Some people say that the form of classical gardens in China is "man-made", and I personally agree with them. The classical gardens in China express the details of the farming era; In short, it means returning to nature. In today's words, returning to nature means re-naturalizing socialized people. This kind of "leisure" of ancient people in China is too unsuitable for today's society. The so-called Chun Xue is not a chin beauty after all.
China's gardening art pursues "man-made, but natural". The layout is free, seamless and natural, which embodies the cultural connotation of "harmony between man and nature" and shows the world outlook of harmony and unity between man and nature. . Exactly: the principle of learning from nature, blending into nature and conforming to nature. China landscape architecture, in short, is to bring the viewer into a realm of scene blending through the ingenious combination of man-made and nature.
China's classical gardens tell the true meaning of gardens, that is, gardens have an indissoluble bond with culture, and culture and art are the soul of gardens. To put it bluntly, it is the true meaning of life.
In modern gardens, cultural gardening has been paid more and more attention.
"Culture" refers to everything created by human beings. But in most people's minds, culture is an advanced thing. I remember when I was a child, people said that going to school means learning culture, and good knowledge means high culture. Four eyes means that you study well. Later, the further understanding of culture seems to mainly refer to the fields of literature, art and thought, specifically to garden culture. What it includes, how to understand it, and returning to elegance and vulgarity also have room for discussion.
It has been mentioned that the essence of gardens can be said to be the humanization of nature and the naturalization of people. Then, it can also be said that the basic clue of garden culture is to humanize nature and people.
We know that creating landscape is the humanization of nature. What is the naturalization of human beings? George sand, a famous French woman writer, has a romantic narrative in her impression and memory:
"I sometimes run away from myself. I feel like a plant. I am a grass, a flying horse, a tree top, a cloud, running water, and the horizon where heaven and earth meet. I feel that I am this color or that shape, changing rapidly, coming and going freely and without obstacles. Sometimes I walk, sometimes I fly, sometimes I dive, sometimes I drink dew and blossom towards the sun, or I sleep on the back of a leaf; I soar when swans soar, I jump when lizards jump, and I shine when fireflies and starlight shine. In short, the world I live in seems to have been stretched by myself. "
This passage can be said to represent the joy of Europeans in discovering the beauty of nature. The writer is immersed in the feeling of being integrated with nature, full of poetry and liberation.
Compared with ancient times, modern society has undoubtedly made great progress, but in terms of moral sentiment, cultural accomplishment and even understanding of life, modern people are not necessarily better than the ancients. We always need to get wisdom and spirit from the legacy of the sages. Didn't some new knowledge and ideas find a fulcrum in the five elements theory and Feng Shui theory?
Nowadays, people (mainly developed areas) have got rid of the trouble of lack to a great extent, but some new problems have appeared in the relationship between man and nature. For example, we ask for resources from nature without restraint, destroying and polluting the natural environment at an unprecedented scale and speed. Since the last century, people have begun to face up to and reflect on these problems, and are exploring a more harmonious, healthier and more civilized lifestyle with nature in the future. To sum up, this lifestyle is actually very simple: first, we must protect the environment; Second, we should save resources; Third, we must establish and abide by public rules; At the same time, on this basis, improve the artistic and cultural taste. This is also the life that modern garden art should show.
For example, the enviable large and small cities and orderly and colorful living environment in Europe are not so much the achievements of landscape architecture as the embodiment of modern civilized lifestyle and the continuation of historical civilization. For example, there is no big square outside the city hall in Ottawa, Canada, but there is a children's playground for tourists with children. Another example is Old Town of Lijiang, Yunnan, China, where the beautiful image of small bridges and flowing water in front of every household is integrated with people's lives there. People protect the environment in order to maintain their own quality of life and cultural traditions, abide by village rules and regulations, keep the city's flowing water clear for thousands of years, and win the honor of world cultural heritage. In fact, Lijiang people's concept of life and sense of rules already contain many elements of modern civilized lifestyle, and modern people don't have to ask more.
Whether it is "modern" or not is to make this concept and spirit cover a wider range under the new social conditions.
Of course, the life content of garden art is more concentrated, generalized and idealized than reality, and many details will be omitted. It is important that gardens should more typically reflect some life concepts. It may be an ideal of society, or it may be a necessary revision and supplement to real life. For today, it should first establish a more civilized and healthy lifestyle for people and play an advocacy and demonstration role.
The purpose of urban landscape construction is to beautify people's lives and cultivate people's sentiments, so people-oriented design is very important. At present, many cities have built big squares. However, the ground of such a large square is either paved hard or dominated by lawns. There are only a few trees on both sides of the road, even if there are many rest facilities, they should be placed in the open air. In the hot summer and rainy season, there is no shade and no rain shelter, and no one will stay here for a long time.
Therefore, I think that the lack of life content and the creation of life are the important roots of the hollowness of modern garden art, even if it is a deliberate form, it sometimes runs counter to the logic or correct direction of life.
Creating the fine tradition of life is the fundamental way to improve the artistic level of modern gardens, and it is also the essential connotation of "building gardens with culture".
Of course, the specific discussion is based on the principles and practice of ecology, so as to communicate with people and achieve a happy mood with them.
(1) emphasizes openness and extroversion, harmonizes with urban landscape, facilitates public sightseeing, makes the form suitable for modern people's life, behavior and psychology, and embodies a distinct sense of the times;
(2) Simple and smooth curves are dominant, but straight lines and broken lines are not excluded. It absorbs its concise and lively pictures from western regular gardens, and extracts smooth curves from traditional gardens in China, which is flexible and lively as a whole;
(3) Emphasis on abstraction, implication and artistic conception, seeking the likeness of God rather than the likeness. It is neither divorced from the concrete image nor from the aesthetic taste of the public. It abstracts the natural scenery such as rocks, waterfalls and flowing water in China gardens, making them more regular and decorative, and continuing the tradition of classical gardens in China.
(4) Pay attention to the big effect, pay attention to the contrast of big space and big color, be concise and lively, and get immediate results after the construction is completed;
(5) Pay attention to plant landscaping, make full use of natural and geometric plants for composition, and create abstract graphic beauty and color beauty through the change of plane and elevation, so that the works have exquisite stage effect;
(6) The change of body is rich in artificial decoration beauty, that is, it is good at change and coordination, and does not become a mere formality. In order to improve the accuracy and rigor of construction, the basic shape should be followed by rules;
(7) Novel form, unique conception and originality, which are absolutely consistent with traditional gardens.
This abstract type abandons individual non-essential attributes from many concrete things, extracts the same essential attributes, simplifies and summarizes the object modeling, refines it into a very concise form, or becomes a symbolic symbol.
According to the broad concept of "culture", people's construction of gardens itself is to create culture, and "cultural construction of gardens" should be understood as a question of what kind of gardens to create. In other words, when a garden is completed, the cultural level is basically determined, and it is not transferred by people's interpretation of it. I read an article recently, which said: "A profound cultural ability combined with a universal social demand has created a world-class country. ..... when there is ability without demand, or when there is demand without ability, it is impossible to develop. " The so-called "cultural ability" here is actually people's creative ability, while "social demand" refers to people's material and spiritual needs in life.
According to this idea, the necessary condition for creating first-class gardens should be the combination of the cultural ability of creating gardens and the general demand of society for garden culture. My actual feeling is that our general demand for garden culture is still being established, but it is still at a shallow level and the basis of less life; On the other hand, our cultural ability to create gardens has shrunk seriously in the past hundred years, and it should be admitted that it has not reached the height once reached in history. In this case, if we want to make progress and make a difference, we must seriously study and study all useful experiences at home and abroad, improve our ability to create garden culture, and meet the increasingly extensive and profound needs of society for garden culture.