1952- 1957 Hawking went to school in St. Albans, and he was familiar with what he learned in class. The results of three subjects are the best in the school, which also shows the understanding and talent of mathematics; He is also interested in chemistry; He also wrote an award-winning theological paper. 1958, together with his classmates and math teacher, he designed and manufactured a primitive computer called "Logical Rotation Calculator (LUCE)".
From 65438 to 0959, Hawking won a scholarship from Oxford University. His father wanted him to focus on medicine and biology, but he studied mathematics and physics according to his own interests. In the first year, I sat in on the research class of math class and passed the exam of math college. At the end of the second year, he won the physics prize of Oxford University-Blackwell Booker Prize for Excellence in Physics Learning, and also participated in the rowing competition between departments as a helmsman.
After leaving Oxford, Hawking continued to study in the Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics of Cambridge University for four years. At this time, relativity and quantum theory are two independent branches of modern physics, and Newton's classical physics is also the basis of physics teaching. Hawking began to study cosmology and general relativity under the guidance of Dennis Shiam. From 1963 to 1, Hawking developed symptoms of difficulty in speaking and walking. The diagnosis was that he suffered from motor nerve disease, which is a disordered state of muscle system degeneration, also known as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Doctors believe that his health will deteriorate rapidly. Although his brain will not be affected, his estimated survival time is only two and a half years.
Hawking did not stop pursuing academic or personal life because of his health. 1In July, 965, Hawking got married after the doctor's life expectancy. Hawking's activities were confined to wheelchairs when he was sick, and his speaking ability was deteriorating, but he went to school from a rented house near Cambridge campus every day. He persisted in research with a disabled body and had an amazing academic career, which made him universally respected.
Hawking's contribution to theoretical physics has been widely praised. Some even called him "the greatest theoretical physicist after Einstein". His most famous work is the study of black holes. The so-called "black hole" is such a special celestial body, its boundary (horizon) is closed, all external substances and radiation can enter, but nothing can escape within the boundary. American physicist Wheeler uses a "black hole" to describe high-density mass. The gravitational field is so huge that neither strategy nor energy including light can escape.
Soon, Hawking became an active member of the cosmology research circle. 1965, at the meeting held by the Royal Society in London, Fred Hoyle, a professor of cosmology at Cambridge University, and Jayant Nalika, his graduate student, gave a report on the theory of the steady state of the universe, which Hawking questioned. He observed that the mathematical quantity of an equation is discrete and cannot be added to the final finite total. His paper "On Huo Yier-Nalika Strategy Theory" published in the Report of the Royal Society of London summed up the mathematical findings he questioned and was well received by his peers.
1966, Hawking received a doctorate in physics. Roger penrose (193 1-) explained the abnormal value of space-time with mathematical theory. These anomalies are located in the center of the black hole, which is the point when curvature of spacetime is infinite. Hawking extended Penrose's singularity theory to explain the whole universe. His doctoral thesis "The Emergence of Outliers in Cosmology" was published in the report of the Royal Society of London in three parts in the following year. The unpublished paper Outliers and Geometry of Space-time is a continuation of the doctoral thesis, and 1966 won the Adams Prize of Cambridge University.
After graduating from Ph.D., Hawking got a position as a researcher at Cambridge University. 1968 joined the Institute of Astronomy of the University, and continued to study the anomalies and origins of the universe with Penrose. They extended the methods of topology and geometry to calculate general relativity. It is proved that if general relativity is an accurate description of the universe, there must be a singularity at the beginning of time. Hawking-Penrose theory mathematically proves the Big Bang theory, that is, the universe began with the explosion of a black hole. 1970, they published a paper "gravitational collapse and cosmological anomalies" in the report of the Royal Society of London, which is a great contribution to the theory of black holes.
197 1 year, Hawking published a paper "Gravitational Radiation of a Collapsed Black Hole" in the Physical Review, proposing that the surface area of a smooth horizontal line of a black hole will never decrease. A smooth horizontal line is the apparent limit of a black hole, and no electromagnetic energy can reach beyond this limit. 1973 published the paper "Four Laws of Black Hole Mechanism" in Mathematical Physics Communication. In this paper, he and American physicist James Baltus and British physicist Brandon Carter try to explain why black holes don't obey the laws of thermodynamics. Within two years, Hawking denied these two viewpoints and further developed the theory with the opposite viewpoint.
From 65438 to 0973, Hawking left the Institute of Astronomy and became a researcher in the Department of Applied Mathematics and the Department of Theoretical Physics of Cambridge University. In the same year, he co-authored The Structure of Large-scale Space-time with South African cosmologist George Elis, and introduced the classical cosmology to relevant experts. Although the latest discovery of black hole theory is not included, the sales volume is as high as 654.38+0.6 million, which has created the largest sales volume of physics academic books in the history of Cambridge University Press.
Hawking used the rules of electron theory, general relativity and thermodynamics to study and reflect on his early black hole theory. He successfully proved a surprising conclusion: the black hole is emitting a kind of radiation (later named "Hawking radiation"), which means that the escaping gravity and energy will eventually lead to the contraction and disappearance of the black hole. This discovery contradicts his earlier view that the apparent range of the smooth horizontal line of a black hole will never decrease. This research conclusion was published in the paper "Black hole is not black" and won the 1974 Gravity Research Fund Award. Hawking's paper published in Nature, Black Hole Expansion? ",a more complete introduction to this proof, this paper is called one of the most wonderful physics papers in history by Hiama. Therefore, the Royal Society granted him the qualification of researcher.
Hawking's research is moving towards an obvious contradiction: it is called "information paradox". According to Hawking's theory, the ray escaping from a black hole is "hairless", which means that it does not carry any information about any substance in the black hole, so it is impossible to tell whether it comes from another black hole with the same gravity, charge and angular momentum. When enough radiation escapes from the black hole, the black hole will collapse and the information about the black hole will disappear. This paradox violates the basic principle of physics-information will be preserved during the evolution of the universe. 1976, Hawking further discussed the information paradox in his paper "Predictable Collapse of Gravitational Collapse". He believes that the collapse of black holes caused by strong gravity produces singularities, and the laws of quantum theory are invalid at these points. His information paradox has been criticized by many physicists because it means that science can no longer fully understand the past and predict the future.
As early as the end of 18, Laplace predicted the existence of black holes according to Newton's gravity theory. The modern black hole model was put forward by Schwarzschild, Oppenheimer and others according to Einstein's general theory of relativity. It is considered that cosmic matter with a certain mass will become more and more dense (collapse) under its own gravity, and when it collapses within the radius of gravity, it will become a black hole, and nothing in the black hole can escape.
1974, without violating the original theory, Hawking proposed that black holes are not completely "black" according to quantum theory. They not only emit matter, but even explode violently. This provides a new basis for actually observing the existence of black holes.
1980, Hawking was appointed as 17 Lucas Professor of Mathematics by Cambridge University-this position was held by Newton and a series of outstanding mathematicians. He published a book called Is the End of Theoretical Physics Near? It is predicted that there will be no great discoveries in physics at the end of the 20th century, including the two pillars of modern physics-quantum theory and the great theory after general relativity.
Hawking constantly raised controversial topics in his career. 198 1 year, Hawking put forward his "unbounded" conjecture, discussed its religious meaning, and caused a new debate. He and American physicist james hart Le proposed that time and space are limited to some extent, but there are no unexplained boundaries or anomalies in scientific laws. Their guess is that among the many possibilities of the universe, our present universe has the highest probability, and there is no need to believe in the existence of the creator. Their speculation has aroused fierce criticism in both religious and scientific circles.
1988, his paper Wormhole in Time and Space was published in Physical Review. 199 1 year, the physics manuscript published his paper "Alpha Parameters of Wormholes". Papers on string theory, including 1989 article "Black holes made of cosmic rays", were published in Physics. 1995 Physical Review Manuscript published his paper "The Generation of Black Hole Electron Couples in the Universe".
1983- 1988, he participated in an activity to explain the concepts of modern cosmology, such as BIGBANG's thoughts, black holes and Hawking radiation, so that ordinary non-professional readers can understand them. From 65438 to 0994, Hawking and Penrose gave a series of lectures entitled "The Nature of Space and Time" at Newton Institute in Cambridge.
In July 2004, Hawking announced that he had solved the problem of "information paradox" at the international conference on general relativity and geocentric theory held in Dublin, Ireland. He once again subverted the previous view and proved that information will not be lost in the process of black hole formation and evaporation. He finally concluded that the smooth horizontal line of the black hole contains quantum fluctuations, which can make the information of the black hole escape gradually. He continued to look for mathematical proof of this assertion.
Hawking's great success in science made him a spokesman for the disabled. 1979, the Royal Society for Disability and Rehabilitation nominated him as "Person of the Year". In 1980s, he persuaded Cambridge University and Bristol University to build dormitories for disabled students. In 1996, he made a preface to Computer Resources for the Disabled.
During his frontier work in cosmology, he wrote nearly 200 books and papers and directed 30 doctoral theses.
[Notes on Science Park]:
A Brief History of Time
Since the mid-1980s, Hawking has spent a lot of time writing popular science books in order to introduce mathematics and scientific ideas to ordinary readers. A Brief History of Time: From the Big Bang to the Black Hole is the result of his five-year work. This book has been translated into 40 languages and sold10 million copies. It has been on the bestseller list of The new york Times Sunday Times for four consecutive years. 199 1 year, this book was made into a movie.
The unexpected popularity of A Brief History of Time made Hawking a public figure in the media. He was invited by the media to give a public speech and discussion, and suggested that he publish a sequel. 1992 published the follow-up book A Brief History of Stephen Hawking's Times: Readers' Companion.
1993 edited 14 collection of cosmology "Black hole and the universe in infancy" to let laymen understand the existing theories. In 200 1 year, his book "The Universe is a Shell" explained scientific ideas in a simple way, and this book won the highest prize of non-fantasy novels in the Commonwealth: the Aventis Book Award.
In 2002, he published "Standing on the shoulders of giants: great works of physics and cosmology", which included excerpts and biographies of great scientific figures such as nicklaus Bouhnik, Kepler, Galileo, Newton and Einstein, and Hawking's exposition of their contributions to physics and cosmology.
In 2005, he published the book "School Created Integers, Changed the Mathematical Breakthrough in History", reinterpreted the idea of 3 1 symbol in the history of mathematical thought, the life story of 17 mathematician, and his comments on the influence of these achievements. In the same year, he also published a subsequent simplified version of A Brief History of Time.
Hawking in a wheelchair
Hawking didn't want to use a wheelchair at first, probably because he didn't admit his disability. But later, when his illness worsened and he had to use it, he got pleasure from it. Especially with the electric wheelchair, in addition to good driving skills, it is also super generous. Driving at top speed in the street, the assistants had to run and try to escort him.
Hawking's graduate students have practiced the technique of avoiding his wheelchair, because when he thinks something is stupid or annoying, he will run over other people's toes in a wheelchair, and sometimes even enjoy it. His students said, "Hawking's greatest regret is that he never ran over Mrs. Thatcher." Well, if this is really his ideal, then he will never realize it.