long song is a major variety of Dong Pipa songs. Its melody fluctuates greatly, often jumping from pure fifth degree to big sixth degree and small seventh degree. Its singing is vigorous, solemn and epic. It can also be divided into sitting singing and rap. Sitting singing, called Gachang in Dong language, is usually played and sung by middle-aged and elderly people at night. It can be long or short, hundreds of short sentences, and thousands of long sentences. This story has a complete content. The rap "Gajin" in Dong language is mostly sung by a middle-aged and old man in the summer night while enjoying the cool air. The short ones can sing until midnight, and the long ones can sing for several nights. The story is continuous and complete, with improvisation in playing, singing, speaking and expressing, vivid rap and delicate performance. The contents include: myths and legends, historical stories, astronomy and geography, local customs, moral cultivation, love and marriage, etc. Middle-aged and elderly people have achieved the goal of entertaining themselves, and young people have also received education and increased their knowledge. Dong songs sung by chorus and accompanied by big pipa are deeply loved by young Dong people. Most of these songs are "collections", some contain several songs, and some range from dozens. Among the Dong people, chorus songs are abundant. Dong Pipa: It is a plucked instrument of Dong nationality. Dong language is called Gaheiyuan, Gapipa and Gadan. It is popular in Rongjiang, Congjiang and Liping in Qiandongnan Miao and Dong Autonomous Prefecture of Guizhou Province, Sanjiang and Rongshui in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, and Tongdao Dong Autonomous County in Hunan Province. ? Legend has it that in ancient times, floods were terrible and drowned all mankind. Only two brothers and sisters, Sean and Zhang Mei, sat in the gourd and let them go with the flow, and survived. The two brothers and sisters became husband and wife, thus giving birth to human beings. In memory of their ancestors, their descendant Peng Zu gathered 800 young people to play pipa and sing at the same time. The melody is beautiful and harmonious, which touched the seven fairies in the Heavenly Palace to play the piano and sing every day. Their songs enveloped the whole Dong people, thus teaching the whole Dong family to form such a perfect Dong pipa. Dong people call the songs accompanied by pipa "pipa music". In the vast Dong area, everyone can play the pipa and sing the pipa song. Pipa is a treasure of Dong culture. It is said that there are more than 100 kinds of tunes, which are divided into major and minor. In addition to traditional tunes, pipa is mostly a lyric song praising love, and the lyrics are mostly improvised according to the tunes. Pipa not only accompanied the song, but also plucked the introduction and the introduction. Although this improvisation can be long or short, excellent pipa players can play extremely gorgeous and moving doors and intros. ? The shape is similar to that of Dong Pipa, and the piano body is made of a whole piece of camphor wood, Sang Mu, Chinese fir or hard mixed wood. Most of the local wood named "Xiangxiuxue" is made of different sizes, with a total length of 65 cm to 85 cm. * * * The sound box is rectangular, inverted trapezoidal or inverted peach-shaped, covered with a paulownia or fir panel, and there are two circular sound holes on both sides in the middle of the panel. The length of the box is 18 cm ~ 24 cm, the width of the box is 14.5 cm ~ 18.5 cm, and the thickness is 4 cm ~ 6 cm. The head of the piano is flat and wide, and the upper part is large, showing a flat shovel shape, with a length of 1 1 cm ~ 15 cm, a rectangular chord groove in the middle, three or four wooden chords on both sides and at least five axes. The piano rod is narrow and long, with a fingerboard in front and no taste. But the nail has a low metal mark or is tied with a thin handle. After the pipa reform, the piano has a taste. The middle and lower part of the panel is provided with a bamboo or wooden bridge, and the lower part is provided with a bamboo, wooden or metal binding rope with 3-5 nylon ropes, silk threads or steel ropes. In the Chinese Musical Instrument Museum of the Music Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Art in Beijing, there is a Dong pipa on display. The piano body is made of Sang Mu, with a total length of 64 cm. * * * The sound box is oval and covered with paulownia board. The piano box is 20cm long, 17.2cm wide and 4.2cm thick. There is a flower-shaped sound hole on both sides in the middle of the panel, and there are three small sound holes in the middle, which are inverted. The piano head is flat and shovel-shaped, with a curved back, a through-the-bottom chord groove in the middle and five (third from left and second from right) mulberry hexagonal pyramid-shaped chord shafts on both sides. This piano is short and wide, with twelve wooden notes in front. The middle and lower part of the panel is equipped with a bamboo bridge, and the lower part is equipped with metal strings and five steel wire strings. This piano is an improved Dong pipa. Exquisitely made, it has been included in the large-scale album "Chinese Musical Instrument Picture Book". ? When playing the Dong Pipa, people usually sit in a sitting position, with the piano box on their right leg, the piano head tilted to the left, the left hand holding the piano to press the strings, and the right hand holding the bamboo or horn pick. It can also be played on the move. The tune of the Dong pipa is eight degrees higher than that of the big pipa. The tune of pipa in three strings is: c 1, d 1, a1; The tune of pipa in the four strings is: c 1, d 1, d 1, a1; The tuning of pipa in five strings is: c 1, d 1, d 1, a 1, a 1. The range is the same as C 1-D2. The pronunciation is bright and round, and the timbre is soft and sweet. It can not only accompany beautiful and lyrical love songs and minor songs in Pipa music, but also accompany Dong narrative Pipa music. Deeply loved by Dong youth, both men and women can play and sing by themselves, which is especially suitable for female singers to play and sing by themselves or accompany female chorus. It can also be used for solo or accompaniment of Dong Opera. In some areas, cattle leg piano is also used in the accompaniment of pipa to enhance the harmony effect of accompaniment. Dong pipa: Dong plucked instrument. The Dong language is called Bibala. It is popular in Rongjiang, Congjiang, Liping, Sanjiang, Rongshui and Tongdao Dong Autonomous County in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region. The structure is the same as that of the Dong Pipa, but the shape of the instrument is different. The piano body is made of a whole piece of camphor wood, Sang Mu, Chinese fir or hard miscellaneous wood, mostly made of wood called "Xiangxiuxue" locally, with different specifications and sizes, with a total length of 50 cm to 60 cm. * * * There are many kinds of sound boxes, such as oval, peach, oval, octagonal, trapezoidal or rectangular, and most of them are rectangular. In addition, there is a small pipa with a piano shape similar to a cow leg piano. The front of the piano box is covered with paulownia or Chinese fir panels, and the inner cavity is supported by wooden sound columns. There is a small round sound hole in the middle of the panel. The piano box is 15 cm ~ 20 cm long and 65438 wide. The head of the piano is flat and wide, with a flat shovel shape, the upper part is larger, the tip of the piano is slightly backward, there is a rectangular chord groove in the middle, and there are three or four wooden chords on both sides. The piano rod is narrow and long, and the fingerboard has no taste, only a thin line indicating the position of the handle is tied. After the reform, there were musical instruments on the stems of Dong pipa. The middle and lower part of the panel is provided with a bamboo or wooden bridge, and the lower part is provided with a bamboo, wooden or metal binding rope. Zhang has three or four nylon strings, silk strings or steel strings. Some pipa are decorated, and the head and box are painted or engraved with ethnic patterns and patterns. The Chinese Musical Instrument Museum of the Conservatory of Music of China Academy of Fine Arts in Beijing has a small pipa of the Dong nationality. The piano body is made of Sang Mu, with a total length of 58 cm. * * * The sound box is flat pear-shaped, which is similar to the common pipa, but it is also as cool as the Dong stringed instrument Niu Tuqin. It is covered with paulownia wood with a width of 10.5 cm and a thickness of 3 cm. There are three small round sound holes on the panel. The upper part of the piano head is flat and thick, slightly bent backward, with a rectangular chord groove in the middle and three mulberry chords (two on the left and one on the right) on both sides, two of which are cylindrical and one is hexagonal, and the external part is carved with ethnic patterns and decorations. The neck of the piano is semi-cylindrical, narrow at the top and wide at the bottom, flat at the front, and the lower part is integrated with the piano box. There is a bamboo bridge with three silk threads in the middle of the panel. There is no string tied, and one end of the string is tied to the tail post under the piano box. This piano has a unique shape and meticulous craftsmanship. 1958 was purchased from Rongjiang County, Qiandongnan Miao and Dong Autonomous Prefecture, Guizhou Province. It has been included in the large-scale album "Chinese Musical Instrument Picture Book". When playing Dong Pipa, put the piano box on the right abdomen, tilt the piano head to the left, press the strings with your left hand and play with your right hand. Most picks are made of bamboo or small horns. It can be played in a sitting or standing position. Because its body is small and portable, it is suitable for walking and playing. The tune of Dong pipa is four degrees higher than that of alto pipa, and the tune of three-string pipa is: f 1, g 1, D2; The tune of the four-string pipa is: f 1, g 1, g 1, d2. The range is the same as F 1-G2. The timbre is crisp and pleasant. Suitable for playing small decorative sounds and active melodies, changing positions less. It can be used for solo, ensemble or accompaniment of Dong folk songs-love songs (also known as pipa songs). Pipa is mainly composed of love songs and minor melodies, or plays the fourth and fifth harmonies to strengthen the rhythm. Pipa is a stringed instrument that young Dong men and women can't live without when they socialize and when they "sing and sit as sisters" (love). You can play and sing, and you can also play and sing. Often sing in a low voice (falsetto). The lyrics are euphemistic, the metaphor is vivid, the tune is beautiful, implicit and affectionate, and the rhythm is cheerful and lively. Many interlinings, interlining cavities and many subtle decorative sounds also add many gorgeous colors to the tune. Young people often entertain themselves, playing pipa solo or playing together. In addition, Dong Pipa is also used to accompany Jiuge or Lu Ge. After the autumn harvest, in Dongjiazhai, when the moon is hanging in the treetops, on beautiful and quiet nights, young people can be seen everywhere playing the pipa and listening to their improvised Pipa Music. After a day's work, it's really a wonderful enjoyment to listen to the sound of pipa accompanied by young people singing softly. Sometimes, the song rings faintly, from far and near, and gradually disappears at the edge of the village. This is a good time for girls and boys to sing in pairs. There are many beautiful love songs in the countryside of Sanjiang Dong Autonomous County in Guangxi. A young man looking for someone sang, "I'm going to sing now." Girls, please don't laugh. Although I am not good at singing, I am singing with my heart. " How the young man hopes that his singing will attract the attention of the girls! In Dong's family, if a young man can't sing or can't sing the pipa well, he can't be welcomed by the girls, and it's even harder to win their love. A young man in love went to visit a girl with his beloved pipa. He stood at the bottom of the girl's window and gently plucked the strings. He couldn't help singing: "Six hours during the day and six hours at night, you are like an embroidery needle, which pricks my heart like a mess." The song is full of young people's passion for love, and the girl quickly stepped out of the door to meet it. In the past, some pipa songs sang legends such as karma, talented people and beautiful women; Nowadays, the majority of pipa singers among the Dong people create and play new songs. The pipa of the Dong people is like the spring breeze, blowing the beautiful and rich Dong cottages.