Content summary:
Gothic architecture is a remarkable aspect of Gothic art, which successfully combines the spirit of Christianity with the exploration of architectural structure technology, reaching a new height in building height, vertical space and strength of frame structure, and constituting a brilliant chapter in world history.
Keywords: Gothic art architecture
For most people, the word "Gothic" is probably quite strange, but if Notre Dame de Paris is mentioned, I'm afraid few people shake their heads. According to the film adapted from the novel Notre Dame de Paris by Hugo, a famous French writer, the image of that beautiful cathedral has been deeply rooted in people's hearts. Notre Dame de Paris was built in the second half of12nd century, and the architectural style it represents is called "Gothic" in art history.
Every great civilization has a plastic arts monument representing its highest civilization achievement. As an "age of faith", the Middle Ages also had its own monument, that is, the Gothic Church. However, the word "Goth" first appeared as a derogatory term. Looking forward to "the grandeur of Rome in the past", Italian Renaissance scholars who claimed to be the natural inheritors of classical culture used the word "Gothic" to describe the architectural tree style prevailing in the late Middle Ages and north of the Alps, but actually regarded it as a synonym for rudeness and grotesque. It should be noted that the so-called "Gothic" achievements of Italians are not directly related to the Goths in history. Today, people have made a comprehensive and fair evaluation of the achievements of Gothic art; At the same time, as a conventional style term, the word "Goth" has no color of praise or criticism.
Gothic art is the result of the contact of Christian civilization in the field of visual art when it reached maturity in the Middle Ages. It experienced the heyday and decline of the Middle Ages, which directly gave birth to Renaissance art. The highest achievement of Christian ritual tradition is penny Gothic art.
Gothic style involves almost all kinds of plastic arts in the late Middle Ages, in addition to so-called pure art buildings, memorial sculptures, murals, woodcuts and other traditional paintings, as well as mosaic colored window decoration sculptures, book binding and carpet design. Although Gothic styles in architecture, sculpture, painting and other fields all formed or nearly formed the international style of the western world at that time in a specific period, we can see that the development and evolution of Gothic styles in different regions are extremely unbalanced in the space-time framework of art history. On the one hand, in the Gothic era, architecture, sculpture and painting were at the forefront of style change in the field of plastic arts. 1 150 to 1250 is the "cathedral architecture era" in the history of western medieval art. Throughout the history of Gothic art, the aesthetic pursuit of plastic arts gradually shifted from architecture to painting. On the other hand, as far as the Gothic style in architecture, sculpture and painting is concerned, there is a very striking phenomenon: the international spread of Gothic style goes hand in hand with the local evolution. In short, when we study the history of Gothic art, we must examine the dimensions of time and space at the same time. As far as Gothic style is concerned, there is no single development process in any sense.
The main achievement of Gothic art lies in architecture. Gothic architecture is developed on the basis of Romanesque architecture. The difference is that Gothic churches are built in cities protected by city walls. It no longer has the function of building a castle in Rome, but needs a wider, higher and brighter interior space. Gothic architects' innovation in structural technology has solved this problem and made new breakthroughs in the height, internal space and lighting of the church. The most important excitement of Gothic architects lies in their efforts to seek high development. 1 194, chartres cathedral was rebuilt after the fire. The newly-built nave has no corridor, and the low and narrow dark building is crowded in the tall and thin high side windows and arcades on the first floor. Cylinders are no longer used, and the columns are connected all the way to connect the ground with the vault, and clusters of ribs are scattered from the top of the cluster columns. The whole structure seems to have grown out of the ground. French scholars compared the Gothic church to a "built forest", which was originally good. There are few walls here. The structural frame is exposed, and dense vertical lines are arranged in the depths of nave. The rugged interior of the church gives the impression of being very steep and cold. From the pillar base around you to the vault above your head, and then to the opposite pillar base, people's eyes will not encounter any obstacles in the process of flowing along the grain of the stone. On the one hand, this line plays a role in clarifying the relationship between buildings, on the other hand, it plays a "natural" decorative role in the church. It should be said that in the interior of chartres Cathedral, structural elements and decorative elements are two in one. With the reconstruction of chartres Cathedral, Gothic architectural style has entered a new stage of development: Gothic stepped onto the stage of architectural history in its heyday. The above design of chartres Cathedral has been further improved and developed in the reconstruction of Reims Cathedral and Amiens Cathedral. The architects of Reims Cathedral realized the special importance of windows in the new design, and they adopted lattice for the first time in the history of architecture. This is an exquisite stone partition window. With the passage of time, the grid in Gothic architecture will get amazing complexity. In fact, it can be said to be a special case, because we can't find its fellow designers or successors in architectural history. Of course, this does not mean that it is not a masterpiece, but the scheme it gives is not popular.
After the birth of Gothic architectural style, it did not immediately extend outside France, at least, it did not lead to the sudden end of Romanesque style, even in France (Romanesque Provence School was developed in southern France in the second half of 12 century). Buildings that should be classified as Romanesque use some Gothic decorative elements, and such situations abound. Britain was the first country to adopt Gothic style. On this island, the construction of Romanesque architecture never stopped in the whole 12 century. The first pure Gothic architectural work was the choir of Canterbury Cathedral. It was rebuilt by William of French architect Sans and his successor William of England after the 1 174 fire. Naturally, the design of the building catered to the interests of the British at that time, and the high side window passage was an example. The extensive use of inky columns and small columns created a fashion for later British Gothic architecture. In Lincoln Cathedral and Salisbury Cathedral, we can see the contrast between black columns and small columns and other parts of cathedrals built of gray limestone. At that time, the British seemed to be particularly sensitive to linear decoration. They always use a lot of feet, consistent with the lines on arches, arcades and piers, and especially like the attached columns. Later, they developed the appearance of the vault-"knotting" various complex patterns on the vault with non-functional ribs to create gorgeous and rich decorative effects-of course, this development was realized in the later period of Gothic architectural history.
/kloc-In the second half of the third century, French Gothic architecture adopted a bar-shaped window lattice, forming a radial strip. The walls of the building become very thin, almost completely composed of glass windows, and only slender columns separate the glass-filled surface of the building. Gothic architecture is more and more like a stone skeleton structure. Inspired by the radial style, British architects developed a creative variant of the late Gothic style-the so-called vertical style. This style originated in London. Under the influence of British "decorative style", the last style type in Gothic history-flame style appeared in France at the beginning of15th century. The architectural style is named after the "flickering" and flame-like curve decoration on the walls, minarets and porches of buildings (especially porches). From radiation to flame, with the increasing complexity and stacking of church architectural decoration, Gothic architectural style finally irrevocably lost its early rational color. Structure and decoration are completely separated. In fact, the structural elements of the building gradually disappear under the decorative elements. Gothic architectural style therefore goes beyond its own logical provisions.
The conquest of height by the cathedral of larne.
Larne Cathedral is a model of early Gothic architecture. It was built in 1 155, but it took half a century to build and was not completed until the beginning of 13 century. Rana Cathedral is a masterpiece of early Gothic architecture, as well as Notre Dame de Paris. It has a prominent cross corridor. In addition to the west facade, there are two towers in the north and south facades of the Cross Corridor, and there is a huge lighting tower at the intersection of the middle hall and the side corridor. 1220, the west facade including the twin towers was completed, and a flying arch that was not originally designed was added soon. On the South-North Twin Towers, the tower on the west side will be raised, and the central project will be completed before 1230.
Notre Dame de Paris: Flying Wings
The architecture of saint-denis Church soon influenced the surrounding churches, and Notre Dame was completed under its direct influence. Notre Dame de Paris was built in 1 163, which is the most magnificent example of early Gothic. Notre Dame de Paris is famous for its huge scale, beautiful and unified design and the adoption of new flying arches.
Gothic spire
13rd century is the maturity of Gothic architecture. With the conquest of height, architects have gained thorough professional knowledge in engineering, and they have pondered the proportion of buildings, giving them higher shapes, more harmonious and perfect structures and more magnificent and solemn spatial effects.
From a technical point of view, the appearance of Gothic structural system marks a great leap in the history of western architecture. As far as aesthetic characteristics are concerned, Gothic architecture is light and transparent, ready to go, and vertical lines dominate all details.
Some scholars say that the Gothic scholasticism is composed of stones. German aesthete Wollinger believes that the movement of pure mechanical force in the Gothic cathedral structure shows the empathy of Christian theological spirit to abstract objects. In the Gothic cathedral, we will feel an increasing, uneasy and unrelenting effort, pushing our discordant psychology to an extreme ecstasy and riot. Gothic architecture successfully combines the spirit of Christianity with the exploration of architectural structure technology, reaching a new height in building height, vertical space and strength of frame structure, which constitutes a brilliant chapter in world history.
The value of art lies in breaking the monotony, boredom and dreariness of real daily life, which is one of the best ways to escape from the real world. Of course, this is also one of the most effective ways for us to get close to the life world. Gothic art is in an open cultural relationship, deeply rooted in social history and culture …
In fact, each of us can see the poetic structure of this world artistically anytime and anywhere, even in this world.